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LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

United  States.      Dejparlment  of  the  interior.     {U.  S.  geological  survey.) 
Department  of  the  interior  |  —  |  Monographs  |  of  the  |   United 

States  geological  survey   |  Volume  XVIII  |  [Seal  of  the  depart- 
ment] I  Washington  |  government  printing  otSce  |  1891 
Second  title:   United  States  geological  survey   |   J.  W.  Powell, 

director  |  —  |   Gasteropoda  and  cephalopoda  |  of  the  |  Earitan 

clays  and  greensand  marls   |   of  New  Jersey   |   by    |  Robert  Parr 

Whitfield   I    [Vignette]  | 
Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1891 
4°.    402  pp.  60  pi. 


Whitfield  (Robert  Parr). 

United  States  geological  survey  |  J.  W.  Powell,  director  |  —  | 
Gasteropoda  and  cephalopoda  |  of  the  |  Raritan  clays  and  green- 
sand  marls    |    of  New  Jersey    |     by    |    Robert  Parr  Whitfield   | 
[Vignette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1891 

4°.    402  pp.  60  pi. 

[United    States.     Department  of  tlie  interiur.     (U.    S.   geological  survey). 
Monograph  XVIII.  1 


United  States  geological  survey  |  J.  W.  Powell,  director  |  —  | 
Gasteropoda  and   cephalopoda  |  of  the  |  Raritan  clays  and  green- 
sand  marls    |    of  New  Jersey    |    by    |    Robert  Parr  Whitfield   | 
[Vignette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1891 

4°.    402  pp.  50  pi. 

[TjNrrED  States.     Department  of   tlie  interior.     { U.  S.  geological  survey.) 
MonograpliXyin.] 


ADVERTISEM:EISrT. 

[Mouograpli  XVIII.] 


.  "TliepuWications  of  the  Geological  Survey  shall  consist  of  the  amuial  report  of  operations  o-eo- 
logical  and  economic  maps  illustrating  the  resources  and  classification  of  the  Unds  anrm^orts 'unon 
general  and  economic  geology  and  paleontology.  The  annual  report  of  operations  o?  U  e 'oeoloXal 
bnrvey  shall  accompany  the  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  All  special  memoirs  Ind 
reports  of  said  Survey  shall  he  issued  in  uniform  quarto  series  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  Director  but 
otherwise  m  ordinary  octavos.  Three  thousand  copies  of  each  shall  be  published  f<fr  scientific  exchano-es 
and  for  sale  at  the  priceof  publication;  and  all  literary  and  cartographic  materials  re^etved  L  ^xch3e 
shall  be  the  property  of  the  United  States  and  form  a  part  of  the  libraiy  of  the  orgaSoi^  Ai  d  the 
StTel""'         °  '''  '  "^  '""''  publications  shall  be  covered  into  the  Trelsiu-yof^i'e  United 

July  Thefollo  wing  joint  resolution,  referring  to  all  government  publications,  was  passed  by  Congress 

„^:   .  "That  whenever  any  docnment  or  report  shall  be  ordered  printed  by  Congress,  there  shall  be 

printed  in  addition  to  the  number  in  each  case  stated,  the  '  usual  number'  (1,900)  Sf  copies  for  binding 

and  distribntion  among  those  entitled  to  receive  them."  ;  "loupies  lui  uinaing 

Except  in  those  cases  in  which  an  extra  number  of  any  publication  has  been  supplied  to  the  Sur- 

ANNUAL  REPORTS. 

I.  First  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  by  Clarence  Kino-     1880     8°     79 
pp.    Iraap.-Aprehmmary  report  d6.scribing  plan  of  organization  and  publications.  "■ 
1882.     8c.^'',';""5''8^pp''''g.2^^f"''j;  ^J^f""  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1880-'81,  by  ,J.  W.  Powell. 

188.3.  "o.  ™^fi,^5f  pp.  4r;i.  Sma?s"'"'  '*'*''  '"""''''"'^'  ''"™-^'  ''''-''''  ^^  '■  ^^-  P"-«"' 

1884.  ^8^:  ^xTxi?  trTpp.'  ^r/prand  map'^""''^  ^^"'^""  Geological  Survey,  188a-'83,  by  .J.  W.  Powell. 

1885.  ^8o.''^xfr469Vf ''ss^.lland  m'^ir"  '*'*"  '"'°'°"""''  '"^"^^'  '''"-''''  ^>'  '■  ^-  P^^''"- 
1885.   ""eo.  'xxix,t7S  pp.  ^T^.  fi/mapt'''''  ^*"*'''  ^"''°^""'  ^'''''^'  '''"-''''  '^^  '■  ^-  P°-«'l- 

1888.  Vo^-  'x:^t56  p1rTl\^'^ind  ma^'  ^"'*''^  ^'^*"'  Geological  Survey,  ]885-'86,  by  .J.  W.  Powell. 
iRsc,     "^o"-.,^'*^'^*''  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1886-'87,  by  J.  W.  Powell 

TY    m   ;i    A^'^'     i'''p''"  P?-  /?,P^V?°^  '^^P^ '  1  P-  1-     475-1063  pp.     54-76  pi.  and  maps. 

1889.  fo,  ""^Ji^^ir;"'  as'pl'lndXs  *''  Geological  Survey,  1887-p88,  by  J.  I,.  Powell. 

1890.  ^so'^if. 'i:%^r^'^,!':i^^^\  1^3%'?"^"^'  """^^'  '''^''''  '^  '■  ^^-  ^''-«"- 

1841  "^o   ^9^J"!*^  I'^S""'''^  ^pP'Y*  °''/^''  ^"""'^  ^'='*'^^  Geological  Snrvev,  1889-'90,  by  J.  VV.  Powell 

I'^yi-  ?°f     2  V.  XV,  757  pp      66  pi.  and  maps  ;  ix,  :»1  pp.     30  pi.  and  maps.  ^ 

1891  ^o    7'''       -    r"-""     ^"JT'K  "'^t?^'  United  Siates  Geological  Survey,  1890-'91,  by  J.  W.  Powell 

1891.  8o    2v.     xiii,6/5pp.     53  pi.  and  maps  ;  xviii,  576  pp.     146  pi.  and  maps. 

MONOGRAPHS. 

I.  Lake  Bonneville,  by  Grove  Karl  Gilbert.  1890.  4°.  xx,  438  pp.  51  nl.  1  man  Price  «1  f;n 
1889  Vi  Tertiary  History  of  the  Grand  Canon  District,  with  atlas  by  CUrence  E  DutTon^bapt  U  S  A 
1882.    4°.     xiv  2b4pp.     42  pi.  and  atlas  of  24  sheets  folio.     Price  IfflO.OO  ,  v^apt.,  u.  o.  a. 

1882     }o    ^^^}°E>f  *''?  Comstock  Lode  and  the  Washoe  District,  with  atlas,  by  George  F.  Becksr. 

tt/  r,     '  ^^^  PP-     '^  Pl-  a"fl  atlas  of  21  sheets  folio.     Price  |11. 00. 

IV.  Comstock  Mining  and  Miners,  by  Eliot  Lord.     1883.    4",     xiv,  451  pp.     3  pi      Price  $1  50 


I 


11  ADVERTISEMENT. 

V.  Tlie  Copper-Bearing  Eocks  of  Lake  Superior,  by  Eoland  Dner  Irving.  1883.  4°.  xvi,  4G4pii. 
15  1.     2S)  pi.  and  maps.     Price  |1. 85. 

VI.  Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Older  Mesozoic  Flora  of  Virginia,  by  William  Morris 
Fontaine.     1883.     4°.     xi,  144  pp.     54  1.     54  pi.     Price  $1.05. 

VII.  Silver-Lead  Deposits  of  Eureka,  Nevada,  by  Joseph  Story  Curtis.  1884.  4°.  xiii,  200  pp. 
IG  pi.     Price  i|1.20. 

VIII.  Paleoutologyof  the  Eureka  District,  by  Charles  DoolittleWalcott.  1884.  4°.  xiii,  298  pp. 
24  1.     24  pi.     Price  $1.10. 

IX.  Brachiopoda  and  Lamellibranchiata  of  the  Earitan  Clavs  and  Greensaud  Marls  of  New  Jersey, 
by  Eobert  P.  Whitlield.     1885.     4°.     xx,  3:!8  pp.     35  pi.     1  map."   Price  $1.1.5. 

X.  Dinocerata.  A  Monograph  of  an  Extinct  Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals,  by  Othniel  Charles 
Marsh.     1886.     4°.     xviii,  243  pp.     56 1.     56  i)l.    Price  |2.70. 

XI.  Geological  History  of  Lake  Lahontau,  a  Quaternary  Lake  of  Northwestern  Nevada,  by  Israel 
Cook  Eussell.     1885.     4°.    xiv,  288  pp.     46  pi.  and  maps.     Price  $1.75. 

XII.  Geology  and  Mining  Industry  of  Leadville,  Colorado,  with  atlas,  by  Samuel  Franklin  Em- 
mons.    1886.     4°.     xxix,  770  pp.     45  pi.  and  atlas  of  35  sheets  folio.    Price  $8.40. 

XIII.  Geology  of  the  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  with  atlas,  by  George  F.  Becker. 
1888.     4°.     xix,  486  pp.     7  pi.  and  atlas  of  14  shefets  folio.     Price  $2.00. 

XIV  Fossil  Fishes  and  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Triassic  Eocks  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Connecticut 
Valley,  by  John  S.  Newberry.     1888.     4°.     xiv,  152  pp.     26  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

"XV.  The  Potomac  or  Younger  Mesozoic  Flora,  by  William  Morris  Fontaine.  1889.  4°.  xiv, 
377  pp.     180  pi.     Text  and  plates  bound  separately.     Price  $2. .50. 

XVI.  The  Paleozoic  Fishes  of  North  America,  by  John  Strong  Newberry.  1889.  4°.  340  pp. 
53  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

XVII.  The  Flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  a  posthumous  work,  by  Leo  Lesquereux.  Edited  by  F.  H. 
Knowlton.     1891.    4°.    400  pp.    66  pi.    Price  $1.10. 

XVIII.  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Earitan  Clays  and  Greensand  Marls  of  New  Jersey, 
by  Eobert  P.  Whitfield.     1891.     4°.     402  pp.     50  pi.     Price  fl.OO. 

In  press : 

XIX.  The  Penokee  Iron-Bearing  Series  of  Northern  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  by  Eoland  D. 
Irving  and  C.  E.  Van  Hise. 

XX.  Geology  of  the  Eureka  District,  Nevada,  by  Arnold  Hague. 

XXI.  The  Tertiary  Ehynchophorous  Coleoptera  of  North  America,  by  S.  H.  Scudder. 

XXII.  Geology  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Massachusetts,  by  Messrs.  Pumpelly,  Wolff,  and  Dale. 

In  preparation : 

— Mollusca  and  Crustacea  of  the  Miocene  Formations  of  New  Jersey,  by  E.  P.  Whitfield. 

— Sauropoda,  by  0.  C.  Marsh. 

— Stegosanria,  by  O.  C.  Marsh. 

— Brontotheridse,  by  O.  C.  Marsh. 

— Eeport  on  the  Denver  Coal  Basin,  by  S.  F.  Emmons. 

— Eeport  on  Silver  Cliff  and  Ten-Mile  Mining  Districts,  Colorado,  by  S.  F.  Emmons. 

— The  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham. 

BULLETINS. 

1.  On  Hypersthene-Andesite  and  on  Triclinic  Pyroxene  in  Augitic  Eocks,  by  Whitman  Cross,  with 
a  Geological  Sketch  of  Buffalo  Peaks,  Colorado,  by  S.  F.  Emmons.  1883.  8°.  42  pp.  2  pi.  Price  10 
cents. 

2.  Gold  and  Silver  Conversion  Tables,  giving  the  coining  values  of  troy  ounces  of  fine  metal,  etc., 
computed  by  Albert  Williams,  jr.     1883.     8°.    8  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

3.  On  the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian,  along  the  meridian  of  76°  30',  from  Tompkins 
County,  N.  Y.,  to  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  by  Henry  S.  Williams.     1884.     8°.     36  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

4.  On  Mesozoic  Fossils,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1884.     8°.     36  pp.     9  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

5.  A  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  in  the  United  States,  compiled  by  Henry  Gannett.  1884.  8°.  325  pp. 
Price  20  cents. 

6.  Elevations  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  by  J.  W.  Spencer.     1884.     8°.     43  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

7.  Mapoteca  Geologica  Americana.  A  Catalogue  of  Geological  Maps  of  America  (North  and  South), 
1752-1881,  in  geographic  and  chronologic  order,  by  Jules  Marcou  and  John  Belknap  Marcou.  1884. 
8°.     184  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

8.  On  Secondary  Enlargements  of  Mineral  Fragments  in  Certain  Eocks,  by  E.  D.  Irving  and  C.  E. 
Van  Hise.     1884.    8".     56  pp.     6  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

9.  A  Eeport  of  work  done  in  the  Washington  Laboratory  during  the  fiscal  year  1883-'84.  F.  W. 
Clarke,  chief  chemist;  T.  M.  Chatard,  assistant  chemist.     1884.     8°.     40  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

10.  On  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America.  Preliminary  studies,  by  Charles  Doolittle  Wal- 
cott.     1884.     8°.    74  pp.     10  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

11.  On  the  Quaternary  and  Eecent  Mollusca  of  the  Great  Basin ;  with  Descriptions  of  New  Forms, 
by  E.  Ellsworth  Call.  Introduced  by  a  sketch  of  the  Quaternary  Lakes  of  the  Great  Basin,  by  G.  K. 
Gilbert.     1884.     8°.     66  pp.     6  pi.     Price  5  cents. 


ADVERTISEMENT.  HI 

12.  A  CrysfcallograpWc  Study  of  the  Thinolite  of  Lake  Lahontan,  by  Edward  S.Dana.     1884      8° 
34  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

ci    .  ,^'^vS°"'n'^^'^''-l^^  °*/J?,*'  ^^"'*ed  States  and  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  witlj  a  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  rerntorialCbange.s,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1HH5.     8°.     135  pp.     Price  10  cents 
o.       1    ,"  '^l^oar^'^'oo""  olo '"'  Magnetic  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barus  and  Vincent 
Strouhal.     1885.     8°.     238  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

15.  On  the  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  Paleontology  of  California,  by  Charles  A.  White      1885      8'^ 
33  pp.     Price  5  cents.  '         ' 

16.  On  the  Higher  Devonian  Faunas  of  Ontario  County,  New  York,  bv. John  M.Clarke      1885      8° 
86  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

17.  On  the  Development  of  Crystallization  in  the  Igneous  Rocks  of  Washoe,  Nevada,  with  Notes 
on  the  Geology  of  the  District,  by  Arnold  Hague  and  Joseph  P.  Iddings.     1885.     8°.     44  pp.     Price  5 

V    /.,  ^"^  ^?  ^?;''u°f  ^"yo?"'  Fresh- water  Miocene,  and  other  Fossil  Mollusca  of  Western  North  America, 
by  Charles  A.  White.     1885.     8°.     26  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

19.  Notes  on  the  Stratigraphy  of  California,  by  George  F.Becker.    1885.    8°.    28  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

20.  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by  Whitman  Cross  and  W.  F  Hille- 
braud.     1H85.     8°.     114  pp.     1  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

21.  The  Lignites  of  the  Great  Sioux  Reservation.     A  Report  on  the  Region  between  the  Grand  and 
Moreau  Rivers,  Dakota,  by  Bailey  Willi,s.     1885.    8°.     16  pp.     5  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

22.  Ou  New  Cretaceous  Fossils  from  California,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1885.     8°      25  nn      5  nl 
Price  5  cents.  '  1 1  ■        i-  • 

23.  Observations  on  the  Junction  between  the  Eastern  Sandstone  and  the  Keweenaw  Series  on 
Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and  T.  C.  Chamberlin.     1885.     8°      124  nn      17  t>1 
Price  15  cents.  '■  ^'  ^ 

T  ,-"f^'  -^'l'  "^  Marine  Mollusca,  comprising  the  Quaternary  fossils  and  recent  forms  from  American 
,cS'r"'  oS®  ""'y''^"  '"S?^  Hatteras  and  Cape  Roque,  including  the  Bermudas,  by  William  Healev  Dall 
1885.     8*^.     336  pp.     Price  25  cents. 

noor    ^oA  Tlie  Present  Technical  Condition  of  the  Steel  Industry  of  the  United  States,  by  Phineas  Barnes. 
1885.     8°.     85  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

26.  Copper  Smelting,  by  Henry  M.  Howe.     1885.     8°.     107  pp.     Price  10  cents 
1UO.  ,17"  -^S^r*  ol  '^''^I^  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physios,  mainly  during  the  fiscal  year 
1884-'85.     18b6.     S°.     80  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

28.  The  Gabbros  and  Associated  Hornblende  Rocks  occurring  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Baltimore 
Md.,  oy  George  Huntington  Williams.     1886.     8°.     78  pp.     4  pi.     Price  10  cents.  ' 

29.  OntheFresh-waterlnvertebratesoftheNorthAmerican  Jurassic,  bvCliarlesA  White  1886 
8°.     41  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

30.  Second  Contribution  to  the  Studies  on  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America  hv  Charles 
Doolittle  Walcott.     1H86.     8°.     369  pp.     .33  pi.     Price  25  cents.  ' 

31.  Systematic  Review  of  our  Present  Knowledge  of  Fossil  Insects,  including  Mvrianods  and 
Arachnids,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1886.     8°.     128  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

32.  Lists  and  Analyses  of  the  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States;  a  Preliminary  Studv  bv 
Albert  C.  Peale.     1886.     8°.     235  pp.     Price  20  cents.  ■* '  ^ 

33.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  California,  by  J.  S.Diller.     1886.     8°.    23  pp.    Price5cents 

34.  On  the  relation  of  the  Laramie  MoUuscan  Fauna  to  that  of  the  succeediug  Fresh-water  Eocene 
and  other  groups,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1886.    8°.     54  pp.     5  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

35.  Physical  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barus  and  Vincent  Strouhal.  1886  8° 
62  pp.    Price  10  cents. 

36.  SubsidenceofFiue  Solid  Particles  in  Liquids,  by  Carl  Barus.    1886.    8°.    58pp.    PricelOcents 

37.  Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora,  by  Lester  F.  Ward.     1887.     8°.     3.54  pp.     57  pi      Price  25  cents' 

38.  Peridotite  of  Elliott  County,  Kentucky,  by  J.  S.Diller.    1887.    8°.    31pp.    1  pi.    Price  5  cents' 

39.  The  Upper  Beaches  and  Deltas  of  the  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham  1887  8°" 
84  pp.     1  pi.     PricelOcents. 

40.  Changes  in  River  Courses  in  Washington  Territorv  due  to  Glaciation,  by  Bailey  Willis  1887 
8°.     10  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents.  ^  .  ■  ■ 

41.  On  the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian— the  Genesee  Section,  New  York  bv  Henrv  S 
Williams.     1887.     8°.     121  pp.     4  pi.     Price  15  cents.  '     ^  ^ 

42.  Report  of  work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  durins  the  fiscal  vear 
1885-'86.     F.  W.  Clarke,  chief  chemist.     1887.     8°.     152  pp.     1  pi.     Price  15  cents.  ^ 

43.  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  Strata  of  the  Tuscaloosa,  Tombigbee,  and  Alabama  Rivers  bv  Eugene 
A.  Smith  and  Lawrence  C.  Johnson.     1887.     8"^.     189  pp.    21  pi.     Price  15  cents.  '    " 

44.  Bibliography  of  North  American  Geology  for  1886,  by  Nelson  H.  Dartou.  1887.  8°.  35  np 
Price  5  cents. 

45.  The  Present  Condition  of  Knowledge  of  the  Geology  of  Texas,  by  Robert  T.  Hill.  1887  8^ 
94  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

46.  Nature  and  Origin  of  Deposits  of  Phosphate  of.Lime,  by  R.  A.  F.  Penrose  ir  with  an  Tntm 
ductiou  by  N.  S.  Shaler.     1888.     8°.     143  pp.     Price  15  cents.  lua-uintro- 

47.  Analyses  of  Waters  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  with  au  Account  of  the  Methods  of 
Analysis  employed,  by  Frank  Austin  Gooch  and  James  Edward  Whitfield.  1888.  8°  84  pp  Price 
10  cents. 

48.  On  the  Form  and  Position  of  the  Sea  Level,  by  Robert  Simpson  Woodward.  1888.  8°.  88 
pp.    Price  10  cents. 


IV  ADVERTISEMENT. 

49.  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Certain  Points  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  New  Mexico,  by  Robert 
Simpson  Woodward.     1889.     8°.     133  pp.     Price  1.5  cents. 

50.  Fornuilas  and  Tables  to  facilitate  the  Construction  and  Use  of  Maps,  by  Robert  Simpson 
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82.  Correlation  papers — Cretaceous,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1891.  8°.  273  pp.  3  pi.  Price 
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ADVERTISEMENT.  V 

In  press : 

84.  Correlation  papers — Neocene,  by  W.  H.  Dall  and  G.  D.  Harris. 

85.  Correlation  jjapers — The  Newark  System,  by  I.  C.  Russell. 

86.  Correlation  papers — Algonkian  and  Arcliean,  by  C.  R.  Van  Hise. 

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92.  The  Comiiressibility  of  Liquids,  by  Carl  Barus. 

93.  Sorue  Insects  of  special  interest  from  Florissant,  Colorado,  by  S.  H.  Scudder. 

94.  The  Mochauism  of  Solid  Viscosity,  by  Carl  Barus. 

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99.  Record  of  North  American  Geology  for  1891,  by  Nelson  IToratio  Darton. 

In  preparation : 

—  Correlation  jjapers — Pleistocene,  by  T.  C.  Chauiberliu. 

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101.  Insect  fauna  of  the  Rhode  Island  Coal-field,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder. 

—  The  Eruptive  and  Sedimentary  Rocks  on  Pigeon  Point,  Minnesota,  and  their  contact  phe- 
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—  The  Moraines  of  the  Missouri  Coteau  and  their  attendant  deposits,  by  James  Edward  Todd. 

—  A  Bibliography  of  Paleobotany,  by  David  White. 

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The  money  received  from  the  sale  of  these  publications  is  deposited  in  the  Treasury,  and  the* 
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lications of  the  Survey  should  be  addressed 

To  THE  Director  of  the 

United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C,  A])ril,  1892. 


DEPARTMENT    OF   THE    INTERIOR 


MONOGRAPHS 


United  States  Geological  Survey 


VOLUME   XVIII 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1892 


s/o!.)S 


UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

J.    W.  POWELL,  DIRECTOR 


GASTEROPODA  AND  CEPHALOPODA 


OF  THE 


RARITAN  CLAYS  AND  GREENSAND  MARLS 


OF 


N'EW    JERSEY 


BT 


ROBERT    R^RR    A^^HITFIELD 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE 

1892 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

Letter  of  transmittal  from- Prof.  Geo.  H.  Cook 9 

Letter  of  transmittal  from  Prof.  E.  P.Whitfield 11 

Preliminary  remarks - 1'^ 

Gasteropoda 1''' 

Section  L  Gasteropoda  of  tlie  Lower  Marl  Beds 19 

ir.  Gasteropoda  of  the  Middle  Marl  Bed 172 

III.  Gasteropoda  of  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marl  Bed 182 

IV.  Gasteropoda  of  the  Eocene  Marls 190 

Cephalopoda -i^l 

Section  V.  Cephalopoda  of  the  Cretaceous  Marls 243 

VI.  Cephalopoda  of  the  Eocene  Marls 284 

Classified  lists  of  the  MoUusca  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene  formations 289 

Plates 297 

Index — - •'99 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate                  I.  Muricidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensaiul  Marls 300 

II.  Muricidai  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 302 

III.  Muricidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 304 

IV.  MuricidsB  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 306 

V.  MuricidiB  and  FasciolariidiB  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 308 

VI.  FusidsB  and  Faaciolariidas  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 310 

VII.  FaaciolariidsB  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 312 

VIII.  Fasciolariidaj  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 314 

IX.  Fasciolariidas,  Tritonidie  and  Turbinellidae  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls..  316 

X.  Volutidte  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 318 

XI.  Volutidae  and  Mitridije  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 320 

XII.  Cancellariidaj  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 322 

XIII.  PleurotomidtB  and  Strombida^  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 324 

XIV.  Strombidie  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 326 

XV.  Cypneidse,  Doliidae,  and  Naticidse  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 328 

XVI.  NaticidiE  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 330 

XVII.  Trochidaj,  Onustid;e  and  Littoriuidse  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 332 

XVIII.  Soalariidse,  Turritellidte,  and  Vermetidue  of  the  Lower  Greensand  Marls 334 

XIX.  EulimidiB,  Pyramidellidse,  PatellidsB,  and  Tornatellidaj  of  the  Lower  Green- 
sand Marls 336 

XX.  TornatellidsB,  CylichuidsB,  Bullldae,  and  DentaliidiEof  the  Lower  Greensand 

Marls 338 

XXI.  Muricidse,  Volntidai,  and  Naticidse  of  the  Middle  Bed  Greensand  Marls 340 

XXII.  ScalariidsB  and  Pleurotomariidae  of  the  Middle  Bed  Greensand  Marls 342 

XXIII.  Tarbinellidaj,  Volntidse,  Plearotomidie,  Strorabidaj,  TiirritcllidiB,  Plenroto- 

mariidai,  and  Bullida3  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls.  344 

XXIV.  MuricidtB,  Tritonidie,  Purpuridae,  and  Fusidae  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the 

Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 346 

XXV.  FasidsB  of  the  Eocene  layers,  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 348 

XXVI.  Fusidae  and  Fasciolariidae  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand 

Marls 350 

XXVII.  FasciolariidfB  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  GreensauJ  Marls 352 

XXVIII.  Fasciolariidte  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 354 

XXIX.  Turbiuellidae  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 356 

XXX.  Volutidae  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 358 

7 


8  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

XXXI.  VolutidoE  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greenaand  Marls 360 

XXXII.  Volutidae  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 362 

XXXIII.  CancellariidaB,  PleurotomidiB,  Strombidse,  and  Cyprieidaj  of  the  Eocene  lay- 

ers of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 364 

XXXIV.  ConidiE,  Cassididse,  Doliidon,  Naticidse,  Onustidce,  Solariidse,  ScalarlidiB,  and 

TurritellidsB  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 366 

XXXV.  Pleurotomariidie  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 368 

XXXVI.  PleurotomariidiB  and  TornatelUdue  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed 

Greensand  Marls 370 

XXXVII.  Nantilidreof  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 372 

XXXVIII.  NautilidiB  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Beds  Greensand  Marls 374 

XXXIX.  Nantilida?  of  the  Middle  Bed  Greensand  Marls 376 

XL.  Amraonitidai  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 378 

XLI.  Ammonitidie  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Beds  Greensand  Marls 380 

XLII.  Ammonitidfe  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 3S2 

XLIII.  Ammonitidse  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 384 

XLIV.  Ammonitidaj  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 386 

XLV.  AmmonitidEe  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 388 

XL VI.  AmmonitidiE  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Beds  Greensand  Marls 390 

XL VII.  Belemnitidio  of  the  Lower  Bed  Greensand  Marls 392 

XLVIII.  NautilidiE  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bet'  Greensand  Marls 394 

XLIX.  NautilldsB  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 396 

L.  Nautilidse  of  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Bed  Greensand  Marls 398 

Fig.  1.  Placenticeras  (Sphenodiscus)  lenticulare  (Owen)  Meek 259 

2.  Nautilus  Cookana 286 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


GrEOLOGICAL    SuRVEY    OF    NeW   JeRSEY, 

New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  July  1,  1889. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  herewith  to  transmit  to  yon  the  text  and  draw- 
ings of  the  G-asteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  Green- 
sand  Marls  of  New  Jersey.  They  have  been  prepared  by  Prof.  Robert  P. 
Whitfield  for  the  Geological  Survey  of  this  State,  and  include  all  species 
of  this  geological  division  which  are  known  to  have  been  found  within  its 
bounds.  The  book  will  constitute  the  second  volume  of  the  series,  which 
is  intended  to  include  descriptions  of  all  the  fossil  invertebrates  foimd  in 
the  above  named  formations.  It  is  a  monument  to  the  patience  and  intelli- 
gent skill  of  Prof  Whitfield  which  have  produced  so  good  a  work  from 
these  long  known  but  imperfectly  preserved  fossils.  Like  its  predecessor, 
I  esteem  it  worthy  of  a  place  among  the  monographs  of  the  United  States 
as  well  as  of  this  State,  and  as  such  transmit  it  to  you  for  publication. 
I  am,  with  high  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

Geo.  H.  Cook, 
State  Geologist  of  New^  Jersey. 
Hon.  J.  W.  Powell, 

Director  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


New  York,  October  1,  1888. 

Sir:  I  herewith  transmit  to  you  descriptions  and  ilhistrations  of  the 
Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Greensand  Marls  and  accompanying 
beds  of  New  Jersey,  which  will  form  a  second  part  of  the  report  on  the 
fossil  remains  of  the  State. 

In  presenting  this  second  report,  I  wish  again  to  express  my  thanks 
for  the  aid  which  you  have  so  often  given  me  in  the  selection  and  exami- 
nation of  material  from  the  many  collections  under  your  charge ;  and  also 
to  express  through  you  my  thanks  for  the  kindness  and  courtesy  with 
which  my  many  demands  have  been  met  by  the  officers  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  and  especially  to  thank 
their  curator,  Prof.  Angelo  Heilprin,  who  has  kindly  selected  and  sent  me 
many  specimens  from  the  collection  under  his  charge.  I  have  also  been 
greatly  favored  by  the  use  of  specimens  from  the  cabinet  at  the  School 
of  Mines  of  Columbia  College  in  New  York,  through  the  kind  offices 
of  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  and  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton.  I  have  also  been  allowed 
to  use  and  figure  very  many  specimens  from  the  collection  at  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City,  for  which  I  must  express 
my  thanks  to  the  trustees  of  that  institution.  There  are  also  several  private 
collections  to  which  I  am  indebted,  through  yourself,  for  the  use  of  valu- 
able material  and  for  which  I  here  wish  to  express  my  thanks. 
Yours,  very  truly, 

R.  P.  Whitfield. 

Prof.  George  H.  Cook, 

State  Geologist  of  Netv  Jersey. 

11 


GASTEROPODA  AND  CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  RARITAN  CLAYS 
AND  GREENSAND  MARLS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


By  Robert  P.  Whitfield. 


PRELIMINARY    REMARKS. 

In  offering  the  following  descriptions  and  illnstrations  of  the  Gaste- 
ropoda and  Cephalopoda  of  the  New  Jersey  marl  beds  to  the  public  and  to 
scientific  workers  in  similar  fields,  it  is  perhaps  only  just  to  add  a  word  of 
apology  for  the  use  of  such  meager  material  as  is  here  presented,  and  that 
apology  must  necessarily  be  that  it  is  all  there  is  to  present,  being  the  best 
material  possessed.  In  studying  these  remains  I  have  had  the  same  diffi- 
culties to  encounter  as  those  spoken  of  in  the  "preliminary  remarks"  to  the 
volume  on  the  Brachiopoda  and  Lamellibranchiata;^  but  in  an  extremely 
exaggerated  form,  as  the  Gasteropods  are  represented  in  the  several  forma- 
tions only  by  casts,  much  more  exclusively  than  are  the  Brachiopods  and 
Lamellibranchs,  and  the  Cephalopods  largely  by  fragments.  This,  how- 
ever, is  not  the  only  difficulty  encountered,  for  these  casts  are  far  more 
imperfect  and  consequently  more  difficult  to  understand.  Among  the 
bivalves  there  is  often  the  chance  of  obtaining  the  hinge  structure  and 
muscular  markings  from  impressions  of  single  valves,  and  very  commonly 
imprints  of  the  exterior  show  all  the  essential  surface  markings.  This  is 
not  the  case,  however,  with  casts  of  Gasteropods,  for  these  usually  repre- 
sent only  a  small  portion  of  the  shell,  as  the  apical  portion  of  the  spire  is 
almost  invariably  absent,  that  space  not  having  been  filled  by  sediment 
before  the  shell  was  dissolved,  and  when  jjresent  having  often  become  solid 
from  deposits  of  shelly  matter  in  these  parts  during  the  life  of  the  animal. 

'Mod.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Vol.  9,  and  Geol,  Survey,  N.  J.,  Paleontology  of  the  Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary,  Vol.  1. 

13 


14  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Besides  the  absence  of  these  parts,  which  often  present  important  generic 
features  in  the  embryonic  nucleus,  there  is  an  ahnost  total  absence  of  the 
anterior  beak  and  front  of  all  shells,  which  so  generally  possess  important 
generic  features.  Occasionally  the  casts  retain  to  some  extent  the  surface 
markings  of  the  species.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  Eocene  marls, 
but  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  it  is  a  rare  feature;  consequently  it  has  been 
necessary  to  resort  to  various  methods  for  determining  the  generic  relations. 
For  specific  differences  the  student  is  compelled  to  rely  chiefly  upon  the  form 
of  the  volutions  and  upon  the  proportions  of  parts,  such  as  the  compact- 
ness of  the  coil;  the  differences  in  ihe  apical  angle;  the  size  and  strength 
of  the  axis  of  the  shell  or  columella,  which  is  ascertained  from  the  size  and 
form  of  the  cavity  left  by  its  removal ;  the  imprints  of  folds  left  upon  that 
part  of  the  matrix  which  has  rested  against  the  columella,  and  various  other 
features  according  to  the  conditions  of  the  specimens.  In  some  cases  where 
much  doubt  of  generic  relations  has  been  felt,  resort  has  been  had  to  arti- 
ficial casts  made  by  filling  the  interior  of  recent  shells  with  plaster  and 
dissolving  away  the  shell  by  means  of  acid  to  procure  the  cast  of  the 
interior.  I  have  thus  used  every  means  within  my  reach  to  render  the 
generic  determinations  of  these  casts  as  reliable  as  possible.  Concerning 
many  of  these  I  am  somewhat  in  doubt,  but  as  a  general  thing  they  may 
be  relied  upon  with  a  considerable  degree  of  certainty. 

In  regard  to  the  authenticity  of  localities  assigned  to  the  several 
species,  the  remarks  made  in  the  previous  volume^  hold  good  here,  as 
the  same  collections  which  furnished  material  for  that  volume  have  been 
drawn  on  as  largely  for  the  material  in  this.  I  have  used  the  types  of  all 
previously  described  species  wherever  I  could  find  them,  even  to  fragments 
preserving  the  least  particle  of  character.  The  species  of  Gasteropoda  are 
much  better  represented  by  individuals  in  the  collections  used  than  were  the 
Lamellibranchiates,  although  of  many  of  them  there  is  but  a  single  example 
known  in  the  collections  to  which  I  have  had  access.  The  illustrations  of 
many  of  the  species  are  necessarily  quite  restricted  and  meager  in  quantity. 
Many  species  have  been  recognized,  but  not  used,  simply  because  of  the 

'  Ibid.,  p.  xviii, 


PEELIMINAEY  REMARKS.  15 

poorness  of  the  material  at  lianci,  which,  although  sufficiently  perfect  to  be 
readily  distinguished  by  a  practiced  eye  familiar  with  the  associated  forms,  is 
not  good  enough  to  permit  figures  of  them  to  be  made  which  would  enable 
others  to  identify  them.  Consequently  this  monograph  can  not  be  said  to 
be  entirely  complete. 

In  dealing  with  the  different  species  and  genera  previously  described, 
I  have  endeavored  to  ascertain  their  true  nature  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  type  specimens  when  they  could  be  found,  and  have  adopted  them 
wherever  it  seemed  reasonable.  Comments  on  many  of  them  will  be  found 
in  the  text  of  the  volume,  where  I  give  my  reasons  for  adopting  or  rejecting 
them. 


GASTEROPODA. 


17 
MON  XVIII 2 


SECTION  I 


CRETACEOUS  GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOWER  MARL  BEDS  OF  NEW 

JERSEY. 

PALEONTOLOGICAL  HORIZONS  OF  THE  MARL  BEDS. 

In  working  over  the  molluscan  remains  described  and  figured  in  tliis 
and  the  volume  on  the  LamelHbranchiates,  I  find  indications  of  several 
distinct  zoological  horizons.  In  the  fii'st  place,  in  the  Raritan  Clays,  in  the 
northeastern  extension  of  them,  there  appears  an  estuary  fauna  represented 
by  only  a  few  species  of  bivalve  estuary  shells,  but  nevertheless  indicating 
very  clearly  a  fauna  entirely  distinct  from  any  of  those  above  mentioned. 
Secondly,  in  the  clay  beds  near  Camden,  New  Jersey,  at  Fish  House,  an 
entirely  fresh-water  fauna  is  found,  which  has  yielded  the  twelve  different 
species  representing  two  distinct  genera  of  the  JJnionidce,  which  are  described 
in  the  volume  on  Brachiopoda  and  Lamellibranchiata  of  the  Raritan  Clays 
and  Greensand  Marls  of  New  Jersey.  Above  this  again  we  have  the  fauna 
of  the  Lower  Mail  beds,  a  distinctly  marine  fauna,  which  comprises  the  great 
bulk  of  all  the  fossil  remains  known  within  the  State. 

This  bed,  if  properly  examined,  might  possibly  be  separable  into  two 
zoological  horizons,  the  lower  indicated  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New 
Egypt,  and  at  Haddonfield,  by  the  dark-colored  micaceous  clays  which  lie 
at  the  base  or,  more  properly,  below  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marl  bed,  and 
also  in  the  more  northern  portions  of  the  State  by  ironstone  nodules,  bear- 
ing fossils  usually  found  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  in 
loose  pieces  scattered  over  the  surface  where  the  upper  layers  of  the  clay 
have  been  denuded  by  the  action  of  the  weather.  The  fossils  in  these 
nodules  are  usually  the  same  as  those  from  the  Crosswicks  and  Haddonfield 

19 


20  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 

micaceous  beds,  and,  altliough  several  are  apparently  identical  with  forms 
occurring  in  the  Lower  Marls,  yet  many  of  them  are  peculiar  to  these  beds 
as  far  as  represented  in  New  Jersey. 

Above  the  Lower  Marls  come  the  Middle  Marl  beds,  characterized  by 
the  yellow  lime  sands,  filled  in  many  places  with  Terebratula,  and  above 
this  the  layers  at  the  base  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls,  which  contain  a 
fauna  entirely  distinct  from  those  below,  but  still  Cretaceol^s  in  its  character. 
Again,  at  the  summit  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  we  find  another  distinct 
fauna,  representing  the  Eocene  epoch  of  the  more  southern  States  and 
affording  many  species  identical  with  those  from  Claiborne,  Alabama. 
These  mark  six  distinct  zoological  horizons,  and  if  we  divide  the  Lower 
Marls  from  the  Crosswicks  and  Haddonfield  beds,  as  will  possibly  be  done 
when  they  are  properly  examined  and  studied,  seven  distinct  horizons,  six 
of  which  may  be  classed  as  Cretaceous  and  one  as  Eocene. 

These  zoological  horizons  conform  very  closely,  if  not  exactly,  to  cer- 
tain stratigraphical  lines  which  were  long  since  established  by  the  State 
geologist  under  the  names  of  Raritan  Clays,  Camden  Clays,  Lower,  Middle, 
and  Upper  Marls,  the  last  bed  being  mollusk-bearing  only  near  the  lower 
and  upper  portions,  which  are  respectively  Cretaceous  and  Eocene.  The 
details  of  these  beds  can  be  found  in  the  difii"erent  annual  reports  of  the 
State  survey,  particularly  in  that  of  1868,  and  in  that  on  the  clays  of  New 
Jersey. 

Although  between  these  zoological  horizons  there  is  little,  and,  indeed 
almost  no  interchange  of  fossils,  the  faunas  being  almost  entirely  distinct, 
the  geological  sequence  is  continuous,  except  between  the  Eocene  or  Upper 
layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  and  the  beds  immediately  below,  where 
there  is  a  very  slight  unconformity,  noticeable  by  close  inspection,  over 
a  very  limited  area  only,  and  consisting  principally  of  a  slight  denudation 
of  the  top  of  the  beds  immediately  below,  before  the  deposition  of  the 
Eocene  Maids. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  consider  in  detail  the  structure  of  the  layers 
further  than  to  mention  that  these  different  beds  which  are  fossiliferous, 
or  moUusk  bearing,  consist  at  the  base  of  the  section  of  beds  of  clay  of 


GASTEEOPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  21 

different  kinds,  and  above  of  beds  of  Green  Marls  separated  by  strata  of 
lighter  colored  quartz  sand,  wliicli  are  nnfossiliferous. 

In  the  Raritan  Clays,  at  about  one-third  of  their  thickness  from  the 
base,  there  occurs  a  bed  of  fossil  plants,  prolific  in  genera  and  species, 
which  Dr  J.  S.  Newberry  has  stated  to  be  of  Cretaceous  age,  and  at  a  very 
little  distance  above  the  plant  bed  occur  the  estuary  fossils  above  men- 
tioned. These  consist  of  bivalve  shells,  and  are  all  of  forms  known  to  in- 
habit brackish  water,  showing  them  to  be  inhabitants  of  an  estuary  or  land- 
locked bay  into  which  fresh-water  streams  flowed,  and  making  it  probable 
that  there  existed  at  the  time  of  their  deposit  a  body  of  brackish  water  rep- 
resenting the  present  New  York  Harbor,  but  at  a  somewhat  higher  level  as 
compared  with  the  surrounding  land.  These  fossils  being  of  estuary  forms 
and  entirely  of  new  species  do  not  aid  us  materially  in  the  determination 
of  the  age  of  the  strata  in  which  they  are  found.  Those  already  known 
are  figured  and  described  in  the  previous  volume,  and  are  illustrated  on 
PI.  II.     They  represent  four  different  genera  and  five  species,  as  follows: 

Species. 

Genus  Astarte 1 

Genus  Corbicula 2 

GemiB  Gnathodon 1 

Genus  Ambonicardia 1 

The  features  of  this  latter  genus,  which  is  new  to  science,  are  more 
nearly  like  some  of  the  Jxxrassic  forms  of  Europe,  such  as  Homomya  Ag., 
than  any  of  the  known  Cretaceous  types  either  of  America  or  of  Europe. 
No  Gasteropods  have  yet  been  obtained  from  these  beds. 

No  other  Molluscan  remains  are  known  to  occur  in  these  clays  except 
near  the  top,  or  perhaps  in  the  uppermost  layers.  At  about  this  horizon 
the  numerous  ironstone  nodules  before  mentioned  are  supposed  to  occur, 
but  they  are  always  loose,  having  been  weathered  out  or  washed  from  the 
clays,  and  found  scattered  over  the  surface.  These  nodules  are  well  filled 
with  fossil  remains  of  both  bivalve  and  univalve  shells,  in  the  condition  of 
casts  and  impressions.  They  are  mostly  such  forms  as  are  found  near  the 
base  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  or  in  the  Crosswicks  and  Haddonfield 
Micaceous  Clays. 


22  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  next  zoological  horizon  is  that  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  proper, 
in  which  are  found  by  far  the  most  of  the  Cretaceous  fossils  yet  recognized 
within  the  State.  The  number  of  species  so  far  exceed  those  of  any  of  the 
other  beds  named  above  as  scarcely  to  bear  comparison,  the  number  of 
Mollusca  alone  being  303  species  out  of  a  total  for  all  formations  of  441. 
These  fossils  are,  however,  like  those  of  the  other  beds,  found  mostly  in  the 
condition  of  internal  casts,  or  casts  representing  partially  the  interior  cav- 
ity, but  they  also  carry  on  them  the  imprint  of  the  external  markings  to  a 
partial  extent.  Very  few  of  the  specimens  preserve  even  a  replacement  of 
the  original  substance.  The  Ostreidm  and  Spondylidce  are  notable  exceptions 
to  this  rule,  being  generally  found  with  the  substance  of  the  shell  eiatirely 
preserved,  but  so  friable  as  to  be  easily  destroyed  after  collection.  In  the 
Micaceous  Clays  of  the  Crosswicks  Creek  and  Haddonfield  beds,  however, 
the  substance  of  the  shells  is  entirely  preserved,  both  of  bivalve  and  uni- 
valve species. 

In  the  Middle  Marls  a  fauna  almost  entirely  distinct  from  that  below 
presents  itself,  Qryplicea  vesicularis,  and  two  species  of  naticoid  shells  being 
all  that  are  yet  known  to  pass  into  it  from  below;  even  the  Gryplmai^ 
here  presented  under  a  varietal  form  not  common  in  the  Lower  Marls.  In 
this  bed  some  of  the  species  are  represented  by  great  numbers  of  individ- 
uals, the  Teredo,  Gryplicea  and  Terehratula  being  the  most  abundant. 

At  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls  another  entirely  distinct  fauna  is  found, 
still  presenting  Cretaceous  features.  In  this  layer  also  few  species  are  rep- 
resented, and,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  locality  has  yet  been  found  where 
they  occur  in  any  abundance;  and  no  species  have  yet  been  observed  in 
it  that  are  common  to  either  of  the  others  below.  Above  this  fossiliferous 
layer  at  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls  occurs  a  series  of  beds  of  consider- 
able thickness  in  which  no  molluscan  remains  have  been  detected.  Many 
vertebrate  fossils  have  been  discovered,  however,  showing  a  quite  remai'k- 
able  break  in  the  molluscan  life  in  the  seas  of  the  New  Jersey  area, 
extending  to  the  top  of  the  Upper  Marls,  where  occurs  the  Eocene  layer. 
This  contains  a  fauna  entirely  distinct  from  that  of  either  of  the  beds  below, 
being  composed  not  only  of  different  species,  but  largely  of  different  genera, 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  23 

and  even  several  families  not  represented  in  the  lower  strata  make  their  ap- 
pearance. The  moUuscan  remains  found  in  this  formation  at  Shark  River, 
Farmingdale,  and  Squankum,  are  also  in  the  condition  of  casts,  like  those 
in  the  Cretaceous,  even  the  Ostreidce  seldom  preserving  the  least  vestige  of 
the  shell  substance. 

In  these  Eocene  beds  the  species  again  become  quite  numerous.  Al- 
though not  as  abundant  as  in  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  they  far  outnumber 
those  of  the  intermediate  beds.  Considering  the  few  localities  and  the 
slight  thickness  of  the  beds  examined  they  have  been  prolific,  having 
yielded  a  total  of  79  moUuscan  species,  of  which  23  are  Lamellibranchiates, 
52  are  Gasteropods  and  two  Cephalopods,  besides  fragments  of  some  eight 
or  ten  other  Gasteropods,  the  specimens  of  which  are  not  sufficiently  well 
preserved  for  description  and  illustration.  The  following  tables  present 
more  readily  the  numbers  of  families,  genera  and  species  of  moUuscan 
remains  occurring  in  the  several  formations,  and  the  relative  proportions 
known  from  each  bed.  Table  No.  1  shows  the  number  of  genera  and 
species  of  Lamellibranchiates  represented  under  each  family  in  each  bed 
except  the  Crosswicks  Creek  and  Haddonfield  bed,  which  are  included  in 
the  Lower  Green  Marls,  while  Table  No.  2  shows  the  same  features  per- 
aining  to  the  Gasteronods  and  Cephalopods. 


24 


PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  No.  1. — Shoicing  the  number  of  genera  and  species  of  LameUibranchiates  under 
each  family  occurring  in  each  of  the  several  marl  beds  in  New  Jersey. 


Genera. 

Species. 

Lower 

or 
plastic 
clays. 

Camden 
clays. 

Lower 
marls. 

Middle 
marls. 

Base  of 
upper 
marls. 

Eocene 
marls. 

IS 

•i 

a 
CD 

CO 

I 

2 
s 
O 

1 

9 

5 

11 

6 

5 

U 

1 

17 

11 

g 

2 

■s 

m 
3 

i 
g 

2 

'3 

OS 

2 

% 
g 
O 

2 

.£ 
*3 

05 

3 

Class  LAMELLIBKANOHIATA. 
Order  Asiphonid^. 

Suborder  Monwmyaria. 

4 
3 
4 

4 

3 

4 
1 

8 
4 

17 
5 

13 
6 

12 
2 

21 
14 

3 
3 

4 
4 

3 
4 

1 

8 
4 

1 

2 

■Spondylida3   

Suborder  Heteromyaria. 

Family  Myiilidje  . 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1' 

.... 

1 
1 

1 
2 

Suborder  Dimyaria. 

1 

1 

1 
3 

1 
3 

12 

1 

1 

1 
2 

2 
4 
1 
1 
7 
4 
1 

6 
1 
5 
1 
2 
3 
2 
1 
4 
3 
1 
2 

3 

12 

6 
19 
2 

1 

15 
11 

2 

12 
1 
7 
1 
6 
5 
5 
2 
5 
4 
3 
2 

... 

1 

2 

I 

3 

Order  Sifhonid^. 

Suborder  Integropalliata, 

2 

2 
1 
1 
8 
2 

G 
7 
2 
1 
13 
8 

1 
1 

1 
4 

2 

1 

4 
2 

Crassatellidse 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
3 

1 

2 

Suborder  Sinnopalliata. 

5 

10 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

Tpllinidai 

5 

1 
1 
3 
I 
1 
4 
2 
1 
1 

7 

1 

3 
4 
3 

1 
5 
3 

1 
1 

.... 

1 

1 
1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

-- 

2 

2 

Saxicavidse    

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

GastrochsDnidse 

.... 

'""" 

89 

a22 

5 

....    12 

... 

155 

.... 

11 

.... 

16 

.... 

23 

•  Probably  fragment  of  a  Gasteropod. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEIST  MARLS. 


25 


Summary  of  the  foregoing  table. 


Plaatic  clays 

Camden  clays 

Lower  marls 

Middle  marls 

Base  of  npper  marls 
Eocene  marls 


Families. 

Genera. 

4 

4 

1 

2 

27 

70 

8 

9 

12 

13 

12 

17 

topecies. 


5 

12 
155 
11 
16 
23 


Brachiopoda : 

TerebratuUdsB 
I.amellibraucliiata 

Gasteropoda  - 

Cephalopoda 


Families, 


Genera. 


Species. 


7 
222 

190 

24 


Lower 
marls. 


2 

155 

127 

19 


Middle 
marls. 


23 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


Eocene 
marls, 


'  Probably  fragment  of  a  Gasteropod. 


26 


PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  No.  2. — Showing  number  of  Gasteropoda^  genera  and  species  under  each  family, 

occurring  in  the  several  beds. 


i 

o 
H 

1 
© 

"o 

H 

Lower 
marls. 

Middle 
marls. 

Base  of  up 
per  marla. 

Eocene. 

ID 

O 

•  i 
1 

i 

a 

ai 

1 

O 

1 
o 
«3 

a 

o 

i 

1 

2 
1 

1 
10 
3 

Class  GASTEROPODA. 

Subclass  PROSABEANCHIATA. 

Order  Pectinibhanciiiata. 

7 
2 
1 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
1 
3 
4 
1 
5 
2 

1 

2 
4 

2 
1 
2 
5 

1 
1 
1 

2 

4 

1 

7 

] 

3 

24 
5 
1 

13 

13 
3 
7 

17 
3 
9 

11 
1 

14 
2 
1 
3 

11 
3 
1 
G 

U 
1 
1 
1 

2 
7 

1 

12 
2 

4 

5 
2 

21 
4 

1 

1 

2 
1 

1 
2 
1 

2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
1 
3 
2 

3 
10 
3 
4 
G 
3 
8 
3 

1 
2 

1 

2 

1 
2 

2 
8 

Volutidse 

1 

1 

Mitridre 

1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

7 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

Plenrotomidfe 

1 

1 

4 

1 

12 
1 

1 

1 

2 
4 
2 

2 

10 

2 

1 

2 

2 

4 
1 

1 

1 

2 

4 
9 

1 
1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

Tnrritellid^ 

1 

1 

Enlimidai 

Pyramidellidffl 

Order  Scutibeanchiata. 
Snborder  Podopkthalma. 

Pleurotomariidie 

Snborder  Edriopldhalma. 

Family  Patellidse 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

5 

1 

3 

1 

9 

1 

4 

Subclass  OPISTHOBEANCHIATA. 
Order  Tectibranchiata. 

Family  TornatellidiB 

BulIidiE 

3 

3 

1 

1 

Class  SCAPHOPODa. 

Totals  (30  families) 

80 

3 

8 

1 

190 

60 

125 

6 

7 

8 

8 

29 

52 

Class  CEPHALOPODA. 
Order  Tetrabranchiata. 
Family  Nautilida? 

3 

18 

1 

1 
8 

1 

1 
17 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

Order  Dibranchiata. 

Total  (3  families) 

12 

22 

10 

19 

3 

3 

2 

2 

GASTEROPODA  OF  TBE  LOWER  GEBEN  MARLS. 


27 


This  gives  for  the  monuscan  fauna  of  New   Jersey,  iiickxding  the 
Brachiopoda: 


Bracliiopoda 

Lamellibrancbiata 

Gasteropoda 

Cephalopoda 

Total 


Cretaceous. 

Eocene. 

Total. 

5 

2 

7 

19i) 

23 

222 

136 

52 

188 

23 

2 

24 

362 

79 

441 

Griving  a  total  of  441,  or  deducting  the  two  naticas  and  gryphsea,  which 
are  counted  also  in  the  Middle  Marls,  a  total  of  428  described  species. 
Were  the  localities  critically  examined  many  others  would  undoubtedly  be 
obtained,  as  a  number  of  casts  are  already  recognized  as  distinct  from  any 
of  the  described  forms,  both  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene  beds. 

Of  the  Brachiopoda  above  enumerated  the  Terehratula  Harlani  and 
Terehratulina  lachri/ma  are  also  known  to  occur  in  South  Carolina,  and 
T.  floridana  is  common  at  some  localities  in  Alabama.  Of  the  Lamelli- 
branchiates  of  the  Lower  Marls,  three  species  are  known  in  Europe,  and 
the  number  attributed  to  certain  American  States  are  as  follows : 

Speciea. 

Alabama 41 

Tennessee 21 

Mississippi -■ 21 

Texas 6 

North  Carolina 20 

Dakota 4 

A  larare  number  are  found  in  States  not  here  mentioned.  Six  of  those 
from  the  Middle  Marls  also  occur  in  other  States,  and  but  one  species  from 
the  Eocene  layers,  Crassatella  alta,  is  known  to  occur  outside  of  New 
Jersey.  In  Table  No.  3,  the  species  which  have  been  thus  cited  are  given 
under  the  States  wherein  they  are  found,  and  the  succeeding  table,  No.  4, 
gives  the  same  for  the  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda,  few  only  of  which 
have  been  recognized  beyond  the  State. 


28 


PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


,.3!able  No.  3. — Showing  Lamellibranchiates  of  New  Jersey  formations  recognized  in 

other  localities. 


5 

6 
p 

1 

ii 

H 

1 

.g 
6 

u 

03 

■a 

<4 

a'/ 
1 

SPECIES  FROM  THE  LOWER  MAKL  BEDS. 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

No.  4  X 
No.  4  X 
No.  4  X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

No.  5  X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X 



X 
X 

X 



X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

Ripleyanum,  Conrad = 

X 

X 

No.  4  X 

GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS. 


29 


Table  No.  3. — Showing  LamelUhranchiates  of  New  Jersey  formations   recognized  in 

other  localities  -  Continued. 


i 

■i 

% 

■s, 

Hi 

a 

03 

'E. 

1 

H 

1 

a 

s 

Q 

i 

0 

1 

1 

BPECIES  FROM  THE  LOWER  MAKL  BEDS— cont'd. 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

^nona  Eufaulensis,  Conr.id.  

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

MIDDLE  BED. 

11 

21 

21 

6 

5 

20 

1 

3 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

EOCENE  MAKLS. 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

44 

22 

21 

7 

6 

20 

1 

5 

X- 

X 

1     

'             1 

30 


PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  No  4. — New  Jersey  Cretaceous  Qasteropods  and  Gephalopods  recognized  at  other 

localities. 


a 

1 

o 

i 

t 

i 

6 

i 

0^    , 

1 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 



X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

Endoptygma  uinbilicata,  Young    

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

Total  G-asteropods - 

N'miHlnq   Dfikavi               ., 

1 

12     1       7 

2 

1 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

(lentato-carinatus,  Roemer 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

Sphenodiacus  lenticularis,  Owen 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

Total  Cephalopoda , 

1 

5 

5 

1 

5 

7 

Of  the  Eocene  Gasteropoda  the  foUowmg  species  occur  m  Alabama: 


Pseudoliva  retusta,  Con. 
Neptunea  staminea,  Con. 
Clavella  raplianoides,  Con. 
Caracella  pyruloides,  Con, 
Voluta  Newcombiana,  Whitf. 


Voluti  tithes  Sayana,  Con. 
Calyptrophorus,  Con. 
Cassidaria  carinata,  Lamk. 
Picus  penitus,  Con. 


and  a  single  species,  Conus  suhsmmdens,  Con.,  occurs  in  South  Carolina.^ 

1  These  citations  are  taken  mostly  from  Mr.  Gabb's  Synopsis  of  the  Mollusca  of  the  Cretaceous 
Formations,  from  Meek's,  Check  Lists,  Cretaceous  and  Jurassic,  in  the  Sniithsonian  Reports,  and  from 
some  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad's  writings. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GEBEN  MARLS. 


31 


PAIiEONTOLOGICAIi    BQUIVAIiENTS    OF    THE    NEW    JERSEY    GREEN 

MARLS. 

Of  the  222  species  of  Lamellibrauchiates  described  in  Vol.  i,  74  are 
new  species,  and  of  the  190  species  of  Grasteropods  107  are  therein  described 
for  the  first  time;  70  of  these  new  forms  are  Cretaceous  and  37  are  Eocene. 
These  new  species  of  course  are  of  no  stratigraphic  value  at  the  present 
time;  further  than  their  generic  relations  have  weight.  It  will  be  seen, 
however,  from  tables  Nos.  3  and  4,  that  the  New  Jersey  Lower  Marls  must 
be  equivalents  of  the  Cretaceous  beds  found  so  extensively  throughout  the 
Southern  States,  notwithstanding  the  great  difference  in  their  lithological 
character,  as  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  species  have  been  recognized  as 
common  to  one  or  more  of  those  localities,  66  species  of  these  classe? 
being  known  from  Alabama  and  other  States,  as  shown  in  the  list  below. 

New  Jersey  fossils  common  to  Alabama  and — 


state. 


Tennessee 

Mississippi 

North  Carolina  , 
Texas 


Lamelli- 
branchiates. 


15 
18 
11 

7 


Gastero- 
pods. 


Cephalo- 
pods. 


While  of  New  Jersey  fossils  found  in  other  States  and  not  in  Alabama 
there  are — 


state. 


Lamelli- 
branohiates. 


Tennessee 

Mississippi 

North  Carolina 
Texas 


Gastero- 
pods. 


Cephalo- 
poda. 


In  all  probability  many  more  Gasteropods  may  prove  common  to  New 
Jersey  and  other  States  when  the  casts  from  those  places  shall  have  been 
critically  compared.  It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  no  reasonable  question 
can  be  entertained  of  the  near  equivalency  of  these  beds.  Nor  can  there 
be  any  question  as  to  the  relationship  existing  between  the  Crosswicks 


32  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Creek  and  Haddonfield  Micaceous  clays  at  the  base  of  or  below  the  Lower 
Green  Marls  and  the  Eufaula,  Alabama,  and  Tippah,  Mississippi,  beds  of 
Messrs.  Coin-ad  and  Grabb,  for  many  of  the  species  are  identical,  and  even 
the  lithological  characters  of  the  beds  and  conditions  of  preservation  of  the 
fossils  are  so  nearly  alike  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible  to  distinguish 
them  apart.  With  the  western  Cretaceous  formations  there  is,  however,  a 
much  less  similarity,  although  the  generic  resemblance  is  still  very  striking, 
many  of  the  genera  being  the  same  in  both,  while  the  species  are  often 
very  close  representatives  of  those  at  the  West  found  in  the  Fort  Pierre 
group.  No.  4,  or  perhaps  more  properly  in  Nos.  4  and  5  of  Meek  and 
Hayden's  Upper  Missouri  section.  Still  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  the 
very  close  relationship  of  the  Lower  Marl  beds  of  New  Jersey  and  the 
Crosswicks  and  Haddonfield  beds  to  the  Fort  Pierre  group,  No.  4,  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi  section. 

This  reference  of  the  New  Jersey  Marls  to  Nos.  4  and  5  of  the  Upper 
Missouri  section  is  by  no  means  a  new  feature  in  their  study,  for  it  has  been 
made  by  several  paleontologists  and  geologists  in  the  past,  so  that  it  has 
become  generally  understood.  But  heretofore  it  has  been  done  collectively, 
or  as  a  whole,  as  far  as  concerns  the  New  Jersey  formations;  while  the 
fossils  are  here  for  the  first  time  separated  according  to  the  different  beds 
in  which  they  occur,  and  studied  separately,  and  consequently  this  study 
more  positively  confirms  these  previous  classifications.  Yet  it  proves  im- 
possible clearly  to  separate  the  New  Jersey  formations  to  correspond  to 
the  different  numbers  and  strata  recognized  at  the  West,  they  having  rather 
the  expression  of  the  two  beds  Nos.  4  and  5  combined. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SPECIES. 


Class  GASTEROPODA. 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

Family  MURICID^. 

Genus  TUDIOLA  Bolton. 

TUDICLA   PLANIMARGINATA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  I,  Figs.  1-3. 

Shell  small  or  somewhat  below  a  medimn  size,  very  ventricose,  with 
a  very  low  spire  composed  of  but  little  more  than  two  entire  volutions  in 
the  cast;  outer  volution  large,  forming  the  great  bulk  of  the  shell  and 
having  a  diameter  considerably  greater  than  the  entire  height,  including 
the  short  beak  and  canal.  Volutions  marked  on  the  periphery  by  a  flat- 
tened, vertical  band,  bordered  above  and  below  by  an  angulation ;  a  second 
angulation  also  marking  the  upper  surface  midway  between  the  top  of  the 
vertical  flattening  and  the  suture  line,  and  still  another  on  the  under  side  of 
the  volution  near  the  base  of  the  beak;  columellar  cavity  only  of  medium 
size,  with  aperture  large,  wider  or  about  as  wide  as  high,  but  little  modi- 
fied on  the  inner  side  by  the  preceding  volution;  lip  shghtly  expanded; 
surface  unknown. 

The  species  somewhat  reseinbles  in  its  general  appearance  Pyropsis 
trivolvis  Gabb,  from  the  Middle  Marls;  but  it  has  a  much  lower  spire,  com- 
posed of  fewer  volutions,  and  the  anterior  beak  has  been  quite  short. 

MOJJ  XVI  u 3  33 


34  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

There  is  no  TucUcla  in  the  Cretaceous  to  which  it  bears  any  great  resem- 
blance. 

Formation  and  locality:  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Crosswicks  Creek, 
New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  PYEOPSIS  Conrad. 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  288. 

Mr.  Coni-ad  describes  this  genus  as  follows :  "  Spire  very  short,  apex  not 
papillated;  labrum  without  striae  within,  thick;  columella  without  a  fold;" 
and  places  it  as  a  subgenus  under  Tudicla  Bolton.  Immediately  following 
the  generic  description  he  describes  T.  (PyropsisJ  perlata,  PI.  xlvi,  Fig.  39, 
which,  although  not  cited  as  the  type,  ought  naturally,  from  its  position  in 
connection  with  the  generic  description,  to  be  considered  such.  This  shell 
possesses  close  affiuities  with  the  MuricidcB,  and  with  the  Haiistellmn  group, 
having  a  long,  slender  canal  and  beak,  with  the  inner  lip  of  the  aperture 
strongly  reflected  over  the  body  whorl  and  columella,  leaving  an  open 
space  between  itself  and  the  columellar  portion  of  the  beak,  but  not  a  true 
umbilical  cavity.  The  canal  is  entirely  open,  however,  and  the  whorls  are 
without  varices,  although  there  appears  to  be  a  tendency  to  form  spines  on 
the  periphery.  The  absence  of  striae  within  the  aperture  and  want  of  ridge 
or  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  posterior  angle  of  the  aperture  on  the  inner 
lip  separate  it  from  the  genus  Tudicla,  with  which  in  nearly  all  other  char- 
acters it  agrees.  It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  satisfactorily,  among 
the  casts  with  which  I  have  to  deal,  which  should  be  placed  under  this 
genus  and  which  may  belong  to  Mr.  Gabb's  genus  Perissolax,  as  Mr. 
Gabb's  type  of  tliis  genus,  P.  trivolva,  is  so  very  closely  related  to  this  one. 

There  appears  to  be  little  difference  between  the  two  genera  if  the 
types  alone  are  considered,  but  a  part  of  those  herein  referred  to  Pyropis, 
which  would  seem  to  be  properly  referable  to  it,  depart  considerably  from 
the  type  in  the  greater  height  of  the  spire,  the  rounding  of  the  volutions, 
and  probably  in  the  shorter  canal,  and  appear  to  form  a  connection  between 
this  genus  and  Pyrifusus  Conrad.  But  this  latter  genus  has  never  been 
properly  understood,  owing  to  the  improper  figuring  of  the  type  species,  the 
original  of  which  I  have  examined.  (See  description  of  that  genus  else- 
where in  this  volume,  p.  48.) 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  TUE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  35 

Pyropsis  elevata. 
Plate  I,  Figs.  11-13. 

Bapa  elevata  Gabb :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  301, 
Pi;  XLViii,  Fig.  13,  Meek,  Geol.  N.  J.,. Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Tudicla  elevata  Gabb:  Synopsis,  pp.  74-85;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss., 
p.  33;  Geol.  N.  J  ,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Pyropsis  perlata  Conrad;  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  348. 

Pyrula  Bichardsonii  (Tuomey)  Conrad:  ibid. 

Pyropsis  elevata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  384. 

Shell  ratlier  large,  broadly  turbinate,  with  a  very  low  spii'e,  in  which 
the  volutions  scarcely  rise  above  each  other  beyond  the  general  slope  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  outer  one;  whorls  about  thi-ee  in  number,  the  outer 
one  large  and  biangular  in  the  upper  part,  the  upper  surface  sloping  froui 
the  suture  to  the  periphery,  forming  only  a  very  slight  angle  with  the  axis  of 
the  shell  on  all  the  inner  parts,  but  more  rapidly  declining  on  the  outer  part 
of  the  last  one;  periphery  of  the  last  volution  nearly  vertical  between  the 
upper  and  lower  angles,  but  very  rapidly  contracted  in  the  lower  part  to 
form  the  short,  obtuse,  anterior  canal ;'  aperture  very  large,  fully  four-fifths 
of  the  entire  height  of  the  shell,  strongly  biangular  on  the  outer  side,  and 
modified  on  the  upper  inner  portion  by  the  body  of  the  preceding  volution; 
axis  as  shown  on  the  cast,  large,  destitute  of  columellar  folds;  surface  of 
the  shell  seemingly  marked  by  revolving  ridges,  but  not  very  deeply,  as 
the  cast  shows  only  very  faint  traces  of  them,  scarcely  sufficient  to  afford 
grounds  for  a  positive  assertion  that  they  really  existed,  yet  pretty  positive 
indications  of  lines  of  growth  exist  on  the  summit  of  the  outer  volution, 
and  also  of  stronger  folds  or  varices  at  somewhat  regular  distances,  prob- 
ably indicating  six  or  eight  on  the  last  whorl. 

There  may  be  some  question  as  to  the  identity  of  this  species  with 
Conrad's  Pyropsis  perlata.  This  matter  has  been  discussed  by  Messrs. 
Gabb  and  Conrad^  without  any  very  satisfactory  results.  There  cer- 
tainly is  a  great  resemblance  between  the  type  specimen  of  this  species 
and  the  cast  which  I  have  referred  doubtfully  to  Mr.  Conrad's  species;  but 
I  am  not  so  sure  of  its  identity  with  the  shell  originally  figured  by  Conrad 

'  Am.  Jour.  Concb.,  vol.  4,  p.  428,  and  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  284, 


36  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

as  P.  perlata.  Perhaps  if  larger  individuals  of  that  form  were  examined 
the  volutions  might  show  a  much  greater  angulation  than  does  his  figure 
cited  above,  and  also,  if  the  shell  of  this  one  were  obtained,  the  anterior 
canal  might  be  found  prolonged  as  it  is  in  the  southern  shell;  but  in  their 
present  condition  I  should  think  them  more  probably  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality:  Lower  Green  Marls  in  Burlington  County, 
New  Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pyropsis  octolieata. 
Plate  II,  Figs.  8-10. 

Ficus  odoliratus  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Set.,   Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  333; 

PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  6 ;  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  27.6 
Perissolax  octolirata  (Con.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  67;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and 

Jur.  Foss.,  p.  23;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  of  small  size,  globular  or  subpyriform  in  general  outline;  com- 
posed of  about  tliree  very  ventricose  volutions;  spire  low-conical,  apex 
apparently  not  mammillate.d;  volutions  marked  by  from  six  to  nine  spiral 
ridges  or  costae,  which  are  usually  strongly  marked  on  the  casts  and  are 
crossed  by  vertical  ridges  at  about  an  equal  distance  or  slightly  more  dis- 
tant than  the  spiral  lines,  and  which  divide  the  surface  into  a  number  of 
square  depressed  spaces;  rostrum  short  and  pointed,  apparently  straight, 
and,  as  seen  from  the  aperture  side,  about  half  as  long  as  the  diameter  of 
the  last  volution;  aperture  elongate,  pointed  at  each  extremity,  and  scarcely 
more  than  half  as  wide  as  long.  In  the  casts  the  suture  line  is  distinct  and 
often  very  strongly  marked. 

The  New  Jersey  specimens  of  this  species  differ  from  Mr.  Conrad's 
figure  of  the  type,  which  was  a  Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  specimen,  in 
being  marked  by  vertical  lines,  which  that  specimen  does  not  show  nor 
does  Mr.  Conrad  mention  them  as  occurring,  unless  it  may  be  inferred  that 
his  statement  that  the  costse  are  "inclined  to  be  square"  may  have  meant 
this,  which,  however,  I  infer  to  have  applied  to  spaces  between  the  ridges 
being  flat  instead  of  being  concave  as  in  those  from  New  Jersey.  This 
feature  (the  vertical  costse)  is  a  very  marked  one  on  these  specimens,  and 
I  am  strongly  inclined  to  consider  it  a  specific  distinction,  as  on  a  single 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  37 

fragment  of  the  Tippah  County  specimen  in  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  no 
such  vertical  markings  are  seen.  Among  the  collections  from  Haddonfield, 
New  Jersey,  in  the  collections  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  there  is  an 
imperfect  example  of  a  small  individual  which  I  suppose  to  belong  to  this 
species,  with  shell  preserved,  and  in  which  the  rostrum  is  seen  to  be  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  rest  of  the  shell,  including  the  aperture,  and  to  have 
been  apparently  very  slightly  twisted. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Upper  Freehold  and 
Walnford,  from  the  sand  under  the  Lower  Marls  at  Backmans  pits,  near 
Middleton,  and  from  the  clays  below  the  marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

Pyropsis  perlata? 
Plate  I,  Figs.  8-10. 

Tudicla  (Pyropsis)  perlata  Conrad  ? :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4, 
p.  388,  PI.  XLVi,  Fig.  39;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  85;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret. 
and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  33. 

Rapa  elevata  Gabb,  and  Pyrula  Richardsonii  ?  Tuomey,  Conrad:  Am.  Jour. 
Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  348. 

Pyropsis  Richardsonii  (Tuomey)  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  384. 

Tudicla  (PyruJa)  trochiformis  Tuomey,  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  85,  foot  note. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  internal  casts  of  moderate  size,  broadly  turbinate, 
with  a  low,  almost  flat  spire,  and  short  rostral  beak;  volutions  about  three 
in  number,  strongly  angular  on  the  upper  part,  nearly  flat  on  the  summit 
and  rapidly  increasing  in  size  with  increased  growth ;  sutures  very  strongly 
marked,  the  inner  whorls  having  been  embedded  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
outer  ones;  aperture  comparatively  large,  ovate,  Avide  and  angular  above 
and  pointed  below.  Umbilical  cavity  of  the  cast  very  large,  indicating  a 
very  strong  and  thickened  columella  and  short  rostral  beak;  no  evidence  of 
spiral  ridges  or  striae  is  shown  on  the  casts  examined. 

I  am  by  no  means  certain  that  this  form,  as  seen  in  the  New  Jersey 
beds,  is  identical  with  T.  perlata,  Conrad;  the  specimens  do  not  furnish  posi- 
tive characters  by  which  the  question  can  be  determined.  Com-ad's  shell, 
as  figured,  would  have  left  very  much  such  a  cast  as  this  one,  as  far  as  the 
casts  could  be  preserved,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  extension  of  the  rostral 


38  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

beak.  Among  the  specimens  of  the  species  examined  there  is  no  evidence 
preserved  showing  the  exact  length  of  this  part;  but  the  evidence  fm-nished 
is  in  favor  of  a  short  beak,  as  tlie  rapid  thinning  of  tlie  cast  at  this  part 
would  not  favor  the  opposite  opinion.  How  much  reason  there  may  be  for 
the  assertion  that  the  New  Jersey  form  is  identical  with  Tuomey's  T.  JRich- 
ardsonii  I  can  not  say,  as  I  have  not  seen  Dr.  Tuomey's  type  specimens, 
which  were  never  figured;  but  there  are  casts  of  three  or  four  species  before 
me  from  New  Jersey,  some  of  which  accord  with  his  description  more 
nearly  in  the  "angle"  of  the  volution  being  "rounded"  than  does  this  one. 
I  would,  therefore,  rather  retain  this  under  Mr.  Conrad's  name  than  refer  it 
haphazard  to  that  one.  It  is  distinguished  from  all  the  other  New  Jersey 
species  by  the  shorter  form  and  greater  angulation  of  the  volution. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marl  beds  at  Upper  Freehold, 
New  Jersey,  from  collections  made  by  the  State  Greological  Survey.  ' 

Pyropsis  retifer. 
Plate  II,  Figs.  1-4. 

Fusus  retifer  (Gabb)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.,  PMla.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  PI. 

XLviii,  Fig.  11— Synopsis,  p.  53. 
Fusus  [?]  retifer  (Gabb)  Meek,  Check  List  Oret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  23. 
Perissolax  retifer  (Gabb)  Meek,  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  of  small  size,  pyriform  in  outline  or  subequal  above  and  below 
the  point  of  greatest  diameter;  volutions  about  tlu-ee,  very  ventricose  and 
rapidly  increasing  in  size,  full  and  rounded  above  and  in  the  middle,  but 
rapidly  contracted  below,  forming  a  short,  pointed  beak,  even  in  the  cast; 
spire  low-conical,  sutures  very  marked  in  the  cast;  aperture  large,  semicir- 
cular on  the  outer  margin  and  forming  nearly  or  quite  two-thirds  of  the 
entire  length  of  the  shell;  columellar  cavity  very  narrow,  indicating  a  slen- 
der, straight  beak;  surface  marked  by  closely  arranged,  spiral  ridges,  placed 
at  nearly  equal  distances  and  numbering  twelve  or  more  on  the  body  volu- 
tion; also  by  vertical  lines,  which,  although  faintly  marked,  appear  to  have 
been  nearly  the  same  distance  apart  as  the  spiral  ridges  or  much  more 
closely  arranged,  as  seen  on  different  individuals. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  39 

This  species  is  somewhat  obscure  in  its  generic  features.  Mr.  Gabb's 
figure  is  somewhat  longer  than  the  specimen  from  which  it  was  made,  the 
spu-e  being  rather  high  and  the  beak  less  prolonged.  I  am  aot  at  all  sure 
that  it  is  not  properly  referrable  to  the  genus  Perissolax,  but  it  is,  perhaps,  as 
safe  to  leave  it  here  as  to  venture  another  reference  without  a  more  positive 
knowledge  of  the  shell  itself,  nothing  but  casts  having  yet  been  seen.  I 
have  only  two  casts  in  hand  which  I  have  referred  to  the  species,  and  they 
differ  considerably  from  each  other  in  the  proportional  gibbosity  of  the 
body  whorl  and  somewhat  in  the  proportional  length  of  the  body  of  the 
shell. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Walnford,  New 
Jersey,  at  Mr.  C.  Bruere's  pits,  and  the  sand  under  the  Lower  Marls  at  Mr. 
Backman's  pits,  near  Middletown,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Gabb's  specimen  came 
from  the  same  horizon  at  Miillica  Hill,  New  Jersey: 

PyEOPSIS  KiCHARDSONII  ? 
Plate  I,  Figs.  14-16. 

fPyrula  Rieliardsonii,  Tnomey:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1855,  p.  1G9;  Con- 
rad, Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  248. 

Pyropsis Richardsonii  (Tuomey)  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  384. 

Perissolax  {?]  Richardsonii  (Tuomey)  Gabb:  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  67;  Meek,  Check 
List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  23. 

The  casts  which  I  have  considered  as  most  nearly  allied  to  Dr.  Tuomey's 
species,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  of  its  characters  from  his  description,  are 
broadly  pyriform  and  but  slightly  convex  on  the  top,  the  inner  volutions 
scarcely  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  body  whorl,  in  this  feature  agree- 
ing with  his  statement,  "spire  depressed,  almost  flat."  The  form  of  the 
outer  volution  is  depressed  convex  above,  but  not  flat,  the  surface  slightly 
sloping  in  some  individuals  from  the  suture  to  near  the  point  of  great- 
est diameter,  and  regularly  rounded  on  the  sides  and  below,  but  ex- 
tended into  a  long,  slightly  curved  beak  and  wide  open  canal  in  front 
when  perfect,  which  is  very  rarely  the  case.  Only  a  single  individual  has 
been  found  preserving  this  portion  of  the  cast  enti  re  among  all  this  group 
of  shells  seen  from  New  Jersey.     The  volutions  are  abo  ut  three  in  num- 


40  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

ber  and  increase  very  rapidly  in  size,  with  wide  sutures  in  the  cast,  indi- 
cating a  thickened  shell;  aperture  large,  semiluuate  above,  but  contracted 
below  to  form  the  canal ;  the  columellar  cavity  in  the  cast  rather  large, 
without  any  evidence  of  fold  or  twisting;  surface  of  the  casts  usually 
smooth,' the  markings  of  the  shell  not  transmitted  to  its  inner  surface,  but 
often  marked  on  the  inner  face  of  the  whorls ;  the  shell  as  shown  on  two 
different  individuals,  one  preserving  a  portion  of  the  substance,  the  other 
retaining  a  part  of  the  matrix,  has  been  covered  by  very  strong,  nodose 
spu-al  bands  or  ridges,  with  sometimes  smaller  secondary  lines  between. 
These  have  even  existed  on  the  columella  and  the  beak,  and  very  closely 
resemble  the  markings  of  P.  trocM/ormis,  from  which  it  differs,  however, 
in  the  flattened  upper  surface  of  that  species  and  the  strong  fold  on  its 
columella. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Freehold  and 
Crosswicks  Creek  and  at  the  Neversink  Hills,  New  Jersey,  and  in  iron 
nodules  from  the  plastic  clays  near  Freeport,  New  Jersey.  Collections  at 
Rutgers  College. 

PyROPSIS  ?   OBESA,    11.  Sp. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  12,  13. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  very  ventricose,  with  very  roimd,  full,  short 
volutions,  and  short  obtuse  spire,  the  body  volution  being  produced  below 
to  form  a  short  beak  of  almost  insignificant  proportions,  as  shown  by  the 
cast;  apical  angle  about  80  degrees;  volutions  about  three  in  number,  very 
short  and  compact;  smooth  on  the  surface,  except  on  the  last  one,  where 
spiral  lines  are  shown  to  have  existed  on  the  shell  and  to  have  left  their 
imprint;  only  about  five  or  six  of  these  traceable,  and  those  on  the  lower 
side;  aperture  moderately  large,  obliquely  ovate,  rounded  above  and  pointed 
below;  columella  rather  strong,  somewhat  flexuose,  judging  from  the  axial 
cavity  left  in  the  cast,  and  apparently  marked  by  a  single,  rather  promi- 
nent oblique  ridge  in  its  lower  part. 

This  cast  presents  the  general  features  of  a  Pyropsis,  but  differs  in  the 
possession  of  the  columellar  fold  or  ridge,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  place  it  sat- 
isfactorily under  any  known  geims.     Perhaps  the  matrix  might  show  its 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GKEElsr  MARLS.  41 

true  relations,  but  unfortunately  such  material  has  not  been  considered  of 

value  by  collectors  and  does  not  often  appear  to  exist  in  a  condition  to  be 

preserved. 

Formation  andlocality :   In  the, ferruginous  layers  of  the  Lower  Marl 

Beds  at  MuUica  Ilill,  New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

New  York  city. 

Pyropsis  trochipokmis  (?) 

Plate  I,  Figs.  4-7. 

Pyrula  trochiformis  Tuomey:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1855,  p.  169. 
Tudicla  trochiformis  (Tuomey)  Gabb :  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  85 ;  Meek,  Check  List 

Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss. ,  p.  22. 
? Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuomey)  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1870,  p.  285. 

Shell  pyriform,  with  a  nearly  flat  spire;  volutions  three  or  four,  very 
rapidly  increasing  in  size,  ventricose  and  subangular  above,  but  rapidly 
contracted  below  and  forming  a  short  anterior  canal;  aperture  semilunate, 
subangular  above  and  contracted  below ;  surface  covered  by  very  strong 
spiral  lines,  which  leave  their  imprint  on  the  cast,  those  on  the  body  of  the 
shell  strong  and  coarse,  but  those  below  gradually  becoming  more  slender 
toward  the  base,  of  which  the  larger  volution  probably  had  twelve  or 
fourteen. 

This  shell,  as  shown  by  the  internal  casts,  if  properly  identified,  is 
very  closely  allied  to  P.  Bichardsonii  of  the  same  author;  but  the  revolving 
ridges  are  more  distinctly  marked  and  the  form  of  the  volution  is  shorter, 
and  more  rapidly  contracted  below,  making  the  beak  more  marked  and  dis- 
tinct from  the  body  of  the  volution  than  in  that  one. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  examples  which  I  have  referred  to  Dr. 
Tuomey's  species  are  from  the  collections  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 
where  I  find  them  under  the  name  Pyropsis  trochiformis,  in  Mr.  Gabb's 
handwriting,  I  judge.  There  are  several  fragments  of  large  casts,  but 
only  two  small  ones,  which  I  have  considered  in  the  description.  The 
locality  on  the  label  is  marked  "Cret.,  N.  J.,"  only,  like  so  very  many  of 
the  specimens  from  this  State,  but  one  of  these  specimens  is  evidently 
from  MuUica  Hill;  the  other  I  can  not  refer  to  any  definite  locality.  The 
lot  is  credited  to  Col.  Bryan,  but  I  think  they  are  from  several  localities, 
and  probably  all  from  the  Lower  Marl  lieds: 


42  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY, 

Pyropsis  Eeileyi,  n.  sp. 
Plate  II,  Figs.  11-20. 

Shell  of  medmm  size,  subglobular  or  globularly  ovate  in  general  form, 
with  a  moderately  elevated  spii'e  and  snbventl-icose  volutions  which  are 
somewhat  rapidly  enlarged  outwardly;  volutions  about  three  in  number, 
the  last  one  forming  the  principal  bulk  of  the  shell,  and  regularly  rounded 
from  the  suture  line  to  the  beginning  of  the  very  slightly  extended  anterior 
beak;  the  inner  volutions  nearly  on  a  level  with  each  other,  but  the  outer 
one  dropping  more  rapidly  below  the  imier,  giving  the  greater  height  to 
the  spire;  volutions  regularly  rounded,  without  any  angulation  in  the  upper 
part,  especially  on  the  last  one;  aperture  large,  semilunate,  modified  above 
on  the  inside  by  the  projection  of  the  inner  volution;  cavity  left  in  the  cast 
by  the  removal  of  the  columellar  axis  very  large  and  marked  on  the  surface 
by  a  series  of  circular  protuberances  which  gradually  increase  in  size  with 
the  growth  of  the  shell;  the  inner  one  of  four,  which  can  be  seen  on  one 
cast,  and  which  is  situated  at  the  inner  limit  of  the  last  volution,  is  only 
about  a  twelfth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  while  the  outer  one  is  rather  more 
than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  across;  the  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  sev- 
eral strong,  coarse,  revolving  ridges,  which  have  left  their  imprint  only  very 
slightly  on  the  surface  of  the  cast;  the  outer  lip  of  the  shell  seems  also  to 
have  been  slightly  expanded,  at  least  near  the  upper  part  of  the  aperture. 

This  shell,  as  shown  by  the  internal  casts,  differs  from  the  other  species 
herein  described  in  its  more  elevated  spire  and  rounded  but  less  gibbous 
and  less  ventricose  volutions,  especially  the  outer  one.  The  axis  has  also 
been  much  stronger  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  specimen,  and  the 
anterior  canal  shorter  and  less  distinct.  The  peculiar  flattened  nodelike 
protuberances  on  the  columellar  lip  may  be  the  result  of  accident.  Indeed, 
it  would  seem  almost  impossible  for  the  animal  to  have  purposely  formed 
and  retained  such  protuberances,  as  they  are  not  continuous  or  connected 
but  are  each  one  isolated  from  the  others,  but  their  gradual  increase  in  size 
as  the  shell  has  developed  is  a  peculiar  feature  and  gives  them  a  meaning 
which  they  otherwise  would  not  possess.  The  shell,  however,  is  specifi- 
cally distinct  from  the  others,  entirely  independent  of  this  peculiarity. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS,  43 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey.  Collected  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Reiley,  and  now  in  the  collection  at 
Rutgers  College. 

PyROPSIS  NaTICOIDES,  11.  sp. 
Plate  II,  Figs.  5-?. 

Small,  obliquely  ventricose,  broadly  naticoid  in  form,  with  a  low  spire 
and  rapidly  increasing  volutions,  the  last  one  of  which  is  more  rapidly 
deflected  downwards  than  the  earlier  ones  and  forms  the  great  bulk  of  the 
cast,  appearing  in  its  outer  third  almost  as  if  detached  from  the  inner  volu- 
tions of  the  shell,  caused  probably  by  the  excessive  thickening  of  the  shell 
at  the  suture;  the  columella  has  been  small  and  the  aperture  proportion- 
ally qtiite  large,  and  of  a  semicircular  form,  more  pointed  below  than 
above;  volutions  not  more  than  two  and  a  half  in  number;  surface  of  the 
cast  smooth,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  faintly  marked  vertical  folds  or 
wrinkles  which  show  only  on  the  inner  or  smaller  third  of  the  outer  volu- 
tions, and  may  have  been  caused  by  closely  arranged  varices  of  growth, 
but  they  resemble  the  folds  on  a  regularly  plicated  shell. 

The  species  is  peculiar  in  its  naticoid  form  and  in  the  rapid  deflection 
of  the  outer  portion  of  the  last  volution.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  form  of 
the  aperture  and  columellar  cavity,  the  cast  would  be  naturally  looked 
upon  as  that  of  a  Natica  or  Gyrodes.  The  appearance  of  vertical  folds  would 
scarcely  answer  for  Natica,  but  as  they  occur  on  only  a  small  area  of  the 
outer  volution  they  may  be  deceptive  in  their  meaning.  The  cast  might 
answer  equally  well  for  that  of  a  species  of  BJmocheihis,  and  the  deflections 
of  the  last  whorl  would  also  agree  with  some  species  of  that  genus,  but  I 
am  not  aware  that  any  species  of  that  form  has  been  recognized  as  low 
down  as  the  Cretaceous.  It  might  also  answer  quite  well  for  a  species  of 
Rapa.  -  Dr.  Stoliczka  figures  species  of  Bapa^  which  are  quite  strongly 
marked  with  vertical  folds,  which  would  show  on  an  internal  cast  much 
more  strongly  than  do  these. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  bears  no  label  of  locality,  but 
possesses  all  the  features  of  casts  from  the  ferruginous  layers  of  the  Lower 

'  Ind.  Geol.  Surv.  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Fauna  South  Ind.,  vol.  9,  PI.  xiii. 


44  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Marl  Beds  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  and  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  having 
come  from  that  place.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

PyROPSIS   (RaPA  ?)   SEPTEMLIRATA. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  4-8. 

Gancellaria  se23temlirata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  18C0,  p.  94,  PI.  ii, 

Fig.  10 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  42. 
CanceUaria?  septemlirata  (Gabb)  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jiir.   Foss.,  p.  19, 

Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  pp.  729. 
Pyropsis  septemlirata  G-abb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  285. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  the  internal  casts,  depressed  globular  or  broadly 
oblate  in  general  outline,  the  volutions  being  very  ventricose,  and  the  spire 
low,  the  inner  volutions  rising  but  very  little  above  the  oriter  ones,  and  the 
base  in  the  casts  being  quite  short;  volutions  probably  not  more  than  three 
and  a  half  or  four  in  number,  and  very  rapidly  expanding,  so  that  the  last 
one  forms  nearly  the  entire  bulk  of  the  shell,  the  outer  one  being  slightly 
angular  in  the  upper  part;  aperture  large,  semihmate  or  semielliptical,  as 
wide  as  or  Avider  than  high,  modified  on  the  inner  upper  half  by  the  pre- 
ceding volution,  and  slightly  extended  below  by  the  projection  of  the 
short  columella,  upon  which  there  appears  to  have  been  a  strong,  angular 
ridge;  surface  marked  by  very  strong,  angular,  spiral  ridges  with  concave 
interspaces;  seven  or  eight  of  these  may  be  counted  below  the  angulation 
of  the  outer  volution,  including  the  angle  itself,  and  two  or  three  smaller 
ones  above  this  point  on  large  specimens;  those  below  the  angulation  grad- 
Tially  decrease  in  distance  and  become  more  and  more  oblique  as  they 
approach  the  columella.  On  a  single  large  distorted  specimen  which  I 
find  in  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  identified  apparently  by 
Mr.  Gabb,  there  appears  to  have  been  rather  strong,  irregular,  transverse 
marks  of  growth  crossing  the  spiral  lines,  possibly  only  an  individual  char- 
acter, but  I  think  probably  organic  and  a  specific  feature. 

In  its  general  form  this  species  is  somewhat  similar  to  P.  octolircda  Con., 
but  diifers  in  its  much  greater  size,  lower  spire,  and  shorter  canal,  as  well 
as  in  the  slight  angulation  of  the  body  whorl,  which  that  one  never  shows. 
I  do  not  think  it  probal3le  that  this  shell  was  congeneric  with  those  upon 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  45 

which  the  genus  Pyropsis  was  originally  founded,  ou  account  of  the  exist- 
ence of  a  ridge-like  feature  on  the  columella  near  the  base  of  the  aperture, 
which  indicates  a  projection  of  the  shell  at  this  point  and  the  oblique 
truncation  of  the  anterior  ends  of  the  casts,  features  which  would  appear 
to  ally  this  and  the  following  species  with  Rapa  papijracea  Lain.,  and  I 
strongly  suspect  that  is  where  they  both  belong. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marls  of  New  Jersey,  at  MuUica 
Hill  and  Holmdel.  The  specimens  are  invariably  in  a  very  poor  state  of 
preservation. 

Pyropsis  (Rapa  ?)  Corrina,  n.  sp. 
Plate  III,  Figs.  1-3. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  turbinate,  with  a  nearly  flat  spire,  consisting  of 
two  and  a  half  to  three  volutions,  and  with  a  short  base;  volutions  rounded 
above,  and  separated  by  deep,  wide  sutures  in  the  casts,  increasing  very 
rapidly  with  the  increased  growth  of  the  shell,  broadly  rounded  on  the 
periphery  and  angulated  at  the  base,  with  a  projecting  border  around  the 
extremely  wide  and  open  umbilical  cavity  of  the  cast;  aperture  large, 
obliquely  subovate,  rounded  above  and  on  the  outer  side,  sti-aightened  or 
strongly  modified  on  the  inner  margin  and  pointed  below;  oolumella  strong, 
or  else  hollow  and  formed  by  a  free  inner  lip  like  that  of  Bapa;  marked 
on  the  lower  part  by  a  strong  angulation,  which  has  projected  into  the 
aperture  like  a  knee  a  short  distance  above  the  base;  surface  of  the  cast 
smooth,  showing  no  evidence  of  spiral  or  transverse  hues  or  ridges. 

I  at  first  included  this  species  among  those  referred  to  Pyropsis  trachy- 
formis  Tuomey,  but  was  compelled  subsequently  to  change  its  position  from 
the  evidence  aff'orded  by  the  knee-Uke  projecting  ridge  of  the  columella, 
which  I  think  allies  this  shell,  and  also  P.  septemlirata  Gabb,  with  Ba^m,, 
deeming  them  closely  allied  to  shells  like  B.  papyracea  Lam. ;  but  from  want 
of  sufficient  evidence  I  leave  them  in  their  present  place  doubtfully. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey.     From  Prof.  Reiley's  collection. 


46  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY, 

Genus  Perissolax  Gabb. 
Synopsis  of  the  MoUusca  of  the  Cretaceous  formations,  by  W.  M.  Gabb,  1861,  p.  66. 
The  genus  Perissolax  was  founded  upon  a  group  of  shells,  found  in  the 
Cretaceous  formations,  which  are  characterized  by  a  low  spire,  rather  large, 
globose  or  pyriform  body  volution,  and  a  rather  long  anterior  beak  and 
canal,  which  is  straight  or  but  very  little  curved,  and  a  columella  without 
plaits  or  folds.  Mr.  Grabb  cites  as  types  P.  (Fiisus)  longirostris  D'Orb., 
from  Chili,  South  America,  and  P.  (Ftmis)  trivohms  Gabb,  from  the  New 
Jersey  Middle  Marl  Beds.  From  Mr.  Grabb's  remarks  and  the  classification 
of  his  species  in  his  various  papers  where  it  is  mentioned,  he  appears  to 
have  considered  it  as  strongly  related  to  Fits  us,  although  in  his  original 
description^  of  the  gemis  he  says:  "They  have  nearly  the  form  of  the  genus 
Tudicla  or  HmisteUum,"  the  latter  of  which  is  usually  classed  with  or  consid- 
ered as  a  synonym  of  Murex.  Mr.  Tryon,  in  his  Structural  and  Systematic 
Conchology,  classes  Perissolax  under  the  Buccinidce,  while  Dr.  Stoliczka,^ 
although  quite  doubtful  of  its  relations,  would  appear  to  indicate  it  as  belong- 
ing to  the  Muricidce  near  or  among  the  FidgurincB.  After  studying  the 
species  herein  described,  in  connection  with  others  from  other  parts  of  the 
country,  I  am  inclined  to  consider  them  as  having  their  nearest  affinities  with 
Haustellum  in  the  Muricidce,  and  have  so  arranged  them.  The  Fusus  longi- 
rostris, D'Orb.,  I  only  know  from  figures,  but  the  Fusus  trivolvis  Gabb,  the 
American  type,  is  figured  and  described  in  this  volume,  the  type  specimen 
having  been  used  for  this  purpose.  It  will  be  readily  seen  on  comparison 
that  it  has  more  resemblance  to  HausteUum  than  to  the  typical  forms  of 
the  genus  Fusus,  and  difi"ers  principally  in  the  higher  spire  and  want  of 
periodic  varices.  Some  of  the  species  have,  however,  nodes  or  short  spines 
at  stated  distances  on  the  periphery.  The  full  characters  of  the  beak  and 
canal  have  not  been  seen  in  any  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens,  all  the  species 
having  been  described  from  casts  on  which  these  parts  are  wanting  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  There  can  be  but  little  doubt  as  to  its  relations, 
however,  with  that  group  of  the  Muricidce,  and  none  I  think  as  to  its  valid- 
ity, even  should  it  prove  to  be  identical  with  Conrad's  genus  Pyropsis,  to 
which  it  is  very  closely  related,  as  it  has  precedence  in  point  of  time. 

'Synopsis  of  the  Mollusoa  of  the  Cretaceous  formations,  1861,  p.  66. 
-luOi.  Geol.  Surv.,  Pal.  Indioa,  Cret.  Fauna  South  lud.,  vol.  2,  p.  113. 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWEK  GREEN  MARLS.  47 

Pekissolax  dubia. 
Plate  III,  Figs.  9-11. 

Purpuroidea?  dubia  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1860,  p.  94,  PI.  ii.  Fig. 
11;  Synopsis,  p.  73;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jiir.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol. 
N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  conical  above,  abruptly  contracted  below  the 
largest  part  of  the  last  volution,  and  extended  in  front  into  a  short,  some- 
what slender  beak;  volutions  about  four,  strong,  convex  on  the  surface,  with 
well-marked  sutures;  apical  angle  in  the  vicinity  of  fifty  degrees;  aperture 
ovate,  somewhat  acute  at  each  end,  but  prolonged  below;  surface  marked 
by  revolving  ridges  and  by  closely  arranged  vertical  folds;  of  the  former, 
there  are  eleven,  eight  of  which  may  be  said  to  be  above  the  middle  of 
the  volution,  or  above  the  periphery,  while  three  only  are  really  below  this 
point,  and  these  more  distant  and  somewhat  stronger  than  the  others,  with 
distinctly  concave  spaces  between,  while  the  lower  half  of  the  space  between 
the  beak  and  the  periphery  seems  to  be  destitute  of  ridges;  vertical 
folds  low  and  rounded,  with  concave  interspaces  of  about  an  equal  breadth 
with  the  folds,  or  the  folds  may  be  said  to  unite  at  their  bases,  occupying 
the  entire  space;  twelve  of  them  can  be  counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the 
last  volution;  the  folds  bent  slightly  backwards  from  the  suture  to  the  cen- 
ter of  the  volution,  and  again  very  faintly  forward  at  that  point,  below 
which  they  rapidly  become  obsolete,  not  showing  on  the  under  side  of  the 
volution. 

The  specimen  from  which  the  above  description  is  taken  is  entn-ely  a 
cast,  in  very  soft,  friable  marl,  and  is  rapidly  falhng  to  pieces,  notwith- 
standing every  effort  has  been  made  to  preserve  it,  the  decomposition  hav- 
ing progressed  too  far  before  it  came  into  my  hands.  It  appears  to  be  a 
cast  retaining  the  external  features,  the  yielding  marl  having  been  pressed 
into  the  cavity  as  the  shell  substance  was  removed;  it  thus  retains  the 
external  features  and  presents  the  true  characters  of  the  shell.  It  is  much 
larger  than  Mr.  Grabb's  type  specimen,  which  is  also  a  cast,  but  partially  if 
not  wholly  an  internal  one,  so  that  the  surface  features  were  not  fully  pre- 
served. There  can  be  but  Httle  if  any  doubt,  however,  of  their  specific 
dentity.     I  am  not  sure  that  the  present  specimen  retains  the  entire  length 


48  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

of  the  anterior  beak,  as  a  part  of  the  marl  has  crumbled  at  that  point, 
but  as  far  as  the  specimen  showed  when  first  obtained,  the  figure  is  cor- 
rect and  may  be  relied  upon.  The  specimen  is,  moreover,  somewhat  dis- 
torted by  oblique  pressure,  making  the  under  surface  of  the  volution  broader 
and  less  abrupt  than  is  natural.  This  corrected  would  cause  it  to  resemble 
Mr.  Gabb's  figure  more  closely. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  dark-green,  friable,  and  rather  coarse 
layers  of  the  Lower  Grreen  Marl,  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collec- 
tion of  Prof  Reiley.  Mr.  Gabb's  specimen  was  from  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Jersey,  from  a  similar  position. 

Genus  PYEIFUSUS  Conrad. 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  1858,  p.  332.     Type  P.  subdensatus, 
ibid,  p.  332,  PI.  xxxv,  Fig.  12. 

Mr.  Conrad  describes  this  genus,  which  is  founded  upon  his  species 
Pi/rifusus  subdensatus,  as  follows:  "Pyriform;  columella  broad,  thick,  flat- 
tened; body  volution  transversely  oval."  Mr.  Conrad's  type  specimen  upon 
which  both  the  species  and  the  genus  was  founded  is  before  me,  and  there 
are  two  of  the  characters  as  given  in  the  above  generic  description  that  I 
should  consider  as  not  really  belonging  to  the  shell.  The  statement  that 
the  columella  is  "flattened,"  I  should  consider  incorrect.  It  is  excessively 
thickened  for  the  entire  length  of  the  inner  lip,  almost  forming  a  tubercle 
at  the  upper  end,  and  along  the  narrow  part  of  the  canal  is  so  much  thick- 
ened as  to  give  it  a  sharply  angular  ridge  on  the  inner  edge,  but  there  is  no 
flattening  of  the  columella  like  that  of  Littorina  or  Purpurea.  In  this  one 
specimen,  the  only  one  I  have  seen  of  the  species,  the  thickening  of  the 
columella  with  age  has  been  so  great  as  to  raise  its  surface  very  much  above 
that  of  the  external  shell  surface  directly  against  it,  in  this  way  making 
the  entire  columella  much  broader  than  it  would  be  in  a  younger  shell. 
Another  feature  of  the  description  above  quoted  is  "body  volution  trans- 
versely oval."  Nearly  all  univalve  shells  having  rapidly  increasing  volu- 
tions appear  oval  in  a  summit  view,  or,  as  the  description  says,  "transversely 
oval,"  from  the  greater  increase  in  diameter  of  the  outer  part  of  the  volu- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  49 

tion.  To  this,  in  the  present  specimen,  is  added  an  unequal  increase  in 
growth  from  an  accident  during  Ufe,  and  some  slight  compression  from  the 
condition  of  its  imbedding,  the  compression  coming  in  a  dorso-ventral 
direction.  I  have  given  tlu^ee  figures  of  this  specimen  on  PI.  iv,  Figs.  1-3, 
for  the  purpose  of  correction. 

Mr.  Meek^  has  emended  Mr.  Com-ad's  generic  description,  as  follows: 
"Shell  with  body  volution  a  little  compressed  dorso-ventrally;  columella 
flattened;  spue  about  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  aperture  and  canal;"  citing 
the  same  species  as  the  type.  Mr.  Meek  undoubtedly  took  his  ideas  of  the 
shell  from  Mr.  Conrad's  description  and  a  very  imperfect  figure  of  the  back 
of  the  shell  only.  Of  this  I  feel  certain,  for  the  reason  that  the  type,  which 
is  the  property  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City,  coming  to  them 
through  Prof  Holmes,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  at  that  time 
packed  away  in  New  York,  and  not  opened  until  some  years  afterward  by 
myself  Here  he  has  increased  the  confusion  by  regarding  the  slight  indi- 
vidual imperfection  and  accidental  compression  as  the  principal  and  impor- 
tant generic  feature.  Mr.  Conrad^  adds  still  further  to  the  confusion  by 
citing  from  the  Paleontologia  Indica,  vol.  2,  as  belonging  to  this  genus  fig- 
•ures  and  species  which  are  quite  distinct  from  it.  This  also  Mr.  Meek  points 
out.  Mr.  Meek^  in  the  earlier  lines  of  his  extended  description  of  the  genus, 
states  that  the  spire  is  "not  papillate  at  the  apex."  The  specimen  is 
slightly  imperfect  at  the  apex,  but  it  shows  plainly  that  it  was  papillate 
at  the  apex  when  perfect,  although  but  slightly  so.  Again,  speaking  of  the 
aperture,  he  says,  "being  angular,  but  not  notched  or  canaliculate  above," 
which  the  specimen  certainly  is,  and  quite  distinctly  so.  Still,  notwith- 
standing these  features,  Mr.  Meek's  genus  Neptunella^  with  which  he  was 
comparing  it,  is  quite  a  distinct  form.  Mr.  Conrad's  genus  may  be  char- 
acterized as  follows: 

Shell  turbinate  or  pyriform;  spire  short;  canal  and  beak  short,  slightly 
bent  in  the  lower  part;  columella  smooth,  thickened,  slightly  callous  in 
the  upper  part;  aperture  large,  channeled  above  and  narrowly  contracted 

•Invert.  Pal.,  vol.  9,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  pp.  343-344.| 

'Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  248. 

3U.  S.  Geol.  Siirv.  Terr,,  vol.  9,  Invert  Pal.,  p.  343. 

MON  xvm 4 


50  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

below;  outer  lip  slightly  thickened  periodically,  broadly  sinuate  on  the 
margin  in  the  upper  part,  smooth  within;  volutions  ventricose  above  and 
contracted  below,  longitudinally  costate  and  spirally  lined;  axis  not  umbil- 
icated.     Type  P.  subdensata  Conrad. 

The  genus  is  most  nearly  allied  to  Pyropsis,  Tudicla,  and  Papa.  It  differs 
fi'om  each  of  them  in  the  thickened,  callous  columella;  from  Papa  in  want- 
ing the  umbilicus ;  from  Pyropsis  in  the  shorter  beak  (want  of  angulations  on 
the  volutions  in  some  sjjecies),  and  in  having  the  inner  lip  entirely  united 
with  the  columella  or  beak  of  the  shell;  from  Tudicla  in  the  shorter  beak, 
smooth  inner  surface  of  the  outer  lip,  and  pyriform  shape  and  posterior 
channel.  From  some  of  the  Tudiclas  herein  described  under  that  genus, 
there  appears  but  slight  diiference  except  in  the  features  of  the  aperture  and 
columella;  and  in  the  casts  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  say  to  which  genus 
they  belong. 

Pyeifusus  erraticus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  IV,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  a  very  fine  specimen  used,  measuring  1^  inches 
in  length;  nearly  equally  fusiform  or  biconical  in  general  outline  as  viewed 
from  the  back;  apical  angle  about  50'^;  volutions,  about  foin- in  number, 
the  last  one  large,  subangular  on  the  periphery,  concave  above,  rounded 
below  the  middle,  and  contracted  in  the  lower  part;  upper  volutions  con- 
vex; suture  distinct;  aperture  elongate;  canal  short;  the  volutions  crossed 
by  nine  or  ten  vertical  plications,  which  are  strong,  prominent,  and 
rounded  on  the  larger  part  of  the  volution,  and  but  faintly  marked  on  the 
lower  convexity  of  the  last  one,  becoming  obsolete  before  reaching  the 
beak;  the  entire  surface  of  the  shell  also  marked  by  beautifully  rounded, 
spiral  lines,  which  are  alternately  larger  and  smaller,  and  very  closely 
aiTanged;  these  again  crossed  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth,  which 
make  a  broad  and  rather  strong  retral  curve  from  the  suture  to  the  most 
prominent  ^jart  of  the  longitudinal  plications,  below  which  point  they  again 
bend  forward  to  the  swell  of  the  volution  below;  columella  and  axis 
unknown. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  51 

This  species  is  somewhat  similar  to  P.  Newherryi  M.  &  H.,  from  the 
upper  Missouri  region,  but  is  more  equally  biconical,  less  ventricose  in  the 
middle  in  proportion  to  the  length,  and  has  the  longitudinal  ribs  more  dis- 
tant.    I  know  of  no  other  species  with  which  it  vaaij  be  readily  confounded. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  figured,  representing  the  surface 
structure,  is  from  a  matrix  in  an  iron  sand  nodule,  foinid  in  drift  clay,  at 
Clifii"wood,  New  Jersey,  and  is  in  the  collection  at  Columbia  College.  The 
figure  is  made  from  a  gutta-percha  impression  in  this  natural  mold.  These 
nodules  are  supposed  to  come  from  the  Lower  Marls,  as  the  fossils  are  all 
from  that  horizon. 

PyEIFUSUS  CUNEUS,  11.  sp. 
Plate  IV,  Figs.  9-11. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  short-fusiform,  nearly  twice  as  long  below  as 
above  the  periphery  of  the  last  volution  when  viewed  from  in  front,  and 
almost  I'egularly  sloping  from  that  point  to  the  pointed  anterior  extremity, 
as  seen  in  the  cast;  apical  angle  about  60°  or  55°;  volutions  about 
four;  subangular  on  the  periphery  and  marked  by  moderately  distant  but 
distinct  vertical  folds,  which  are  obsolete  on  the  lower  third  of  the  volution, 
but  increase  in  strength  and  distance  with  the  increased  growth  of  the  shell. 
Twelve  of  these  folds  can  be  counted  on  the  body  whorl  of  the  best  pre- 
sei'ved  cast.  Umbilical  cavity  in  the  cast,  as  left  by  the  removal  of  the  colu- 
mella, large  and  destitute  of  markings  or  folds  of  any  kind;  aperture 
cuneate-elliptical,  sharply  pointed  below  and  angular  above;  surface  char- 
acters of  the  shell  unknown. 

This  species  is  of  about  the  size  of  P.  erraticus,  but  differs  somewhat 
in  the  form  of  the  volutions  and  in  the  less  elevation  of  the  spire.  The 
"volutions  are  more  angular  on  the  periphery  and  the  angulation  is  com- 
paratively higher  than  in  that  species,  while  the  vertical  folds  are  more 
closely  arranged.  The  lower  portion  of  the  volution  is  also  not  constricted 
between  the  body  of  the  volution  and  the  anterior  beak,  so  that  the  shell  is 
of  a  wedge-shaped  form  below  the  periphery.  It  somewhat  closely  resembles 
P.  Netvherryi  M.  &  H.' 


U,  S.  Geol,  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert.  Pal.,  p.  346,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  H,  a-d. 


52  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous 
at  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 

Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  ?. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  16-19. 
Pleurotoma  mullicaensis  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  1860,  p.  95,  PI.  Ii, 

Fig.  8. 
Fusus  mullicaensis  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  pp.  53,   68 ;   Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and 

Jur.  Foss.,  p.  32;  Fusus  ?  (Gabb)  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  ovately  biturbinate,  of  nearly  equal  length  above 
and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter;  spire  obtusely  conical,  giving  an 
apical  angle  of  about  50°;  volutions  probably  about  five  in  the  shell, 
ventricose,  with  deep  sutures,  the  last  one  subangular  on  the  periphery 
and  presenting  a  pyriform  shape  when  considered  without  reference  to  those 
above,  the  lower  part  being  somewhat  attenuated;  aperture  large,  elongate, 
subelliptical,  more  rounded  externally  than  on  the  inner  side;  columella 
large  and  strong,  as  shown  by  the  cavity  left,  by  the  removal  of  its  sub- 
stance in  the  cast,  smooth,  and  probably  pointed  below ;  volutions  marked 
by  numerous  obliquely  vertical  folds,  strongest  on  the  largest  pai"t;  surface 
features  unknown. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  P.  erraticus  n.  sp.,  herein  described, 
but  differs  materially  in  its  more  distinctly  ventricose  and  more  pronounced 
volutions,  and  apparently  in  the  greater  number  of  vertical  folds  crossing 
them.  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen  had  nearly  the  form  and  size  of  that 
here  described,  so  nearly  so  that  not  the  least  doubt  exists  of  their  specific 
identity;  but  the  generic  relations  appear  to  be  undoubtedly  with  Pv/n/«<sMs. 

Formation  and  locality:  Mr.  Gabb's  type  was  from  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Jersey,  while  our  specimen  is  mai'ked  as  coming  from  Freehold,  New  Jer- 
sey. Both  specimens  would  appear  to  have  come  from  the  Lower  Green 
Marls. 

Pyrifusus  Macfarlandi,  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  14-15. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  short-conical  or  subglobose,  shorter  below 
than  above  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  the  low  spire  having  an  apical 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  53 

angle  of  nearly  90°,  with  the  body  volution  proportionately  large.  Volu- 
tions four  and  a  half  to  five  in  number,  ventricose,  the  upper  ones  rounded 
on  the  exposed  parts,  even  in  the  cast,  with  distinct,  deeply  marked  sutures ; 
body  volution  somewhat  shouldered  on  the  top,  but  not  flattened;  below  it 
is  short  and  very  rapidly  diminishing,  so  as  to  produce  nearly  a  straight 
line  from  just  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  to  the  margin  of  the 
cavity  left  by  the  removal  of  the  columella  or  axis  of  the  shell;  aperture 
imperfect  in  form,  but  as  seen  by  the  section  of  the  cast  must  have  been 
acutely  ovate,  sharply  pointed  below  and  gradually  widened  upward  for 
about  two-thirds  of  its  length,  and  rounded  at  the  upper  end;  columella,  as 
shown  by  the  axial  cavity,  large  and  smooth,  without  folds  or  ridges; 
surface  marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds,  about  eight  of  which  may  be 
counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl;  these  not  seen  on  the  cast 
below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  indicating  their  absence  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  volution  in  the  living  shell;  no  remains  of  spiral  lines  preserved 
on  the  specimen. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  others  herein  described  as 
casts  by  its  ventricose  and  rounded  volutions,  more  numerous  vertical  folds, 
shorter  spire,  and  short  dwai-fish  appearance  as  regards  height.  It  is  more 
easily  mistaken  for  a  form  of  Pi/ropsis,  perhaps;  but,  as  compared  with  any 
of  those  herein  described,  differs  in  the  more  rounded  volutions  and  naore 
numerous  vertical  folds.  The  form  of  the  lower  half  of  the  body  whorl 
and  that  of  the  margin  of  the  axial  cavity  will  readily  distinguish  them  on 
comparison. 

Formation  and  locality:  Collected  from  the  ferruginous  layers  of  the 
Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  and  furnished  by  Mr. 
Joseph  McFarland,  of  Philadelphia. 

Pyripusus  pyeuloides. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  12,  13. 

Bapa  pyruloidea  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  N"at.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1860,  p.  94,  PI.  ii,  Fig.  4; 

Synopsis,  p.  74;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21. 
Eapa  pyruloidea  f  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

This  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Gabb  from  a  single  imperfect  cast 
which  is  now  in  the  collection  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Phil- 


54  PALlilONTOLOGY  Of'  NEW  JElRSEY. 

adelplaia,  and  from  which  the  figaires  on  our  plate  are  taken,  with  as  much 
care  as  possible.  The  specimen  is  turbinate,  with  a  very  low  spire,  and 
consists  of  little  more  than  three  volutions,  which  increase  in  size  very  rap- 
idly with  the  increased  growth  of  the  shell;  the  last  one  comprising  by  far 
the  greater  bulk  of  the  specimen.  In  section  this  volution  is  strongly  ovate, 
being  modified,  however,  somewhat  on  the  inner  side  by  the  previous  volu- 
tion. The  aperture  is  very  large,  widest  at  the  upper  third  of  its  height 
and  sharply  pointed  at  the  base.  The  columellar  cavity  of  the  cast,  which 
the  specimen  is  to  a  great  extent,  is  proportionally  large  and  indicates  a 
rapidly  widening  umbilical  cavity.  The  impression  bears  no  evidence  of 
an)-^  ridge  or  similar  feature  on  its  surface.  The  body  volution  is  marked 
by  rather  obscure  indications  of  vertical  folds  on  its  upper  part,  of  which 
seven  may  be  counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  volution.  The  fragment  of 
shell  which  remains  on  the  specimen  is  marked  by  rather  strong,  somewhat 
irregular  lines  of  growth,  which  are  gathered  in  groups  on  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  volution  to  form  the  vertical  folds  before  mentioned. 

Mr.  Gabb's  description  of  the  species  is  as  follows:  "Shell  pyriform, 
whorls  three,  spire  low,  surface  marked  by  longitudinal  ribs  or  undulations, 
about  twelve  on  the  b3dy  whorl,  crossed  toward  the  beak  by  fine  revolv- 
ing lines."  This  latter  feature  of  fine  lines  toward  the  beak  I  could  not 
distinguish,  the  shell  being  in  an  extremely  unfavorable  state  of  preserva- 
tion, a  part  of  which  may  have  resulted  since  the  description  was  originally 
drawn.  The  figures  will  readily  help  to  distinguish  the  species,  which  I 
judge  to  be  somewhat  rare. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  in  Burlington  County, 
New  Jersey,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Gabb.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pyrifusus  turritus,  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  1-5. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size  for  the  genus,  with  a  spire  rather  more  than 
usually  elevated,  the  volutions  of  which  have  been  about  five  in  number, 
very  distinctly  pronounced  and  angular  in  the  middle,  the  suture  lines  well 
marked  and  angular;  apical  angle  45°  to  50°;  body  volution  strongly  an- 
gular, shorter  above  than  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  and  forming 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GEEEN  MARLS.  55 

rather  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell,  exclusive  of  the 
short  beak;  aperture  oblique,  angularly  ovate;  columella  slender  as  shown 
by  the  cavity  left  by  the  removal  of  the  substance  of  the  shell;  volutions 
marked  by  strong,  oblique,  vertical  folds,  which  are  distinct  on  the  periph- 
eral angle,  but  do  not  extend  much  above  or  below,  on  the  cast;  strong 
spiral  lines  on  some  of  the  casts,  eight  to  ten  of  which  are  seen  on  the  ex- 
posed portion  of  the  U2Jper  volutions,  the  number  marking  the  basal  por- ' 
tion  of  the  body  volution  not  being  determinable. 

This  species,  although  small,  is  distinguished  from  the  associated 
species,  and  also  from  any  of  those  from  the  western  Cretaceous,  by  its  pro- 
portionally more  elevated  spire  and  exsert  volutions.  It  differs  somewhat 
from  most  species  of  the  genus  in  the  proportions  of  the  spire  as  compared 
with  the  length  below  the  angle  of  the  body  whorl,  being  much  longer 
above  than  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter.  In  this  respect,  as  well 
as  in  its  general  size  and  appearance,  it  very  closely  resembles  Turris 
(Surculaf)  contortus  M.  &  H.,  a-s  figured,  ^  but  is  distinguished  from  that 
form  by  having  the  upper  surface  of  the  volutions  distinctly  convex  instead 
of  concave,  while  such  slight  indications  of  the  transverse  striae  as  are  seen 
on  some  of  the  casts  show  that  no  slit  or  sinus  of  the  lip  existed,  thus 
removing  it  definitely  from  that  group  of  shells. 

Formation  and  localities :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  and 
from  the  Brown  Marls  of  the  same  formation  near  Burlington,  in  the  collec- 
tion Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  from  sand  under  the  Lower  Marls  at  Mr. 
Backmau's  pits  at  Middletown,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collections  at  Rutgers 
College. 

Pyrifusus  mbbki,  n.  sp. 

Plate  IV,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Shell  moderately  large  for  the  genus,  having  a  diameter  of  nearly  1^ 
inches  of  the  body  whorl;  subequally  biconical  in  general  outline;  spire 
elevated,  having  an  apical  angle,  as  seen  in  the  cast,  of  somewhat  less  than 
60°,  with  the  spne  slightly  longer  than  the  shell  below,  as  viewed  from 
the  back  of  the  last  volution;   volutions  probably  about  four  in  number 

'  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert.  Pal.,  PI.  xxxi,  Fig.  7. 


56  PALEOiTTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

(the  specimens  being  all  imperfect),  subangular  on  the  periphery  above  the 
last  one,  which  is  biangular  and  obliquely  flattened  on  the  periphery,  the 
lower  angle  less  strongly  marked  and  less  prominent  than  the  upper  one, 
and  both  crossed  by  strong,  rounded,  vertical  folds,  which  become  obsolete 
just  below  the  lower  angulation,  but  form  node-like  prominences  on  them; 
base  of  the  last  volution  strongly  and  rapidly  contracted  from  the  lower 
angulation,  forming  a  short  anterior  prolongation  or  beak;  the  columella 
formerly  quite  slender,  judging  from  the  small  perforation  remaining  in 
the  cast,  and  destitute  of  folds  or  ridges;  aperture  large,  angularly  ovate, 
oblique  and  pointed  below  and  strongly  angular  on  the  outer  side;  surface 
of  the  shell,  except  the  vertical  folds,  unknown. 

This  species  is  a  very  good  representative  of  P.  Newherryi  M.  &  H., 
from  the  upper  Missouri  Cretaceous,  ^  but  differs  specifically  in  its  general 
form,  being  proportionally  longer  above  and  shorter  below  the  point  of 
greatest  diameter,  and  also  in  the  biangular  character  of  the  periphery. 
This  biangular  character  of  the  volutions .  exists  to  a  greater  or  less  degree 
on  all  the  whorls,  but  is  concealed  somewhat  on  the  upper  ones  by  the  suc- 
ceeding volution  extending  to  the  lower  angulation,  thereby  rendering  it  a 
little  obscure.  The  snell  is  so  very  distinct  in  form  from  any  other  in  the 
New  Jersey  beds  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  institute  comparisons  with  them. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  at 
Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College  and 
at  Columbia  College,  New  York  City. 

Genus  NEPTUNELLA  Meek. 
Neptunblla  Mullicaensis,  n.  sp. 
Plate  IV,  Figs.  20,  21. 
Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size  for  the  genus,  short-fusiform  in  outline, 
the  spire  forming  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  volutions  from 
four  to  five  in  number,  compactly  ventricose  in  the  cast,  most  ventricose 
above  the  middle,  and  somewhat  abrubtly  wedge-formed  below;  sutures  dis- 
tinct; columella  strong;  as  shown  by  the  cast,  leaving  a  large  cavity,  but  desti- 
tute of  plaits  or  folds  as  far  as  can  be  determined;  aperture  narrow  and 

'  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert.  Pal.  p.  346,  PI.  xxxi.  Figs.  6(i  and  Gc. 


GASTEiiOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MAELS.  57 

elongated,  pointed  above  and  below,  not  exceeding  one-half  the  length  of  the 
entire  shell;  extension  of  the  beak  unknown,  but  apparently  short;  surface 
of  the  volutions  marked  on  the  cast  by  remains  of  closely  arranged,  not 
very  strong,  flexuose,  vertical  lines"  or  folds,  which  have  been  directed 
strongly  forward  in  crossing  the  volution  from  above,  and  become  obsolete 
before  reaching  the  middle  of  the  volution  on  the  cast,  not  visible  in  any 
degree  on  the  body  whorl;  the  body  volution  also  preserving  distinct  evi- 
dences of  moderately  strong,  revolving  hues,  which  on  the  specimens  used 
for  description  are  a  little  more  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  distant  on  the 
central  portions,  where  they  are  parallel  to  the  suture  line  above,  while 
those  below  the  middle  diverge  more  rapidly  and  are  more  oblique. 

This  shell  is  so  entirely  distinct  from  any  other  noticed  from  the  New 
Jersey  beds  that  there  is  scarcely  a  possibility  of  mistaking  it.  It  differs 
also  in  proportions  and  form  from  any  of  those  described  by  Meek  and 
Hayden  from  the  upper  Missouri  region  so  decidedly  as  not  to  be  readily 
confounded  with  them.  There  are  remains  of  a  very  closely  allied  form 
from  Alabama,  but,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  it  is  undescribed.  There  is  less . 
angularity  of  the  volutions  than  is  common  among  the  representatives  of  this 
section  of  the  group  already  described,  and  it  apparently  had  a  shorter 
beak  than  is  common  among  them.  Still,  I  see  no  reason  for  considering  it 
as  generically  distinct  from  the  group  Neptimella  as  defined  by  Mi-.  Meek, 
so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  internal  casts  only,  unless  it  be  in  the 
length  of  the  spire  being  fully  as  great  as  that  of  the  aperture,  which  I  can 
hardly  think  ought  to  be  a  generic  feature,  although  Mr.  Meek  gives  it  so 
in  his  generic  diagnosis. 

Formation  and  localitij:  From  the  fen-uginous  layers  of  the  lower  Marls, 
at  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.  One  of  the  specimens  is  from  the  collection  of 
the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  the  other  from  that  at  Rutgers  College. 


68  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESET. 

Family  TRITONID^. 

Genus  TRITON  Montfort. 

Triton  (Epidromus)  pr^cedens,  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Shell  small  and  moderately  slender,  spire  elevated,  longer  than,  or 
about  equal  to,  the  length  of  the  body  volution  and  anterior  beak,  as 
viewed  from  the  back  of  the  shell;  apical  angle  of  the  spire  between  30° 
and  35°;  volutions  quite  ventricose,  with  strongly  marked  sutures;  prin- 
cipal varices  occurring  at  about  every  two-thirds  of  a  volution,  but  with 
secondary  varices  between,  visible  on  the  casts  but  not  definitely  enough 
to  give  a  positive  idea  of  their  exact  number,  yet  apparently  three  on 
the  body  volution ;  each  of  the  principal  varices  marked  by  about  seven 
well  defined  depressions  on  the  back,  indicating  that  number  of  spiral 
ridges  on  the  shell  and  protuberances  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  lip ;  aper- 
ture of  medium  size,  semi-lunate,  the  outer  lip  only  moderately  expanded; 
columella  slender,  and  anterior  beak  of  moderate  length;  number  of  volu- 
tions not  definitely  ascertained,  as  the  specimens  are  imperfect. 

The  species  appears  to  have  been  a  true  Epidromus,  and  had  a 
length  of  a  little  more  than  IJ  inches.  The  varices  are  quite  strongly  and 
distinctly  marked,  leaving  no  doubt  of  its  generic  relations.  It  is  the  only 
species  of  the  type  yet  discovered  in  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey,  and  on 
that  account,  as  well  as  being  one  of  the  earliest  of  its  kind  to  appear  in 
the  geological  record,  is  quite  interesting.  Of  course,  like  all  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  Grasteropoda,  it  is  represented  only  by  internal  casts' 
and  is  imperfect  in  many  of  its  features,  the  upper  volutions  being  invari- 
ably absent,  with  more  or  less  of  the  anterior  beak  and  canal ;  still,  their 
features  are  sufficiently  preserved  to  serve  all  purposes  of  identification. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  dark  green  layers  of  the  Lower  Grreen 
Marls  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey.  Collected  for  the  State  Survey  by  Dr 
N.  L.  Britton. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  59 

Genus  Trachytriton  Meek. 

Trachytriton  atlanticum,  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  8-11. 

Shell  small,  tlie  casts  seldom  reaching  a  length  of  more  than  an  inch 
and  a  quarter;  spire  with  an  apical  angle  of  about  40°  to  45°;  volutions 
four  and  a  half  to  five  in  number,  rather  convex  and  moderately  distinct, 
the  sutures  in  the  cast  being  distinct  and  the  spaces  left  by  the  removal  of 
the  shell  quite  considerable;^  last  volution  large,  forming  more  than  half  the 
entire  length,  and  being  as  long  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  as  the 
length  of  the  spire  above,  giving  an  equally  biconical  or  fusiform  feature 
to  the  cast,  with  a  moderately  long  and  somewhat  curved  beak  and  canal ; 
aperture  large,  pointed  above  and  slightly  extended  below;  narrow-elliptical 
in  outline,  with  the  outer  margin  rather  more  convex  than  the  inner  one ;  lip 
of  the  outer  volution  apparently  slightly  deflected;  the  surface  of  the  volu- 
tions have  been  marked  by  revolving  lines,  at  least  in  the  lower  part,  as  is 
shown  by  their  remains  on  the  surfaces  between  the  volutions  of  the  cast; 
and  by  proportionally  strong,  vertical  folds,  three  of  which  in  each  volution 
have  been  stronger  than  the  one  or  two  intermediate  ones,  and  have  left 
their  deeper  impression  both  on  the  surface  of  the  cast  and  on  the  imprint 
of  the  exterior,  as  seen  between  the  whorls. 

The  species  is  rather  an  abundant  one  at  the  one  locality,  and  closely 
resembles,  in  the  conditions  of  internal  casts,  those  of  Bostellaria  curta, 
herein  described,  and  with  which  it  is  associated;  but  it  maybe  distinguished 
readily  enough  by  a  comparison  of  the  prolongation  of  the  anterior  beak 
and  the  size  of  the  cavity  left  by  its  removal,  it  being  much  longer,  more 
slender,  slightly  twisted,  and  the  cavity  altogether  smaller  than  in  that  one. 
The  spire  is  also  more  slender,  and  the  body  volution  does  not  contract  so 
rapidly  below  the  point- of  greatest  diame.ter  as  in  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blackish  green  layers  of  the  Lower  G-reen 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  In  the  col- 
lection at  Rutgers  College. 


60  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

TrACHYTRITON    ?   HOLMDELENSE,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  16,  17. 

Shell  of  medmm  size;  spire  moderately  elevated,  having  an  apical 
angle  of  50°  or  over;  is  composed  of  about  five  very  rotmid  volutions,  and 
forms  fully  two-thirds  of  the  entire  length  of  the  cast  when  viewed  from  the 
back  of  the  specimen;  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  the  cast  is  short 
and  the  beak  only  slightly  extended  beyond  the  general  rotundity  of  the 
body  volution ;  suture  lines  between  the  volutions  in  the  cast  clear,  distinct, 
and  deep;  aperture  rather  broadly  elliptical;  rounded  above;  slightly 
pointed  below  and  straightened  on  the  inner  side  below  the  middle  of  its 
height;  columella  moderately  strong  and  smooth;  sui-face  of  the  cast  marked 
by  vertical  folds,  thirteen  or  fourteen  to  the  volution;  these  folds  distinctly 
bend  backward  in  the  middle  in  crossing  the  whorl,  and  are  again  directed 
forward  below,  forming  a  broad  sinuosity  in  crossing  the  whorl;  no  evidence 
of  revolving  lines  discernible  on  any  of  the  specimens. 

This  species  may  not  properly  belong  to  the  genus  Trachytriton.  It  is 
shorter  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  of  the  body  volution  than 
any  species  of  that  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  and  the  varices  have 
not  quite  the  character  required,  as  they  are  all  of  similar  form  and  size, 
and  more  sinuate  than  they  ought  to  be  under  the  genus.  The  beak  has 
been  short  and  there  is  no  evidence  of  spiral  lines  or  ridges.  It  has  a  more 
obtuse  spire  than  any  of  the  other  New  Jersey  species  of  this  genus,  with 
rounder  volution  and  deeper  sutures.  It  has  much  the  appearance  of  Cryp- 
torhytes  flexicostata  M.  &  H.,^  but  the  beak  has  been  even  shorter  than  in  that 
one,  and  the  shell  less  slender,  while  the  columella  aftbrds  no  evidence  what- 
ever of  any  folds  or  plica  of  any  kind.  Its  generic  relations  are  quite  uncer- 
tain, and  I  shall  leave  it  under  Trachytriton  provisionally. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marl  J^eds  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

^U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert.  Pal.,  p.  367,  PI.  xix.  Fig.  2. 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GEBEN  MAELS.  61 

TrACHYTRITON  ?  MULTIVARICOSUM,  n.  sp. 
Plate  V,  Figs.  13,  13. 

Shell  of  mediiim  size  and  rather  ventricose,  with  an  elevated  spire, 
which  is  composed  of  rounded  and  ventricose  volutions,  and  has  an  apical 
angle  of  about  50°;  volutions  four  and  a  half  or  five  in  the  cast,  the 
number  not  definitely  known,  the  specimens  being  imperfect  at  the  apex; 
sutures  very  distinct  and  marked;  body  volution  proportionally  large 
and  full,  especially  in  the  upper  part,  and  slightly  extended  below;  the 
beak  rather  long,  slightly  twisted,  and  provided  with  a  rather  large  canal;, 
aperture  large,  elongate-elliptical,  acute  above  and  extended  below,  the 
length  about  three  times  the  width;  columella,  as  shown  by  the  cavity  left 
by  its  removal,  rather  strong  and  perfectly  smooth;  surface  of  the  cast  show- 
ing remains  of  numerous  closely  arranged,  vertical  folds  marking  the  upper 
portion  of  the  volutions,  but  becoming  indistinct  on  the  outer  half  of  the 
last  one;  three  of  these  on  each  volution  slightly  stronger  than  the  others; 
also,  marked  by  spiral  lines  or  ridges,  which  have  left  deep  grooves  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  volutions  of  the  cast,  and  also  mark  the  outer  half  of 
the  body  whorl,  becoming  quite  distinct  on  the  margin  of  the  lip,  indicat- 
ing crenulations  or  denticulations  on  its  inner  surface. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  Atlanticum,  herein  described,  in  its  more 
robust  form,  rounder  volutions,  and  more  numerous  vertical  folds,  and  the 
anterior  beak  and  canal  seems  to  have  been  longer  and  more  slender,  and 
also  somewhat  twisted.  In  its  general  appearance  it  more  nearly  approached 
T.  vinculum  Hall  and  Meek^  (sp-)j  from  the  western  Cretaceous,  but  the 
spire  has  been  shorter,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  body  volution  contracts 
more  abruptly. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

'Hall  and  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  n.  s. 


62  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY.  . 

FUSIDiE. 

Genus  FUSUS  Lam. 

FUSUS  ?  HOLMDELENSIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  VI,  Figs.  10,  11. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  about  1|  inches  in  length;  spire  short,  less  than 
one-third  as  long  as  the  body  volution  and  beak;  volutions  four  or  more, 
the  upper  ones  rather  small  and  the  body  volution  proportionally  large, 
Ventricose  in  the  middle  and  extended  in  front  in  a  moderately  long,  slightly 
twisted  canal;  aperture  large,  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of  the  shell; 
the  outer  lip  broadly  and  strongly  sinuate  in  the  upper  part  and  somewhat 
extended  forward  below;  columella  slender,  twisted;  surface  of  the  volu- 
tions marked  by  rather  strong,  prominent,  vertical  folds,  which  are  most 
distinct  on  the  body  of  the  lower  whorl,  but  become  obsolete  below,  and 
on  the  upper  whorls  are  extended  from  suture  to  suture,  ten  of  these  folds 
being  visible  on  the  large  volution;  strong  lines  of  growth  also  cross  the 
shell  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  aperture ;  closely  arranged,  elevated  spiral 
lines  cover  the  entire  shell,  and  are  finest  and  most  numerous  on  the  upper 
part,  more  distant  below  the  middle,  and  strongly  marked  on  the  anterior 
beak,  where  they  are  very  oblique ;  the  spaces  between  the  lines  apparently 
flat. 

This  species  is  apparently  a  true  Fusus,  and  is  the  only  one  I  have 
noticed  in  the  Cretaceous  green  sands  of  the  State.  In  the  condition  of  an 
internal  cast  it  would  present  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  specimen  of 
Vohdomorpha  bella,  but  would  have  a  rather  shorter  spire  and  ventricose 
volutions,  and  might  be  somewhat  difficult  to  distinguish,  but  on  the  speci- 
men figured,  on  which  the  shell  substance  is  largely  preserved,  there  is  no 
evidence  of  columella  plications,  which  I  think  would  be  readily  distin- 
guished had  they  existed.  The  surface  markings  are  also  different.  I 
know  of  no  other  shell  in  the  formation  Avith  which  it  would  he  readily 
confounded. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  coarse,  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Grreen 
Sands  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  of  Prof  Reiley. 


GASTEKOPOUA  OF  THE  LOWER  GEEEN  MARLS.  63 

Genus  SERRIFUSUS  Meek. 

Serrifustjs  ?  Ceosswickensis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  24,  25. 

Shell  small  or  of  medium  size,  biturbinate  in  form,  shorter  below  than 
above  the  middle,  exclusive  of  the  beak,  the  extension  of  which  is  unknown, 
casts  only  having  been  observed;  spire  broadly  conical,  the  apical  angle 
measuring  about  55°;  volutions  about  four  and  a  half  or  five  on  the  inter- 
nal cast;  angularly  ventricose,  vertical  or  concave  on  the  periphery,  the 
latter  character  particularly  a  feature  of  the  body  volution;  upper  side 
of  the  volutions  obliquely  sloping,  the  slope  being  somewhat  greater  than 
the  angle  of  the  spire,  so  as  to  reveal  the  vertical  portion  of  each  volution; 
lower  side  rounded;  aperture  nearly  as  broad  as  high,  as  seen  in  a  transverse 
section,  the  outer  lip  slightly  biangiilar,  corresponding  to  the  narrow  vertical 
band  of  the  periphery;  columella  strong,  indicating  a  rather  robust  beak; 
surface  features  unknown. 

This  species  differs  from  S.  nodocarinatus,  herein  described,  in  having  a 
less  elevated  and  broader  spire;  in  having  a  vertical  peripheral  band,  and 
in  being  destitute  of  the  transverse  nodes  on  the  peripheral  carina,  so  far  as 
can  be  seen  on  the  cast.  There  is  a  slight  indication  of  a  single  spiral  ridge 
a  short  distance  below  the  central  band,  but  it  is  hardly  definite  enough  on 
the  cast  to  be  given  as  a  positive  feature,  and  it  is  also  possible  there  may 
have  been  nodes  on  the  carinations  formed  by  the  band,  but  there  are  no 
indications  of  such  a  feature  remaining.  Were  it  not  for  the  very  evident 
rostral  beak,  although  probably  very  short,  there  might  be  reasons  for  con- 
sidering the  casts  those  of  a  species  of  Pleurotomaria,  but  the  existence  of 
this  feature  would  entirely  remove  it  from  that  group  of  shells,  although 
many  of  the  Palaeozoic  forms  referred  to  that  genus  present  a  short,  straight 
columella;  but  here  there  has  been,  I  think,  without  question,  a  true  rostral 
beak  and  canaL 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  blackish  marls  at  the  base  of  the  Lower 
Green  Sands  at  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


64  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Serrifusus  (Lirofusus)  nodocarinatus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  V,  Figs.  22,  23. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  abruptly  fusiform  '  in  general  outline;  spire 
broad  conical,  the  height  from  the  broadest  part  of  the  body  volution  being 
somewhat  less  than  the  diameter  at  its  periphery;  beak  short,  slender;  volu- 
tions three  or  four  (the  specimen  being  imperfect),  somewhat  bicarinate  in 
the  middle  where  there  is  a  nearly  vertical,  obliquely  flattened  area  or  band, 
above  which  the  surface  slopes  rapidly  to  the  suture  and  is  very  slightly 
concave;  below  this  point  the  volution  contracts  very  abruptly  to  the 
short,  slender  canal,  leaving  the  body  volution  somewhat  compressed- 
discoidal  or  wheel-like  in  form,  which  in  the  specimen  is  possibly  exag- 
gerated by  vertical  crushing;  periphery  of  the  volutions  marked  by  rather 
strong,  transverse  node-like  vertical  folds,  which  are  also  continiied  in  less 
strength  above  and  below,  and  the  entire  surface  is  occupied  by  spiral 
ridges  of  considerable  strength,  but  which  alternate  in  size  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  volution;  four  or  five  of  these  revolving  ridges  occupy  the 
upper  side;  about  three  mark  the  vertical  space  of  the  periphery,  and 
seven  or  more  may  be  counted  on  the  lower  ■  side  of  the  body  volution, 
in  the  poorly  preserved  specimen  used;  aperture  not  seen. 

This  is  the  only  shell  of  this  type  which  I  have  seen  from  the  Creta- 
ceous of  New  Jersey.  I  do  not  think  it  will  prove  an  abundant  form,  as  I 
have  seen  but  one  other  fragment  of  a  cast  which  I  could  identify  with  it. 
The  type  of  shell  is  more  abundant  in  the  Eocene  at  the  south,  in  Ala- 
bama and  Texas,  where  there  are  a  number  of  species  known.  It  Avill  be 
readily  distinguished  from  any  other  Cretaceous  shell  hitherto  described, 
and  from  any  of  the  Eocene  forms,  by  the  abruptly  vertically  compressed 
or  wheel-like  character  of  the  body  volution. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  soft  and  very  friable,  coarsely  grained,  green 
marl  of  the  Lower  Bed,  at  Marlborough,  New  Jersey,  in  collections  made 
by  Dr.  Reiley. 


GASTEEOrODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  65 

FASCIOLARIID^. 
ODONTOFUSUS,  new  genus. 

Shell  iinivalve,  fusiform,  resembling  Fusus  or  Fasciolaria  in  general 
appearance;  spire  elevated,  with  vertically  plicated  whorls;  anterior  extrem- 
ity prolonged  into  a  straight  canal  of  greater  or  less  extent;  columella 
marked  near  or  above  the  middle  by  a  single  oblique  fold;  surface  probably 
lirated,  although  no  evidence  of  such  a  feature  remains  on  the  casts. 
Types  0.  (Fasciolaria)  Slacki  Gabb  and  0.  tyinciis  Whitf 

I  am  compelled  to  propose  a  new  generic  name  for  a  group  of  species 
possessing  the  above  characters,  although  reluctant  to  do  so  on  internal 
casts.  The  specimens  closely  resemble  specimens  of  Fusus  or  Fasciolaria 
in  their  elongated  fusiform  character  and  prominent  volutions,  which  have 
been  strongly  marked  by  vertical  folds ;  but  they  differ  from  either  in  the 
characters  of  the  columellar  ridge  or  fold.  From  Fusus  they  differ  in  its 
presence  and  in  the  straight  beak,  and  from  the  other  in  having  only  a 
single  ridge,  which  is  placed  much  higher  on  the  columella.  Mr.  Gabb 
noticed  the  ridge  on  the  columella  in  his  original  description  of  F.  Slacki, 
and  in  some  later  remarks^  he  suggests  its  relation  to  Piestochilus  Meek. 
Mr.  Meek's  genus  usually  possesses  more  than  one  fold,  but  differs  very 
m_aterially  in.  the  characters  of  the  spire  and  the  more  elongated  anterior 
beak.  In  fact,  Piestochilus  more  closely  resembles  Mitra  than  Fasciolaria. 
The  shells  referred  to  Borsonia  and  Cordieria  also  somewhat  resemble 
these,  but  possess  a  distinct  sinus  in  the  lip  like  Pleurotoma  and  are  shorter 
in  front  as  well  as  having  denticulations  on  the  inside  of  the  outer  lip, 
features  which  these  shells  have  not  possessed.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain 
whether  there  have  been  spiral  striae  on  the  shell,  no  evidence  of  such 
feature  being  present  on  any  of  the  many  casts  examined.  In  general 
features  the  genus  resembles  somewhat  Cordiera  A.  Rouault,  but  there  is  no 
evidence  of  a  sinus  or  slit  in  the  lip  allying  it  to  Pleurotoma,  as  in  that  one. 
Cordiera  is  from  the  Eocene  in  Europe. 

'  Proc,  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  282. 

MON  xyiii 5 


66  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Odontofusus  Slacki. 

Plate  VI,  Figs.  8,  9. 

Fasciolaria  Slackii  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  322;  1876,  p. 

282;  Meek,  Cbeck  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark, 

1868,  p.  730. 
?  Piestochilus  Slackii  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  282. 
?  Valuta  sp  ?  Conrad :  Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  vol.  5,  p.  45,  PL  i.  Fig.  20. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  internal  casts,  slender,  fusiform,  nearly  of  equal 
length  above  and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  of  the  body  whorl; 
spire  slender,  apical  angle  about  35°  to  40°;  volutions  five  or  six  (none 
of  the  specimens  are  perfect  to  the  apex);  angular  in  the  middle  and 
slightly  convex  above  and  below,  the  last  one  increasing  more  rapidly 
than  those  above;  sutures  distinct  and  deep;  anterior  end  prolonged 
into  a  straight,  moderately  slender  canal;  columella  strong,  marked  by  a 
single  oblique,  well  defined  ridge  or  fold  at  about  the  middle  or  above  the 
middle  of  its  length;  aperture  pyriform,  largest  above  and  angular  at  the 
middle  of  the  outer  lip  corresponding  to  the  angulation  of  the  body  whorl; 
volutions  marked  by  distant,  angular,  vertical  folds  or  ridges,  seven  to  nine 
of  which  may  be  counted  on  a  single  volution;  these  folds  are  indicated 
very  strongly  on  the  center  of  the  volution  in  the  cast,  but  not  visible  to 
any  great  extent  much  above  or  below;  no  positive  indications  of  spiral 
lines  have  been  seen  on  any  of  the  casts. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  N.  J.     In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Odontofusus  typicus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VI,  Figs.  1-5. 

Shell  when  of  full  size  about  2  inches  long  in  the  extreme,  so  far  as 
yet  known;  spire  elevated,  forming  about  one-half  of  the  entire  length 
of  the  shell,  which  contains  about  four  and  one-half  to  five  volutions  in 
the  condition  of  internal  cast;  volutions  angular,  rather  strongly  so  in  the 
principal  one,  forming  an  angulated  periphery  which  is  crossed  by  ten 
or  twelve  prominent,  vertical  ridges,  which  generally  show  as  transverse 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GRIilEN  MARLS.  67 

nodes  on  tlie  periphery  and  only  extend  a  short  distance  above  or  below, 
apparently  never  reaching  to  the  suture  line;  lower  portion  of  the  body 
volution  extended  so  as  to  form  a  rather  slender  anterior  beak,  about  equal- 
ing in  length  the  vertical  diameter  of  the  body  volution,  as  seen  from  the 
dorsal  side;  aperture  moderately  large,  angular  at  the  middle  of  the  outer 
lip  and  extended  below  in  a  narrow  canal;  columella  marked  by  a  single, 
rather  strong,  oblique  fold,  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  aperture  proper; 
very  faint  indications  of  spiral  striae  may  be  imagined  on  the  cast,  but 
can  scarcely  be  said  to  exist. 

This  species  differs  from  all  the  others  in  its  angular  volutions,  and  in 
the  character  of  the  vertical  node-like  folds. 

Formatiop-  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  near 
New  Egypt,  and  at  Cream  Ridge,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collections  at 
Rutgers  College. 

Odontofusus  medians,  n.  sp. 
Plate  v,  Figs.  18-31. 

Shell  as  known  from  casts,  slender,  turreted,  with  ventricose  volutions, 
which  are  most  convex  above  the  middle  of  the  exposed  part;  body  whorl 
rapidly  contracted  below  and  extended  into  a  slender,  straight  canal ;  spire 
slender,  longer  than  the  shell  below  when  viewed  from  the.  back ;  apical 
angle  35°  to  40°;  volutions  five  in  number,  with  strongly  marked  suture 
lines ;  columella  slender,  marked  by  a  single,  sharply  defined,  obhque  pli- 
cation near  or  perhaps  below  the  middle  of  its  length;  aperture  obliquely 
pyriform,  broadest  above  the  middle  and  narrowed  below,  equal  to  or 
longer  than  one  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell;  volutions  marked  by  a 
moderate  number  of  vertical  folds  which  extend  from  suture  to  suture  on 
the  whorls,  and  on  the  body  volution  can  be  traced  nearly  to  the  axis  of  the 
shell  and  are  directed  slightly  forward  in  their  passage  from  above  down- 
ward.    No  evidence  of  spiral  lines  on  the  surface  can  be  seen. 

This  species  is  intermediate  between  the  other  two  species  herein  de- 
scribed, in  its  apical  angle,  in  the  venti-icosity  of  the  volutions,  and  in  the 
number  of  vertical  folds  crossing  the  volutions.  The  last  volution  does  not 
increase  any  more  rapidly  than  those  above,  in  which  feature  it  agrees  with 


68  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

0.  rostellaroides,  but  differs  from  0.  tyincus,  and  in  the  comparative  strength 
of  the  cokxmella  it  differs  from  either  in  being  more  slender.  The  species 
is  very  marked  and  distinct  from  either'  of  them  and  is  readily  recognized. 
On  one  of  the  examples  there  appears  to  be  a  very  faint  indication  of  a  second 
plication  on  the  columella  a  short  distance  above  the  generic  one,  which  may 
or  may  not  be  real.  But  if  a  natural  feature,  the  space  between  them  is 
entirely  flat.  Other  specimens  show  no  evidence  whatever  of  this  second 
plication.  The  vertical  folds  crossing  the  volutions  are  also  much  stronger 
on  the  one  having  the  second  ridge,  and  it  may  possibly  indicate  a  distinct 
species. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  lower  layers  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls 
at  Walnford,  New  Jersey;  at  Mr.  Bruer's  pits,  and  at  Upper  Freehold, 
New  Jersey. 

Odontofusus  rostellaroides,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VI,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Shell  slender,  spire  attenuate,  longer  than  the  shell  below  the  largest 
part  of  the  body  volution;  apical  angle  about  30°;  volutions  five  or  six, 
gently  convex,  without  perceptible  angle;  sutiu-es  very  distinct;  aperture 
prolonged  in  front  into  a  moderately  long,  straight  canal;  columellar  fold 
sharp,  situated  about  midway  of  the  length  of  the  canal ;  volutions  marked 
by  numerous  vertical  folds  which  cross  them  almost  in  a  line  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  shell,  and  although  low  and  rounded,  extend  from  suture  to 
suture  on  the  upper  ones,  and  are  visible  considerably  below  the  pohit  of 
greatest  diameter  of  the  body  volution;  surface  shell  structure  unknown. 

The  shell,  as  shown  by  the  casts,  presents  much  the  appearance  of  a 
slender  form  of  AncJiura  in  its  upper  whorls,  but  in  the  body  volution  loses 
this  resemblance  by  wanting  the  angularity  and  in  its  increased  size  toward 
the  aperture ;  also  in  its  straight  beak  and  cohimella,  and  solitary  fold.  It 
differs  from  0.  typicus,  herein  described,  in  the  more  slender  form,  gently 
convex  instead  of  angular  volutions,  and  in  the  more  numerous  and  less 
prominent  vertical  folds  of  the  exterior  surface. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey.     In  Prof  Reiley's  collection. 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GEEEN  MAELS.  69 

NOTES    ON   THE   GENUS   PIESTOCHILUS   MEEK   AND   VOLUTOMOEPHA   GABB. 

In  the  report  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Siirv.  of  the  Terr.,  Vol.  ix,  Invert.  Pal, 
p.  356,  Mr.  Meek  describes  the  genus  Piestochilus  as  a  di\'ision  of  the 
FascioIariidcB.     His  description  is  as  follows: 

Shells  of  small  size,  with  spire  and  canal  produced;  volutions  flattened  or 
moderately  convex  and  finally  spirally  striated,  sometimes  with  vertical  folds; 
plait  or  plaits  of  columella  not  exposed  in  a  direct  view  into  the  aperture,  very 
oblique,  and  occupying  a  higher  position  than  in  either  of  the  foregoing;  [Fascio- 
laria  Lamarck  and  Terebrisjnra  Conrad]  outer  lip  smooth  within. 

As  the  type  he  gives  Fimts  Scarhoroughi  M.  &  II.  This  shell  is  a 
medium  sized,  rather  slender,  fusiform  species,  almost  equally  long  above 
and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  which  is  at  the  swell  of  the  body 
volution;  the  canal  is  rather  short  and  straight,  and  the  columella  is  provided 
with  two  distinct,  although  small,  very  oblique  folds.  In  examining  the 
shell  few  persons  would  fail  to  recognize  at  once  its  very  close  relations  to 
Fasciolaria  Lamark,  especially  to  such  species  as  those  forming  the  groiip 
containing  Lamark's  type,  F.  tulipa;  the  principal  differences  being  in  the 
more  slender  foi-m  and  comparatively  straight  canal,  which  is  not  so  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  volution.  They  also  somewhat  resemble 
a  group  of  Mitras,  such  as  M.  scrobicidaria  Broochi,  and  more  distantly  M. 
granatina  Lam.,  a  living  species,  though  diifering  in  the  form  of  the  aper- 
ture and  in  the  character  of  the  columellar  folds. 

During  the  year  in  which  the  above-named  work  was  published 
(1867),  Mr.  W.  M.  Gabb  described  and  published^  his  genus  Vohdomorpha, 
founding  it  tipon  Volutilithes  Conradii  Gabb,  described  and  figured  in  the 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  PI.  xlviii,  Fig.  10. 
This  genus  as  typified  by  that  species  is  quite  distinct  generically  from 
Piestochilus.     The  generic  description  originally  given  is: 

Shell  elongate,  fusiform  ;  whorls  cancellated  by  longitudinal  and  revolving 
ribs  ;  columella  with  one  very  oblique  fold,  and  sometimes  one  or  more  smaller 
secondary  folds.  In  shape  this  genus  is  not  unlike  the  two  preceding  genera  [  Vol- 
utoderma  Gabb,  and  Fidgoraria  Schum],  but  it  differs  from  them  all  in  having 
essentially  a  single  large  oblique  fold.  When  more  than  one  occurs,  the  secondary 
folds  are  smaller  than  the  large  primary. 

'Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  290. 


70  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

On  page  293  of  the  same  article  the  author  inchides  under  this  genus 
his  VoJutilithes  hella  and  V.  mucronata  with  several  others.  In  the  synopsis  of 
the  Volutklce  which  Mr.  Gabb  gives  in  this  same  article  he  places  these 
under  that  family  without  question.  The  two  species  just  mentioned,  hella 
and  mucronata,  so  far  as  T  am  able  to  determine,  are  precisely  the  same 
g-enerically  as  the  typical  species  of  PiestocMlus  Meek,  and  are  certainly 
more  nearly  related  to  the  Fasciolariidce  than  to  the  Votutidce,  even  if  the 
type  of  Vohitoclerma,  V.  Conradi,  should  be  considered  as  related  to  the 
latter  family;  which,  from  its  narrow  elongated  canal  and  nearly  vertical 
columellar  folds,  I  should  be  inclined  to  dispiite.  There  is  certainly  no 
feature  possessed  by  these  two  species  that  could  be  considered  as  incom- 
patible with  those  of  Meek's  genus ;  although  we  do  not  know  their  siu-face 
chai-acters.  Biit  we  have  no  evidence  of  the  strong  vertical  or  revolving 
folds  and  ridges  which  apparently  characterize  Volutomorplia  Conradi.  lam, 
however,  inclined  to  retain  both  genera  under  the  family  Fasciolariidce,  and 
shall  place  these  two,  and  other  allied  species  under  PiestocMlus,  retaining 
the  V.  Conradi  for  Gabb's  generic  division;  the  principal  points  of  difference 
between  them  being  in  the  shorter  spire  and  longer  beak  of  Volutomorplia, 
with  its  strong  surface  markings  and  the  more  equally  fusiform  body  and 
proportionally  shorter  canal  of  PiestocMlus,  with  its  probable  striated  sur- 
face and  more  siibdued  vertical  folds.  Mr.  Tryon,  in  his  Structural  and 
Systematic  Conchology,  vol.  2,  p.  129,  cites  PiestocMlus  as  a  synonym  of 
Clavella  Swainson,  and  states  that  Meek  suspected  that  it  belonged  to  that 
genus.  I  can  not  find  anywhere  that  Mr.  Meek  suspected  it  as  belonging  to 
Clavella.  He  did  at  one  time  place  some  of  the  species  under  Clavellites 
Swainson.  In  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert.  Pal.,  almost  the" 
last  thing  Mr.  Meek  wrote,  he  places  the  genus  under  the  Fasciolariidce,  to 
which  it  undoubtedly  belongs. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  71 

Genus  VOLUTOMORPHA  Gabb. 

VOLUTOMORPHA   CONRADI. 

Plate  VI,  Fig.  31;  Plate  vii,  Figs.  1-3  and  4,  5?. 

EostelUtes  Conradi  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol. 

N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 
Fulguraria  Conradi  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pbila.,  1861,  p.  364. 
Volutilithes  Conradi  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  PI.  XLViii, 

Fig.  10 ;  Synopsis,  p.  93. 
Volutomorpha  Conradi  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  pj).  390,  393; 

Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  Try  on,  vol.  3,  p.  166. 

Shell  large,  some  specimens  apparently  attaining'  a  length  of  4^  inches, 
with  a  diameter  of  the  largest  volution  of  rather  more  than  l^  inches;  spire 
short,  or  only  moderately  elevated,  although  the  general  form  of  the  shell 
is  somewhat  slender,  the  body  volution,  as  viewed  on  the  the  apertural  side, 
forms  fully  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length,  even  in  the  condition  of  internal 
casts;  upper  volutions  compact,  convex  on  the  sides,  and  rather  squarish  or 
suddenly  rounded  to  the  suture  on  the  top ;  body  volution  very  larg-e  and 
very  gracefully  swollen  or  convex  in  the  upper  part,  and  prolonged  and 
attenuated  below,  forming  a  long,  gracefully  tapered  anterior  beak  with  the 
columella  slightly  twisted;  top  of  the  volution  rather  suddenly  contracted 
to  the  suture;  aperture  large,  very  elongate-elliptical  in  outline  and  pro- 
longed below,  where  it  becomes  narrowed  as  the  outer  lip  approaches  the 
axis;  columella  slightly  twisted  and  marked  by  from  one  to  three  very 
oblique  folds,  the  middle  one  of  which  is  usually  the  strongest;  surface  of 
the  casts  usually  smooth,  with  the  exception  of,  in  some  cases  only,  a  few 
distant  vertical  folds  on  the  upper  ones,  and  on  the  extreme  upper  part  of 
the  body  volution;  but  where  the  external  features  are  preserved,  the 
whole  shell  is  marked  by  strong,  rounded,  vertical  folds,  and  but  little  less 
strongly  marked,  rounded,  spiral  ridges;  the  spiral  ridges  moderately  dis- 
tant on  the  upper  part  of  the  volution,  but  becoming  less  strongly  marked 
and  crowded,  and  finally  almost  obsolete,  toward  the  base. 

I  have  before  me  a  large  number  of  the  internal  casts  of  this  species, 
mostly  imperfect;  the  original  of  Mi*.  Gabb's  figure  and  description  being 


72  tALEOlSTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

the  most  perfect  one.  The  external  features  of  the  shell  are  not  pl-eserved 
on  any  of  the  casts  in  full  strength,  but  on  the  inside  of  the  outer  volutions, 
where  the  inner  one  has  left  its  imprint,  they  are  shown  in  full  strength, 
and  are  quite  strongly  marked,  both  by  spiral  and  by  vertical  ridges,  which 
become  node-like  at  their  intersection.  The  species  is  quite  variable,  and 
it  is  rather  difficult,  among  the  imperfect  material,  to  draw  a  line  of  divis- 
ion between  it  and  V.  iwnderosa  herein  described.  It,  however,  has  much 
shorter  and  more  compact  upper  volutions,  which  are  more  ventricose  accord- 
ing to  their  height,  and  the  beak  has  also  been  much  longer  and  more  slen- 
der.    These  features  will,  I  think,  serve  to  distinguish  them. 

Formation  and  locality:  It  is  known  only  from  the  Lower  Greensand 
Marls.  Mr.  Gabb's  type  was  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey.  They  are 
also  known  from  Mullica  Hill,  Freehold,  Holmdel,  and  the  Neversink  Hills, 
New  Jersey. 

VOLTJTOMOKPHA  PONDEROSA,  n.  Sp. 
Plate  viii,  Figs.  5,  6,  and  Plate  ix,  Figs.  13-15. 

Shell  large  and  moderately  ventricose,  attaining  a  length  of  7  or  more 
inches,  with  a  transverse  diameter  of  nearly  or  quite  2^  inches;  spire  mod- 
erately elevated,  with  depressed  convex  whorls ;  volutions  five  or  more,  the 
last  one  forming  nearly  or  quite  three-fifths  of  the  entire  length,  gently  con- 
vex throughout  the  upper  three-fourths  of  its  length  and  slightly  narrowed 
and  extended  in  front;  aperture  long  elliptical,  acute  above  and  naiTowed  in 
front;  sutures  between  volutions  only  moderate ;  surface,  as  seen  on  casts, 
usually  smooth,  but  sometimes  showing  both  vertical  and  spiral  ridges,  while 
on  the  surfaces  betweeia  the  volutions  of  the  casts  very  distinct  vertical  and 
spiral  ridges  appear.  On  one  of  the  larger  individuals  the  columellar  lip 
appears  to  have  been  considerably  thickened,  and  to  have  been  but  very 
faintly  marked  by  a  single  fold,  very  obliquely  placed ;  while  on  the  upper 
portion  of  its  surface  the  ridges  of  the  preceding  volution  have  left  their 
imprint,  appearing  as  nearly  horizontal  folds,  though  in  reality  being  the 
eff"ect  of  external  markings.  The  single  very  oblique  fold  is  placed  very 
near  the  base  of  the  columella,  and  on  some  specimens  appears  only  as  an 
angulation  of  the  columella. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  73 

This  is  probably  the  largest  Gasteropod  of  the  Cretaceous  formation 
within  the  State.  It  very  closely  resembles  V.  Conradi  Gabb,  but  is  much 
larger  in  its  extreme.  The  volutions  of  the  spire  are  proportionally  much 
longer  and  by  far  less  ventricose,  and  none  of  them  are  shouldered  at  the 
top  as  in  that  species.  The  beak  is  also  less  extended  and  stronger,  while 
the  vertical  folds  appear  to  have  been  more  closely  arranged. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Cream  Ridge, 
Holmdel,  Freehold,  Neversink,  and  Eastern  Monmouth,  New  Jersey.  Col- 
lection of  Rutgers  College.  . 

VOLUTOMORPHA  GaBBI,  n.  sp. 
Plate  VII,  Fig.  6,  and  Plate  viil,  Figs.  1-4. 
Shell  of  moderate  size,  attaining  a  length  of  about  3J  inches  in  the 
largest  specimens  observed.  Form  robust,  with  a  short  conical  spire,  in 
which  may  be  counted,  about  three  volutions  above  the  last  one;  body 
volution  forming  about  three-fourths  of  the  entire  length,  ventricose  above 
and  tapering  below,  with  a  rather  graceful  swell  near  the  middle  of  its 
length,  and  rather  abruptly  narrowed  above  to  the  suture,  forming  an  angu- 
lation at  the  top;  surface  marked  by  coarse,  moderately  distinct,  vertical 
folds,  which  are  strongest  near  the  angulation  at  the  top  of  the  volution, 
and  become  faint  or  even  obsolete  near  the  lower  end;  also  by  more  closely 
arranged  spiral  lines  which  present  a  somewhat  nodose  appearance  at  their 
junctions  with  the  vertical  folds.  The  columella,  as  shown  on  an  internal 
cast,  has  been  very  thick  and  strong,  and  provided  with  a  single  strong 
oblique  fold  near  tlie  middle  of  its  length.  Aperture  rather  wide  and  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  shell. 

This  species  has  many  features  in  common  with  V.  Conradi  Gabb,  but 
is  proportionally  shorter  and  more  robust,  with  a  shorter  spire  and  more 
distant  vertical  folds,  while  the  body  volution  is  much  larger  above  in  pro- 
portion to  its  length  and  very  much  more  angular. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey, 
where  the  external  features  are  preserved  in  the  marls,  and  as  internal  casts 
in  a  coarse,  pebbly  sand  marl,  quite  ferruginous  in  character,  at  MuUica, 
New  Jersey.  The  latter  specimen  is  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  ScL, 
Phila.,  and  the  former  at  Rutgers  College. 


74  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


VOLUTOMORPHA   (PlESTOCHILUS)   BELLA. 
Plate  VI,  Figs.  15-18. 


Vohdilifhes  hella  tjaoTi) :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  PI.  xcviii, 

Fig.  7 ;  Synopsis,  p.  93. 
Rostellites  hella  (Gabb)  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21 ;  Geol.  N.  J., 

Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Fulguraria  hella  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1861,  p.  364. 
Volutomorpha  hella  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  293. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  the  cast,  elongate,  fusiform,  and  slender,  with  mod- 
erately full  volutions  and  distinct  suture  lines;  spire  short,  the  body  volu- 
tion as  viewed  from  the  front  forming  from  three-fourths  to  four-fifths  of 
the  entire  length,  and  the  narrow,  anteriorly  prolonged  aperture  more  than 
one-half  of  the  length;  volutions  four  or  more  in  number,  the  last  one 
most  ventricose  above  the  middle  of  its  length  and  narrowed  and  prolonged 
below;  columella  showing  two  strong  oblique  folds  at  about  the  middle  of 
the  aperture;  surface  unknown. 

This  species  is  the  most  slender  form  of  the  genus,  except  V.  mucronata 
Gabb,  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  that  one  by  the  greater 
length  of  the  spire  and  proportionally  shorter  aperture  of  that  species.  I 
have  not  been  able  to  identify  any  other  specimen  of  this  species  than  the 
type  specimen.  It  is  certainly  a  species  distinct  from  any  other  described, 
and  must  be  a  comparatively  rare  form. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  is  composed  of  a  hard  black 
marl  resembling  that  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  in  many  places  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  and  is  said  under  the  original  description  to 
have  come  from  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal.  On  the  label  accom- 
panying the  specimen,  written  by  Mr.  Gabb,  is  marked  "Cret.-N.  J." 


GASTEROi»ODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  75 

VOLUTOMORPHA   (PlESTOCHILUS)    MUCRONATA. 

Plate  VI,  Figs.  12-14. 

Voluta  mucronata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  333  ;  Meek,  Check 
List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  31. 

Volutilithes  mucronata  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.,  N.  J.,  ISTewark,  18G8,  p.  730. 

VoluiiUthes  nasida  (Gabb)  Meek,  loc.  cit.,  not  of  Gabb. 

Volufomorpha  mucronata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  393. 

Shell,  as  exhibited  iu  the  casts,  slender,  with  an  elevated  and  slender 
spire  and  prolonged  rostral  beak,  giving  an  elongate,  fusiform  outline; 
volutions  five  or  more,  moderately  convex  and  with  strongly  marked  suture 
lines;  body  volution,  as  seen  from  the  front,  forming  considerably  more 
than  half  of  the  length  of  the  entire  shell,  and  the  aperture  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  body  volution;  elliptical  in  outline,  angular  above  and  pro- 
longed below;  columella  slender,  marked  by  two  very  oblique  folds,  which 
are  situated  somewhat  below  the  middle  of  its  length,  the  lower  being 
much  the  stronger  of  the  two ;  surface  features  unknown.  There  is  the 
slightest  evidence  on  two  individuals  of  distant  longitudinal  folds  on  the 
second  volution,  but  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  give  grounds  for  a  positive 
assertion  that  such  characters  existed. 

This  species  can  be  confounded  only  with  V.  bella,  and  not  very  easily 
with  that  one,  when  the  proportions  of  parts  are  taken  into  consideration. 
In  that  one  the  aperture  will  form  fully  or  more  than  one-half  of  the 
length  of  the  shell,  while  on  this  one  it  will  not  exceed  one-third,  and 
together  with  the  half  of  the  body  volution  above  it,  as  seen  in  front,  forms 
only  about  the  same  proportion  of  the  whole  as  the  aperture  does  in  that 
species.  The  volutions  are  also  less  compact,  and  the  general  form  more 
slenderly  fusiform,  so  there  is  but  little  danger  of  any  confusion  in  regard 
to  the  two  species.  In  general  form  these  shells  would  seem  to  be  more 
properly  related  to  the  Mitras  than  to  the  Volutes,  but  on  all  specimens 
on  which  I  have  found  the  impressions  of  the  columellar  folds  the  lower  or 
anterior  one  has  been  the  largest,  while  in  the  Mitridce  the  reverse  should 
be  the  case. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  a  very  dark  colored  bed  of  marl  belonging 
to  the  lower  layers,  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey.  Collection  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, New  Jersey. 


76  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

VOLUTOMORPHA   (PlESTSCHILUS)   KANBI. 

Plate  VI,  Figs.  19,20. 

Valuta  Kanei  Gabb:   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1861,  p.  323;  Meek,  Check   List 

Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21. 
Voluta  ?  Kanei  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730. 
Volutomorpha  Kanei  (jcBhh-.'Pvoc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  293. 

Shell  small,  short  elliptical  in  outline,  with  a  short  pointed  spire  and 
proportionally  long  body  volution;  volutions  probably  about  four,  ventri- 
cose,  largest  above  the  middle  and  attenuate  below ;  aperture  large,  elongate 
elliptical,  widest  above  the  middle  and  narrow  below.  Columella  moder- 
ately strong,  marked  by  two  distinct  and  distant  plications  below  the  middle 
of  the  aperture;  surface  of  the  shell  so  far  as  can  be  seen  on  the  inside  of 
the  cast  of  the  outer  volution  in  one  of  the  type  specimens,  marked  by  a 
few  spiral  ridges  and  by  distant  vertical  plications  or  folds,  but  which  are 
not  transmitted  to  the  internal  cast  in  any  of  the  individuals  seen. 

.This  shell  has  been  of  the  type  of  V.  hella  Gabb,  which  it  very  much 
resembles,  but  is  proportionally  shorter  and  has  a  larger  body  volution.  The 
casts  may  be  very  readily  mistaken  for  those  of  Tracliytriton  atlanticus  herein 
described,  but  can  be  distinguished  by  the  expansion  of  the  outer  volution 
near  the  aperture,  and  by  the  lip  extending  backward  upon  the  next  volution 
in  that  one,  which  this  never  does,  and  also  by  the  existence  in  this  of  the 
columellar  folds,  where  the  condition  of  preservation  is  such  as  to  reveal 
them.  Of  the  tln-ee  specimens  marked  as  types  in  Mr.  Gabb's  collection, 
one  has  a  rather  larger  body  volution  than  the  others,  and  does  not  show 
the  columellar  folds,  while  the  columella  itself  is  very  slender,  so  that  I  am 
somewhat  in  doubt  of  its  specific  identity  with  the  others. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  in  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Gabb  does  not  mention  the  locality  of  this 
species,  but  from  the  character  of  the  casts  I  think  probably  they  came  from 
Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWEK  GREEN  MAELS.  77 

BUCCINID^. 
Genus  ERIPACHYA  Gabb. 

EEIPACHYA  ?   PALUDINAFORMIS,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  16,  17. 

Shell,  as  recognized  by  casts  only,  biturbinate  or  ovate,  almost  equally 
conical  above  and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  when  looking  on  the 
back  of  the  shell,  the  diameter  of  the  largest  volution  equaling  about  three- 
fifths  of  the  entire  length;  apical  angle  of  the  spire  about  60°;  volutions 
round  ventricose,  with  strongly  marked  sutin-es  in  the  cast,  about  four  or 
perhaps  five  when  perfect,  the  last  one  forming  the  great  bulk  of  the  shell  as 
seen  in  a  front  view;  aperture  large,  elliptical  in  form,  acute  above  and  nar- 
row below,  fully  equaling  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell;  columella  moder- 
ately strong,  smooth,  slightly  bent;  surface  of  the  volutions  marked  by 
slight  vertical  folds,  visible  on  the  cast  in  some  specimens  only,  others 
appearing  perfectly  smooth;  but  where  showing  they  seem  to  have  been 
quite  numerotts,  but  confined  to  the  upper  part  of  the  volution.  It  is  prob- 
able there  have  been  spiral  lines,  but  no  evidence  of  them  remain. 

I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  the  generic  identity  of  these  casts  with  the 
shells  to  which  Mi-.  Gabb  applied  the  above  generic  name,  although  the 
spiral  lines  are  not  visible.  The  shells  seem  to  have  been  quite  thick,  judg- 
ing from  small  portions  of  the  substance  remaining  on  some  of  the 
casts,  and  from  the  space  represented  between  the  volutions  of  the  spire,  in 
which  case  the  surface  striations  would  scarcely  have  been  preserved  if 
they  had  existed.  The  lack  of  evidence  of  this  feature  in  the  casts  would 
be  no  reason  for  doubting  its  existence  on  the  shell.  The  casts  are  very 
erect  in  form  and  much  resemble  forms  of  Natica  or  Pahidina,  except 
that  they  show  a  short  rostral  beak  in  front  with  the  prolonged  aperture, 
thereby  separating  them  entirely  from  those  genera,  or  from  forms  of  Ainaur- 
opsis,  for  which  they  might  otherwise  be  mistaken.  The  casts  also  some- 
what resemble  those  referred  to  Pi/rifusus,  and  it  is  possible  they  should  be 
classed  as  such,  but  the  anterior  end  appears  to  have  differed  by  being 
produced  to  form  a  more  distinct  beak. 


78  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  All  the  specimens  of  the  species  yet  observed 
are  from  the  dark  green  layers  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks, 
New  Jersey,  and  were  collected  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton  for  the  State  survey. 

Genus  EUTHRIA  Gray. 

EUTHRIA  ?   PRAGILIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  11,  13. 

Shell  small,  measuring  only  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length; 
form  short  fusiform,  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  being  nearly  midway  of 
the  length;  spire  short,  the  apical  angle,  taken  from  a  crushed  example, 
being  about  70°,  probably  not  more  than  60°  to  65°  in  perfect  speci- 
mens; volutions  ventricose,  six  or  seven  in  number,  the  last  one  forming 
the  great  bulk  of  the  shell  and  with  the  anterior  beak  forming  about  five- 
sevenths  of  the  entire  length  when  measured  on  the  back  of  the  volution; 
upper  volutions  compact;  sutures  strongly  marked;  anterior  beak  short, 
moderately  strong;  aperture  not  seen;  substance  of  the  shell  very  thin  and 
fragile,  marked  only  by  fine  lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the 
aperture,  which  indicates  the  existence  of  a  broad  and  rather  marked  sinus 
in  the  lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  volution,  formed  by  the  extension  of  the 
lip  below  and  on  the  body  of  the  volution  far  in  advance  of  the  margin  at 
and  just  below  the  suture;  on  the  surface  of  the  beak  the  strise  gently 
inclined  backward  again. 

This  species  is  well  marked  in  its  characters  as  compared  with  other 
New  Jersey  cretaceous  shells,  so  that  there  will  be  no  difliculty  in  recog- 
nizing it.  Mr.  Grabb  describes  a  someAvhat  similar  form  from  the  Ripley 
group  in  Hardeman  County,  Tennessee,  under  the  name  Nephmea  impressa, 
but  the  spire  is  somewhat  shorter,  and  he  describes  the  shell  as  marked  by 
impressed  spiral  lines  which  do  not  exist  on  this  shell.  He  furthermore 
states  that  the  columellar  lip  is  covered  by^  ''a  somewha,t  heavy  layer  of 
enamel."  This  one  may  have  possessed  such  a  feature,  but  the  condition 
of  the  specimens  will  not  permit  of  an  examination  of  that  part,  but  no 
such  appearance  exists  so  far  as  can  be  seen.     There  may  be  some  question 

'Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  390, 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS,  .       79 

as  to  the  true  generic  relations  of  the  shell.  Mr.  Gabb  describes  several 
similar  forms  as  species  of  Neptunea,  but  none  of  the  more  recent  fossil 
forms  which  I  have  examined,  nor  of  those  now  living,  has  the  broad  sinus 
in  the  outer  lip  seen  on  this  one,  nor  has  any  as  straight  a  canal  or  ante- 
rior beak,  while  most  of  them  are  more  or  less  marked  by  spiral  lines.  For 
these  reasons  I  have  preferred  to  class  the  present  species  under  Gray's 
genus  Eidhria,  which  appears  to  answer  more  nearly  to  its  character. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  dark-colored,  fine,  micaceous  clays  below 
the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Genus  TRITONIDEA  Swainson. 

Tbitonidea  obesa,  n.  sp. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  1-3. 

Shell  small,  short  and  very  ventricose,  the  entire  length  being  only 
about  one-sixth  greater  than  the  diameter  of  the  last  volution,  measured 
across  the  aperture;  spire  low,  the  apical  angle  being  as  great  as  80°; 
body  volution  inflated,  very  rapidly  contracted  below,  forming  a  short, 
twisted  canal;  columellar  lip  somewhat  thickened;  aperture  ovate,  widest 
below  the  middle,  contracted  at  the  base,  and  somewhat  pointed  at  the 
upper  angle;  volutions  three  and  a  half  or  four  in  number,  and  marked  by 
very  distinct  vertical  folds,  which  are  quite  numerous,  closely  arranged, 
but  conspicuous  only  on  the  swell  of  the  volution,  becoming  obsolete  just 
below,  where  they  appear  to  have  been  strongly  directed  forward.  There 
appear  to  have  been  strong,  distant,  spiral  ridges  on  the  body  volutions, 
numbering  not  more  than  seven  or  eight  in  all  on  the  larger  part  of  the 
body  volution  as  seen  on  a  fragment  of  shell  preserved  on  one  of  the 
specimens.  The  specimens  do  not  appear  to  have  much  exceeded  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  substance  has  been  very  thick. 

The  species  is  remarkable  for  its  short,  compact,  and  very  ventricose 
form,  and  although  not  much  more  than  internal  casts,  I  see  no  reason  to 
doubt  their  being  properly  referable  to  Tritonidea. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  dark  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Bed  at 
MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


80  PALEONTOLUGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


TURBINELLID^. 
Genus  TURBINELLA  Lamarck. 

TUKBINELLA  ?   PARVA. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  4^6. 

TurbineUa  parva  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  JSTat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1860,  p.  94,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  3; 
Synopsis,  p.  86;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol.  Surv. 
Few  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell,  as  known  from  the  type  specimen,  the  only  individual  cast  seen, 
is  quite  small,  measuring  scarcely  more  than  half  an  inch  in  height  by 
about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  transverse  diameter,  but  is  evidently  either 
young  or  only  the  inner  portions  of  a  much  larger  specimen;  form  turbi- 
nate, rapaform,  being  largest  near  the  top  of  the  volution  and  rapidly 
attenuated  below;  spire  very  low,  not  flat;  volutions  not  more  than  three 
in  the  specimen  (the  inner  one  and  a  half  of  those  destroyed),  flattened  or 
nearly  so  on  the  upper  siirface ;  aperture  very  large,  proportionally  higher 
than  wide  and  oblique ;  columella  strong,  marked  by  three  distinct  plica- 
tions or  folds,  the  two  upper  ones  a  little  above  the  lower  third  of  the 
aperture,  equal  in  strength  and  near  together;  the  other  one  below,  larger 
and  more  distant  but  not  so  shai'ply  defined  as  those  above;  volutions 
marked  by  sinuous  vertical  folds  of  considerable  strength,  indicated  on  the 
top  of  the  vohition,  but  more  strongly  marked  on  the  periphery  and  below, 
being  strongly  bent  backward  in  crossing  the  largest  part  of  the  whorl. 

The  generic  relations  of  this  solitary  cast  are  obscure  or  rather  compli- 
cated. It  has  the  general  form  of  a  Pyropsis,  and  the  columellar  folds  of  a 
TurUnella,  while  the  surface  undulations  diff"er  from  species  of  either  of 
those  genera.  It  is  very  evident  to  the  observer  that  it  is  either  very  young 
in  growth,  or  a  cast  of  only  the  inner  portion  of  a  shell,  the  outer  part  not 
having  been  filled  with  sediment  before  being  dissolved  and  removed  by 
the  action  of  the  water  or  other  agent.  However,  the  surface  markings 
and  columellar  folds,  together  with  the  form  of  the  volution,  will  determine 
its  identity  very  readily  wlien  found,  and  they  certainly  characterize  it  as  a 
valid  species,  if  not  an  undescribed  genus. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  81 

Formation  and  locality:  In  a  blackish  layer  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls 
in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  the  exact  locality  not  known.  Collec- 
tion Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TURBINELLA  ?   SUBCONICA. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Turbinella  subconica  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1860,  p.  94,  PI.  ii.  Fig. 

6;  Synopsis,  p.  86;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jnr.  Foss.,  p.  21. 
Turbinella?  subconica  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  the  cast  measuring  only  about  1 
inch  in  height,  with  a  transv.erse  diameter  somewhat  less;  form  turbinate, 
with  a  very  low  spire,  consisting  of  not  more  than  three  volutions  in  the 
only  specimen  known;  volutions  ventricose,  obconical,  scarcely  rounded  on 
the  upper  margin,  but  rapidly  narrowing  below  and  rounded  on  the  side; 
aperture  large,  almost  semilunate,  or  only  very  slightly  convex  on  the  inner 
margin;  columella  strong,  marked  by  two  very  distinct  plications  at  the 
lower  third  of  the  .aperture,  the  lower  one  being  distinctly  the  stronger  of 
the  two;  sutures  between  the  whorls  of  the  cast  very  large,  indicating  a 
thick,  heavy  shell;  surface  as  shown  on  the  inside  of  the  body  whorl  of  the 
cast  marked  by  strong  spiral  lines  or  ridges,  and  by  remarkably  strong 
vertical  folds,  numbering  twelve  or  thirteen  on  the  last  volution,  and  trans- 
mitting their  features  only  very  slightly  to  the  internal  cast  at  the  point  of 
greatest  diameter,  but  showing  on  the  inside  as  above  stated  for  more  than 
half  its  depth. 

This  species  has  very  much  the  appearance,  in  its  condition  as  an 
internal  cast,  of  a  species  of  JRajm,  but  the  columellar  cavity  is  rather  small 
for  that  genus.  The  plications  on  the  columella,  however,  about  which 
there  is  no  shadow  of  doubt,  at  once  remove  it  from  that  group  and  mark 
it  as  belonging  to  the  Turbinellidce.  Mr.  Gabb's  figure  given  in  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  as  above  cited,  is  very  poor,  and  much  smaller  than  the 
type  and  only  specimen,  a  figure  of  which  is  given  full  size  and  enlarged 
on  our  plate. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  dark  ferruginous  marls  from  the  Lower 
Greensands  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.  The  definite  locality  not 
known.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila, 

MON  xviii G 


82  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

TURBINELLA  ?   VERTICALIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  III,  Figs.  14,  15. 

Shell  turbinate  or  subglobose,  with  a  moderately  elevated  spire,  which 
has  an  apical  angle  of  about  90°,  and  consists  of  about  tlu-ee  and  a  half 
volutions,  which  increase  rather  rapidly  in  size  with  the  increased  growth 
of  the  shell,  especially  the  last  one,  which  is  also  very  ventricose  in  the 
upper  part,  but  rapidly  contracted  below,  and  produced  anteriorly  in  a 
more  or  less  extended  beak;  aperture  elliptical  in  form,  pointed  at  the 
upper  angle  and  prolonged  below;  columella  strong,  marked  opposite  the 
middle  of  the  aperture  by  three  slender,  almost  thread-like,  oblique  plica- 
tions; surface  of  the  volutions,  as  shown  by  the  casts,  marked  by  strong, 
rounded,  vertical  plications  or  folds,  which  become  obsolete  a  little  below 
the  swell  of  the  volution  and  are  also  less  distinct  on  the  outer  half  of  the 
last  one;  about  eleven  of  the  folds  may  be  counted  on  the  outer  whorl. 

I  find  this  species  in  collections  marked  Pyropsis  Alahamiensis  Gabb; 
but  on  comparison  with  the  type  of  that  species  it  proves  to  be  a  very  dis- 
tinct form,  as  may  be  readily  seen  by  comparison  with  Mr.  Gabb's  figure,^ 
where  it  will  be  seen  that  that  shell  has  more  slender  volutions  which  are 
nearly  vertical  on  the  sides  or  periphery,  giving  to  the  specimen  a  very  dif- 
ferent form  from  the  subglobose  or  subturbinate  form  of  this  one.  It  has 
more  the  general  shape  of  P.  octoliratus  and  P.  septemtiratus  of  the  New 
Jersey  beds,  but  differs  very  materially  in  having  vertical  folds  instead  of 
revolving  ridges,  as  in  both  of  those  species,  and  from  all  in  the  existence 
of  the  tlu-ee  columellar  folds,  which  entirely  removes  it  from  that  group 
of  shells. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  marls  of  the  Lower  Greensands  at  Upper 
Freehold,  and  in  the  brown  marls  of  the  same  position  near  Burlington, 
New  Jersey, 

'  Jour.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  PI.  xlviii,  Fig.  13. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWEK  GREEN  MAliLS.  83 

Geims  VASUM  Bolton. 

Vasum  conoides,  n.  sp. 

Plate  IX,  Figs.  9,  10. 

Shell  rather  small,  regularly  coiioidal  above  and  below  the  point  of 
greatest  diameter,  which  is  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  body  volution ;  spire 
longer  than  the  shell  below,  as  seen  from  the  back  of  the  volution;  and 
very  evenly  and  graduall}^  diminishing;  number  of  volutions  unknown  but 
apparently  numerous;  apical  angle  about  35°;  aperture  elongate,  nar- 
row, becoming  pointed  below,  the  length  as  given  by  projecting  the  spire 
of  the  shell  to  an  imaginary  apex  is  rather  less  than  one-third  as  long  as 
the  entire  length  of  the  shell;  columella  moderately  strong,  marked  by 
three  proportionally  strong  folds  and  indications  of  a  smaller  fourth  one 
very  near  the  base;  surface  of  the  cast  perfectly  smooth  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  broad  sulcus  marking  its  surface  on  the  last  volution,  at  about 
one-third  of  the  distance  below  the  upper  edge,  indicating  either  a  thick- 
ening of  the  inside  of  the  shell  or  a  sinuosity  in  the  outer  lip. 

Of  course  there  is  no  indication  on  the  internal  cast  of  the  outside 
markings  of  the  shell,  but  the  sjDire,  as  shown  by  the  volutions,  has  been 
verjr  much  elevated,  and  nearly  twice  as  high  as  the  last  volution  on  the 
front  or  aperture  side  of  the  shell,  in  which  respect  the  shell  would  have 
differed  from  the  living  forms  of  the  genus  Vasum.  The  cast  shows  that 
the  upper  folds  of  the  columella  were  much  stronger  than  those  below, 
which,  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  elevated  spire,  would  lead  one 
to  believe  it  to  be  related  to  some  forms  of  Mitra,  but  the  abruptly  terminat- 
ing upper  surface  of  the  volutions  indicates  a  form  of  suture  incompatible 
with  any  of  the  Mifras,  which  do  not  possess  a  longitudinally  plicated  sur- 
face of  a  character  such  as  would  be  transmitted  to  the  cast;  it  also  indicates 
a  thickness  of  shell  luilike  any  of  those.  ■  Considering  all  these  evidences, 
I  have  concluded  that,  without  the  exterior  of  the  shell  to  aid  me,  I  should 
be  much  safer  in  referring  the  species  to  the  TiirbinelUclce  than  to  the  Mitridm. 
It  also  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  casts  of  high  spired  species  of 
Strombits,  but  the  plications  on  the  collumella  remove  it  from  that  group, 


84  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

and  equally  so  from  any  form  of  Cone.    I  know  of  no  Cretaceous  species 
with  which  it  presents  close  affinities. 

Formation  arid  locality:  In  beds  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mr.  C. 
Bruer's  pits,  near  Walnford,  New  Jersey. 

VOLUTID^. 

Gemis  VOLUTA  Lamarck. 

VOLUTA  ?    DeLAWARENSIS. 

f 

Plate  X,  Figs.  5-7. 

Voluta  Delawarensis  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  322. 
Voluta?  Delaivarensis  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21. 
Voluiomorpha  Delaicarensis  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1876,  p.  290. 

Shell  above  a  medium  size,  very  ventricose  and  ponderous  in  charac- 
ter; height  of  shell  and  transverse  diameter  nearly  equal,  or  higher  than 
wide;  spire  low  conical,  the  entire  shell  consisting  of  about  four  volutions; 
those  of  the  spire  convex,  and  the  last  one  ailgulated  above  and  truncated 
below ;  round  ventricose,  or  short  pyrifonn  on  the  inner  half,  but  becoming 
more  and  more  angulated,  and  sometimes  quite  angular  above  toward  the 
aperture,  with  the  summit  slightly  concave;  columella  twisted,  so  far  as 
can  be  determined  from  the  casts  examined;  aperture  large,  subangular 
above  and  broad  below,  with  apparently  a  wide  and  deep  anterior  channel; 
surface  of  the  volutions  marked  by  strong,  distant,  node-like  elevations  on 
the  upper  part,  which  are  extended  below  in  the  form  of  irregular  vertical 
folds,  visible  to  near  the  base  of  the  volution. 

Mr.  Gabb  describes  the  columella  as  having  a  single  heavy  oblique 
fold,  which  I  have  not  seen.  The  shell,  as  shown  by  the  casts,  is  almost  a 
counterpart  of  the  living  Voluta  (^Cymhiola)  Brazlliana  Solander  (=  F.  Cola- 
cynthus  Chemn.)  from  the  sotithern  Atlantic  coast,  except  that  the  upper 
volutions  are  more  elevated  and  ventricose.  Mr.  Gabb^  cites  this  as  a 
species  of  Volutomorpha,  but  it  can  not  be  possible  that  it  is  congeneric  with 

iProc,  Ac^4,  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  290. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  85 

V.  Conradi,  and  its  relations  are  certainly  much  nearer  to   V.  Bradliana, 
which  Paetel  classes  under  Gymhiola  Swainson. 

Formation  and  locality :  This  species,  so  far  as  yet  known,  has  not  been 
found  within  the  limits  of  New  Jersey,  but  as  it  is  found  just  across  the 
line,  in  Delaware,  it  is  probable  that  it  will  yet  be  noticed.  .  Its  position 
would  be  in  the  Lower  Marls.  The  types  are  in  the  collection  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  and  are  from  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal. 

Genus  ROSTELLITES  Conrad  1855,  and  VOLUTOMORPHA  Gabb,  187G. 

The  differences  between  these  two  genera,  Bostellites  and  Volutomorpha, 
are  such  that  among  specimens  badly  preserved,  as  are  nearly  all  the  Gas- 
teropods  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  it  is  almost  if  not  quite  impossible 
to  distinguish,  or  to  draw  the  line  of  division  between  them,  even  where 
the  characters  can  be  partially  detected.  The  shells  have  the  same  general 
form,  and  the  same  surface  structure  pertains  to  both;  while  as  to  the  mat- 
ter of  columellar  folds,  the  only  character  mentioned  as  distinctive  by  Mr. 
Gabb  under  his  original  generic  description,  I  find  perfectl)'  unreliable.  It 
would  also  appear  that  Mr.  Gabb  himself  found  this  to  be  the  case  before 
he  had  finished  writing  the  generic  description,  as  he  remarks  that  it  (Volu- 
tomorpha)  "differs  from  them  all  [Volutodema  and  Fulgoraria']  in  having 
essentially  a  single  large  oblique  fold.  When  more  than  one  occurs,  the 
secondary  folds  are  smaller  than  the  large  primary."  So  it  appears 
there  may  be  as  many  as  three  folds,  if  only  one  is  larger  than  the  rest, 
which  is  nearly  always  the  case  when  there  are  two  or  more,  in  all  Volutes. 
If  the  single  fold  is  all  the  difference  there  is,  and  there  are  frequently  two 
or  more,  the  difference  does  not  seem  to  be  very  marked.  On  the  typical 
specimens  of  V.  bella  and  V.  mucronata,  both  of  which  Mr.  Gabb  includes 
in  his  genus,  there  are  two  nearly  equal  folds.  The  most  reliable  feature 
which  I  observe  among  the  specimens  in  hand  and  in  which  they  differ  from 
Bostellites  Conrad,  as  exemplified  by  R.  Texana  Conrad,  is  the  more  unequal 
convexity  of  the  volutions  in  the  upper  and  lower  parts,  and  a  very  slightly 
greater  spreading  of  the  anterior  canal  at  the  base  of  the  aperture  in  Bos- 
tellites ;  but  this  even  is  not  constant.  The  surface  structure  differs  only  in 
degree,  the  vertical  folds  being  usually  more  distant  and  more  strongly 


86  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

marked  in  Volutomorphci.  Tlie  passage  from  this  latter  genus  into  Voluio- 
(Jerma  Gabb  is  also  so  gradual  as  to  be  confusing.  Taking  into  account  the 
above  facts,  tliere  appears  to  be  only  the  one  reliable  feature  of  the  widen- 
ing of  the  aperture  and  canal  in  the  lower  part  of  RosteUites,  while  in  the 
Vohdodermas  the  canal,  and  consequently  the  volution,  is  contracted  into  a 
beak  in  front.  This  feature,  however,  becomes  very  obscure  and  confusing 
in  such  forms  as  V.  ponderosa,  herein  described.  (See  also  observations 
under  the  generic  descriptions  of  Piestochilus). 

Genus  ROSTELLITES  Conrad. 

ROSTELLITES   NASUTUS. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Volutilithes  nasuta  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  PI. 

LViil,  Fig.  9  ;  Synopsis,  p.  94. 
Rosfellites  nasuta  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol. 

N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730;  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila..  1876,  p.  294. 
Fulgoraria  nasuta  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  364. 
Comp.  R.  Texana  Conrad,  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.,  vol.  3,  p.  128,  PI.  xiv,  Fig.  2. 

Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  sometimes  attaining  a  length  of  nearly 
or  quite  5  inches.  Form  slender,  with  a  proportionally  short,  turreted 
spire,  varying  from  two- thirds  of  the  length  of  the  body  volution  in 
the  casts  to  not  more  than  one-third  in  the  shell  itself;  number  of  volu- 
tions uncertain,  the  type  specimen  having  had  about  four;  body  volu- 
tion slender,  most  ventricose  near  the  upper  part,  marked  by  numerous 
spiral  ridges  with  broader  interspaces  which  have  possibly  been  marked  by 
smaller  ridges  between  the  large  ones ;  the  upper  lines  nearly  parallel  to 
the  suture,  but  below  they  become  more  and  more  oblique,  so  that  the  lower 
ones  become  nearly  parallel  with  the  columella;  aperture  comparatively 
broad  and  the  lip  thin;  columella  marked  by  three  or  four  very  oblique 
folds,  situated  near  the  middle  of  its  length;  the  iipper  three  at  equal  dis- 
tances from  each  other  and  the  lower  one  a  little  more  distant  from  the 
next  above. 

There  is  considerable  difference  between  the  several  individuals  which 
I  find  marked  Avith  this  name,  and  they  undoubtedly  represent  two  or  more 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GKEEN  MAELS.  87 

species,  probably  belonging  to  different  subgenera  of  the  VoUtidce.  If  we 
are  to  take  the  specimen  represented  by  Mr.  Grabb's  outline  figure,  ^  as  the 
type,  then  the  strongly  lyrated  shells  found  in  the  Lower  Marls  at  Holmdel 
and  Freehold,  NeAv  Jersey,  would  belong  to  this  species.  In  this  form  the 
body  volution  is  symmetrically  curved  without  angulation  at  the  upper  part, 
or  flattening  on  the  median  surface,  and  the  aperture  conforms  on  its  mar- 
gin to  the  form  of  the  volution,  and  in  the  lower  part  gradually  and  sym- 
metrically approaches  the  columella.  This  form  I  think  is  typical  of  the 
species.  But  there  are  at  least  two  others  which  it  is  diffic,ult  to  separate 
from  this  one.  One  of  these  has  a  differently  formed  spire,  with  flattened 
volutions  and  more  distinctly  marked  sutures,  the  last  volution  showing 
a  decided  flattening  in  the  median  portion;  the  aperture  is  effuse  and 
spreading  below,  strongly  reminding  one  of  the  aperture  of  the  living 
V.  angulata  Swainson.  A  third  form  which  I  find  associated  with  these 
is  shorter,  thicker,  and  shouldered  above,  having  the  largest  part  of  the 
volution  at  its  upper  margin.  It  also  occurs  only  at  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Marl  Bed.  I  will,  however,  here  restrict  the  species  to  that  first 
described  and  consider  the  others  under  distinct  names.  Mr.  Gabb  in 
redescribing^  V.  nasuta  says  that  he  has  seen  specimens  with  five  or  six 
folds  on  the  columella,  althoitgh  it  normally  has  but  three.  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  here  he  has  confounded  more  than  one  species,  as  I  have 
not  been  able  to  find  specimens  having  more  than  four  true  folds,  although 
sometimes  the  spiral  ridges  of  the  exterior  may  have  left  their  imprint 
on  this  part  of  the  shell.  ^ 

In  comparing  this  form  with  B.  Texana  Con.,  it  seems  to  me  there  is 
very  little  if  any  difference,  and  I  am  much  inclined  to  consider  them  as 
the  same  species,  but  in  the  absence  of  any  good  specimen  of  that  species 
I  hesitate  to  pronounce  positively  between  them. 

Formation  and  localitij :  In  the  Lower  Marls  at  Freehold,  Marlborough, 
Holmdel,  and  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Grabb  also  cites  it  from  Patula 
Creek,  Alabama. 

'Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  4,  PI.  XLvm,  Fig.  9. 
.    «Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  294. 


88  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY.    ' 

ROSTEI.LITES   ANGULATUS,    n.  Sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Shell  moderately  large  and  pro^iortionally  slender,  with  an  elevated  spire, 
as  shown  by  the  cast,  the  only  condition  in  Avhich  it  has  been  recognized ; 
body  volution  forming  the  great  bulk  of  the  shell,  and  the  aperture  equaling 
more  than  one-half  of  the  entire  length;  volutions  probably  five  or  more, 
flattened  on  their  surfaces  with  abrupt  scalariform  sutures;  last  volution 
flattened  or  obscurely  concave  below  the  suture  for  nearly  one-half  the 
length,  and  abruptly  contracted  below,  forming  an  xxndefined  angle  a  little 
above  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  volution,  and  extended  below  into  a 
more  or  less  slender  columella;  aperture  narrow  and  pointed  above,  broad 
and  somewhat  effuse  below ;  columella  marked  by  four  strong  oblique  folds, 
the  lower  one  of  which  is  more  distant  from  the  next  above  than  are  the 
others  from  each  other;  sui-face  features  imknown. 

Somewhat  resembles  B.  nasutus  Gshh,  but  is  rather  more  robust,  with 
a  longer  aperture,  which  is  expanded  at  the  base,  strongly  reminding  one  of 
the  aperture  of  the  broad  common  variety  of  Volidella  angidata  Swain,  from 
the  South  American  coast,  which  it  much  resembles  in  other  respects.  The 
volutions  as  seen  in  the  casts  are  also  flatter  on  their  outer  surfaces  and  have 
a  more  decided  shoulder  than  on  any  specimen  of  B.  nastitUs  which  I  have 
seen. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  of  New  Jersey.  The 
figured  example,  which  is  the  most  perfect  one  observed,  was  associated  in 
the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  with  specimens  of  B.  nasutus, 
B.  angulatus,  and  others,  but  with  no  more  definite  locality  than  "N.  J.," 
so  that  its  locality  is  not  certain. 

?  ROSTELLITES   TEXTURATUS,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Figs.  5,  6. 

?Rostellites  Texanus  (Conrad)  Meek :  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730 ;  noti^.  Tex- 

anus  Conrad. 
? Rostellites  Texanus  (Con.)  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  p.  78,  and  Volutilitlies  Texanus,  p.  94. 

Shell  rather  large,  very  elongate,  elliptical  in  outline,  pointed  at  each 
e3?^tremity,  spire  very  short,  conical,  with  scarcely  convex  volutions,  three 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  89 

to  four  in  number;  body  volution  large,  forming  about  six-sevenths  of  the 
entire  length,  very  gently  convex  throughout  its  entire  length,  except  near 
the  anterior  end,  where  it  becomes  very  slightly  recurved;  aperture  very 
large,  but  narrow,  acute  above  and  below;  columellar  ^jlaits  unknown;  sur- 
face of  the  shell  marked  by  spiral  ridges  and .  by  vertical  lines ;  the  former 
much  the  stronger  and  alternating  in  size  v^^here  preserved  sufficiently  well 
to  show;  the  vertical  lines  cut  the  spii'al  ridges  so  as  to  break  them  into 
nodes  on  the  outer  shell. 

This  species  closely  resemble  B.  Texanus  Conrad,  but  may  be  distin- 
guished by  the  shorter  spire,  which,  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  shell, 
is  not  much  more  than  half  as  high  as  in  that  species.  It  differs  in  the  same 
respect  from  all  the  associated  species  and  also  in  the  more  slender  form 
than  that  of  most  of  them ;  also  in  the  strength  of  the  markings.  The  cast 
of  this  species  has  not  been  recognized.  It  would  most  probably  resemble 
that  of  B.  amgulatus  more  nearly  than  any  other  of  the  New  Jersey  forms, 
but  would  differ  in  the  length  of  the  spire  and  in  the  more  symmetrical 
body  volution. 

This  species  has  usually  been  included  under  the  Vohita  ConracU  of 
Gabb,  by  collectors,  as  also  were  those  herein  described  under  the  names 
V.  ponderosa  and  V.  Gabbana.  I  had  for  some  time  concluded  to  unite  all 
but  the  last-named  one  as  varieties  of  the  one  species  V.  Conradi,  but  upon 
•studying  a  number  of  them  together  the  differences  appear  so  great  that  it 
seems  unreasonable  in  a  group  where  the  resemblances  are  so  great  among 
the  species  as  in  the  VohiUdce  that  so  great  a  diversity  should  be  allowed, 
and  I  have  concluded  to  separate  under  three  names  what  I  had  originally 
classed  as.  one  species,  and  I  think  they  are  properly  specifically  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Holmdel,  New 
Jersey,  in  Prof  Reiley's  collection ;  and  at  Freehold  in  the  Rev.  Dr.  Schank's 
collection.     Cabinet  at  Rutgers  College. 

VOLUTODERMA  and  VOLUTOMORPHA  Gabb. 

In  Mr.  W.  M.  Gabb's  synopsis  of  the  Volutidce^  he  describes  these  two 
genera,  including  them  among  the  Volutes.  On  another  page  I  have  shown 
some  reasons  for  believing  Volutomorplia  more  nearly  related  to  Fasciolaria 

'  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.,  Phila.,  1876. 


90  PALEOiSTOLOGY  OF  NBVV  JERSEY. 

and  shown  its  near  relations  to  Piestochihis  Meek.  There  is  often  some 
difficulty  in  distinguishing  iDetween  the  internal  casts  of  Volutomorpha  and 
those  properly  referable  to  Volutoderma.  This  latter  genus  appears  to  me 
to  belong  properly  to  the  VolutidcB,  as  referred  by  the  author,  on  account 
of  the  form,  number,  and  position  of  the  columellar  plaits,  and  also  on 
account  of  the  form  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  itself  As  stated 
under  the  remarks  upon  Peistochilns  and  Volutomorpha  on  p.  70,  the  shells 
of  this  latter  genus  are  characterized  by  the  narrow  anterior  canal  and 
beak,  by  the  very  oblique  columellar  folds,  and  by  the  enlarged  upper 
part  of  the  volutions;  while  those  of  Volutoderma  are  characterized  by  the 
more  ventricose  volutions,  shorter  spire,  broader  base,  and  short  open  canal ; 
by  having  usually  a  larger  number  of  less  oblique  and  generally  stronger 
columellar  folds  than  in  the  othei"  genus.  The  surface  markings,  so  far  as 
known  from  New  Jersey  specimens,  are  alike  in  the  two  genera.  In  many 
cases  where  imperfect  examples  of  internal  casts  have  to  be  examined  of 
forms  like  Volutomorpha  ponderosa,  where  the  nearly  equally  tapering  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  specimen  occur,  with  a  broad  anterior  canal  and 
very  ventricose  volutions,  it  is  quite  difficult  to  determine  satisfactorily  to 
which  genus  they  belong,  unless  one  can  find  evidence  of  the  plications, 
for  in  this  case  the  front  of  the  shell  has  not  been  prolonged  very  miich, 
and  consequently  seems  to  form  a  link  between  the  two  genera.  On  close 
inspection,  however,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  spire  is  more  elongated  even « 
in  this  species  than  in  any  yet  authentic  form  of  Volutoderma.  The  follow- 
ing species  I  have  placed  under  this  latter  genus. 

Volutoderma  biplicata. 
Plate  X,  Figs.  1,2. 

Volutilithes  biplicata  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2cl  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300, 

PI.  XL VIII,  Fig.' 6;  Synopsis,  p.  93. 
Rostellites  biplicata  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  21 ;  Gaol.  N.  J., 

Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Volutoderma  biplicata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  392. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  robust,  pyriform  in  outline,  with  a  low  spire  and 
very  large  body  volution;  whorls  three  to  four,  ventricose,  largest  above 


GASTEKOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  91 

the  middle  and  narrowed  below ;  aperture  very  large,  elongate,  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  shell  and  seinielliptical,  straightened  on  the  inner  side  and 
rounded  on  the  outer  margin;  columella  strong,  marked  by  two  strong 
obliqiie  folds  near  the  middle  of  its  length;  surface  unknown,  but  on  the 
inner  volution  of  the  type  and  on  a  smaller  specimen  in  the  collection  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.  City,  there  are  a  few  distant  vertical  plications,  faintly 
indicated,  but  which  do  not  extend  below  the  most  ventricose  part  of  the 
whorl. 

This  species,  like  most  of  the  others,  is  known  only  from  the  internal 
casts,  so  that  the  external  characters  of  the  shell  are  not  known.  Its  form 
will  readily  distinguish  it  from  any  other  shell  in  the  marls  of  the  State.  It 
more  nearly  resembles  Volutomorpha  Abhotti  Gabb  from  the  middle  beds 
than  any  other,  but  may  be  very  readily  distinguished  by  its  greater 
ventricosity  and  by  the  volutions  being  most  ventricose  near  the  upper  part 
rather  than  being  eveaily  curved  as  in  that  one.  The  body  volution  is  also 
more  rapidly  contracted  in  the  lower  part,  the  spire  shorter,  and  the  whorl 
very  much  more  rapidly  increasing  in  size. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  type  is  from  the  brown  layers  of  the  Lower 
Grreen  Sands  in  "Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,"  and  belongs  to  the  col- 
lection Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  A  second  specimen  is  from  Mullica  Hill, 
New  Jersey,  and  is  in  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

VOLUTODERMA   OVATA,    n.  Sp. 

Plate  X,  Figs.  .3,  4. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  subovate  in  general  outline,  being  large 
above  the  middle  of  the  length  and  attenuated-  toward  the  base;  spire 
short;  its  apical  angle  nearly  90°  on  the  internal  casts,  with  strong,  rounded 
volutions  and  very  deep,  strongly  marked  sutures ;  body  volution  propor- 
tionally large,  forming  nearly  the  bulk  of  the  cast;  greatest  diameter  a 
little  below  the  shoulder  and  rapidly  diminishing  below;  aperture  large, 
nearly  straight  on  the  inner  margin,  strongly  rounded  above  on  the  outer 
margin,  and  gently  curved  along  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  length ;  colu- 
mella proportionally  strong,  leaving  a  large  cavity  on  removal,  as  seen  in 
the  cast;  marked  b}^  two  strong,  very  oblique  plications  or  folds  above  the 


92  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

middle  of  its  length,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  much  the  smaller;  volu- 
tions marked  by  distant  vertical  folds  only  faintly  seen  on  the  cast,  and 
only  on  the  upper  portions  when  visible ;  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  cast, 
between  the  volutions,  the  vertical  plications  are  strongly  marked,  as  in  all 
the  species  of  the  genus  yet  observed ;  but  I  have  not  seen  any  remains  of 
spiral  hues  as  on  most  of  them,  still,  I  presume  they  have  existed. 

The  species  is  very  closely  related  to  two  other  species  of  the  genus 
found  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  V.  Qahhi  Whitf.  and  V.  Ahhotti  Gabb, 
the  former  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  and  the  latter  from  the  Middle 
beds.  From  V.  Gabhi  it  differs  in  the  form  of  the  volutions,  having  the  largest 
diameter  proportionally  higher  and  less  rapidly  contracted  below,  and  in 
wanting  the  angularity  of  the  shoulder  near  the  u^^per  surface.  It  may 
possibly  be  only  a  variety  of  this  form,  but  I  have  held  the  specimen  in 
hand  for  months,  hoping  to  obtain  some  connecting  forms,  but  none  have 
been  observed,  and  I  can  not  feel  satisfied  to  include  it  among  the  forms 
of  that  species  as  now  known. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  ferruginous  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls,  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  associated  with  V.  Gabhi 
Whitf.     Collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

MITRID.^. 

Genus  TURRICULA. 

TuRRicuLA  Reileyi,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XI,  Fig.  8. 

Shell  slender,  extremely  elongated,  turreted;  spire  very  much  ele- 
vated and  slender;  whorls  numerous,  slightly  convex  on  the  surface  and 
very  distinctly  banded  on  their  lower  margin;  body  volution  proportion- 
ally more  convex  than  the  others,  being  swollen  near  the  middle  of  its 
length ;  attenuate  and  rostrate  below,  and  nearly  or  quite  one-half  the 
length  of  the  shell  as  seen  from  the  outside  of  the  aperture ;  sutures  very 
distinct,  bordered  by  a  broad  band  which  is  very  distinctly  separated  from 
the  other  part  of  the  volution  by  an  impressed  line  nearly  or  quite  as 
deep  and  distinctly  marked  as  the  suture  line  itself;  surface  of  the  shell 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLiS.  93 

marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds,  with  slightly  concave  spaces  between; 
the  folds  are  narrow  and  distinct,  and  very  slightly  bent  l^ackward  in  the 
middle  of  their  length  in  their  passage  across  the  volution,  but  not  inter- 
rupted perceptibly  at  the  line  separating  the  band  from  the  body  of  the 
volution,  and  become  obsolete  on  the  rostrated  part  of  the  last  one.  Be- 
sides the  vertical  folds,  the  entire  shell  is  marked  by  sharp,  closely  arranged 
spiral  lines,  which  are  finer  and  more  numerous  on  the  upper  part,  be- 
coming more  distant  and  stronger  below,  especially  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  last  volution,  where  they  seem  to  have  alternated  with  finer  interme- 
diate striae.  This  latter  feature  may  be  only  apparent,  however,  as  the 
condition  of  the  specimens  is  not  such  as  entirely  to  establish  this  feature 
as  a  character  of  the  shell.  The  crossing  of  the  vertical  folds  by  the  spiral 
strise  in  the  upper  volutions  produces  a  veiy  decided  and  beautifully  can- 
cellated structure. 

It  is  barely  possible  that  this  shell  may  not  projjerly  belong  to  the 
Mitridce,  but  in  the  condition  of  the  only  fairly  preserved  specimen  it  is  not 
jjossible  to  develop  the  features  of  the  columella  perfectly,  as  this  por- 
tion has  been  mutilated  by  a  stroke  of  a  tool  in  digging  the  marl,  but  on 
separating  the  body  volution  from  the  matrix,  the  columella  became  par- 
tially exposed,  but  no  ridges  appear  to  exist.  The  general  form  of  the 
shell  would  also  remind  one  of  the  internal  casts  of  the  genus  Volutoderma, 
of  which  we  know  but  little  of  the  external  features;  but  the  absence  of 
columellar  ridges  would  also  be  an  objection  here,  and  the  features  are 
more  those  of  Mitrm  than  of  Voluta  or  Fiisus.  It  is  possible  that  owing  to 
the  peculiar  condition  of  preservation  the  substance  of  the  ridges  may  have 
been  destroyed,  although  once  existing. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  lower,  coarse  green  marls  of  the  Creta- 
ceous, at  Freehold,  New  Jersey.  Among  collections  made  by  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Reiley. 

TURRICULA   LEDA,    U.    Sp. 

Plate  XI,  Fig.  7. 

Shell  fusiform,  with  a  moderately  elevated  and  turreted  spire,  the  apical 
angle  of  which  is  somewhat  less  that  30° ;  volutions  five  or  six  in  number, 


94  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JBESBY. 

flattened  iu  the  direction  of  the  spire,  or  very  little  convex  on  the  surface, 
and  bordered  on  the  lower  margins  in  the  cast  by  a  distinct  band,  which 
forms  about  one-third  of  the  height;  body  volution  proportionally  rather 
more  convex  in  the  middle  than  the  others  and  constricted  below,  forming  a 
beak  of  moderate  length ;  the  height  of  this  volution  as  seen  fron  the  back 
of  the  outer  lip  forms,  with  the  l^eak,  rather  more  than  one-half  of  the' 
entire  length  of  the  shell;  shell  marked  tlii'oughout  by  distinct  vertical 
ridges  or  folds,  more  numerous  and  more  closely  arranged  on  the  body 
whorl  than  on  those  above,  except  perhaps  the  apical  ones,  and  have  a  slight 
backward  curvature  in  the  middle  in  passing  from  suture  to  suture;  the 
shell  also  marked  by  spiral  ridges  which,  on  the  body  volution,  are  of  nearly 
equal  strength  with  the  vertical  folds,  but  are  invisible  on  the  other  volu- 
tions in  the  specimens  used. 

This  shell  has  the  same  general  character  as  T.  JReileyi,  but  is  much 
less  slender  and  has  a  proportionally  shorter  spire ;  while  the  surface  mark- 
ings are  coarser  than  on  that  one  and  the  volutions  are  less  numerous. 
There  is  a  peculiar  feature  pertaining  to  the  band  bordering  the  sutures  in 
these  two  species,  which  may  be  deceptive  in  its  appearance.  In  shells  of 
this  group  there  is  often  a  thickened  band  of  this  kind  at  the  upper  edge  of 
the  volutions,  but  here  it  seems  to  be  at  the  lower  edge,  and  in  separating, 
the  volutions  of  the  casts,  which  I  have  done  in  order  to  ascertain  the  truth, 
they  separate  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  band.  As  the  specimens  are,  how- 
ever, more  properly  external  than  internal  casts,  preserving  the  external 
markings  of  the  shell,  the  thickening  of  the  band  at  the  top  of  the  volution 
which  would  contain  more  substance  may  have  made  its  imprint  in  the 
external  substance  of  the  matrix,  which  would  have  been  filled  up  fi-om 
within,  thereby  leaving  its  mark  upon  the  cast  at  the  base  of  the  preceding 
vokition,  instead  of  on  that  to  wlaich  it  really  belonged.  1  see  no  other 
means  of  explaining  this  feature,  for  if  the  band  really  belonged  to  the  volu- 
tion on  which  it  appears,  there  should  be  a  corresponding  band  on  the  body 
of  the  last  volution,  which  is  not  the  case. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  coarse,  dark  colored  Green  Mails  of  the 
Lower  Beds  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  in  collections  made  by  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Reiley  of  that  place. 


GASTEKOPODA  OF  TUE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS,  95 

TURRICULA   SCALARIFORMIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XI,  Fig.  9. 

Shell  greatly  elongated,  the  spire  being  proportionally  slender  and 
composed  of  numerous  volutions,  which  are  moderately  convex,  and  mod- 
erately increasing  in  height  with  additional  growth;  number  unknown; 
the  specimen  consists  only  of  a  portion  of  the  spire  containing  about  five 
volutions,  the  apex  and  body  volution  being  absent;  surface  marked  by 
strong  vertical  folds  which  are  separated  by  concave,  equally  wide  depres- 
sions, quite  straight  and  ridged  in  their  direction  from  suture  to  suture,  and 
number  about  sixteen  to  each  volution;  folds  crossed  by  spiral  lines,  about 
eight  of  which  can  be  counted  on  the  exposed  part  of  the  volutions,  and 
raised  and  rounded  on  the  top. 

This  species  differs  from  the  others  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey 
Green  Sands  in  its  more  rounded  volutions;  in  the  stronger  vertical  folds, 
which  are  not  flexuous  between  the  sutures  of  the  volutions  and  in  the 
existence  of  the  spiral  lines.  In  the  character  of  the  folds  and  spiral  lines 
the  specimen  presents  something  of  the  appearance  of  a  Scalaria,  but  tlie 
general  features  are  those  of  a  Mitra.  The  specimen  is  extremely  imper- 
fect, and  only  that  it  is  desirable  to  include  in  the  work  all  the  species 
known  in  the  marls,  it  would  not  have  been  made  use  of. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  dark  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Green 
Sand  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  of  Rev.  Mr.  Reiley. 

CANCELLARIID^. 

Genus  CANCELLARIA  Lamarck. 
Cancellaria  (merica)  subalta. 
Plate  XII,  Figs.  24,  25. 
Cancellaria  subalta  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  100,  PL  ix.  Fig.  22. 

Shell  small,  slender  or  elongate-fusiform,  with  an  elevated  spire  com- 
posed of  moderately  convex  volutions,  which  may  have  been,  as  the  author 
says,  six  in  number;  sutures  quite  distinct;  body  volution  proportionally 
large,  forming  considerably  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell;  aper- 


96  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

ture  ratlier  large,  obliquely  elliptical  with  the  outer  side  more  rounded  than 
the  inner;  acute  above  and  apparently  so  below;  outer  lip  strongly  crenu- 
late  within;  inner  lip  coated  with  a  deposit,  but  not  sufficiently  heavy  to 
conceal  the  surface  markings  of  the  shell  beneath  it,  which  show  through 
and  present  somewhat  the  appearance  of  plaits;  axis  apparently  slightly 
perforated;  sui-face  marked  by  strong  and  deep  vertical  and  spiral  grooves 
with  sharp  ridges  between,  which  produce  aspirate  nodes  by  their  intersec- 
tion; eleven  or  twelve  of  the  longitudinal  ridges  may  be  counted  on  the 
inner  half  of  the  last  volution  and  six  of  the  spiral  ridges  above  the  top  of 
the  aperture.  The  upper  two  or  three  volutions  appear  to  have  been 
smooth,  or  nearly  so,  as  originally  described. 

The  type  and  only  specimen  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  has 
been  much  mutilated,  and  that  apparently  since  Mr.  Com-ad's  figure  and 
description  of  it  were  made.  The  spire  has  been  broken  and  the  upper 
three  volutions  thrust  down  and  into  the  cavity  of  the  lower  ones,  so  they 
can  be  only  partially  seen.  The  aperture — at  least  the  outer  lip  of  it — has 
also  been  somewhat  damaged  so  that  the  crenulations  on  the  inside  are 
scarcely  seen.  The  feature  described  by  Mr.  Conrad  as  "labrum  angulated 
above  the  middle"  is  barely  perceptible  on  the  specimen,  which  is  half 
imbedded  in  micaceous  clays.  It  appears  to  me  to  be  a  feature  produced 
by  accidental  crushing  rather  than  a  "natural  one,  especially  as  there  is  not 
the  slightest  evidence  of  any  angulation  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  body 
volution  or  above;  the  base,  however,  seems  to  have  been  either  angulated 
or  channeled,  but  the  conditions  of  the  specimen  will  not  allow  of  abso- 
lute determination  of  this  feature.  If  this  shell  really  belongs  to  the  Cancel- 
lariidm,  it  would,  I  think,  properly  fall  under  the  genus  Mercia  H.  and  A. 
Adams,  and  specifically  is  near  M.  (C.)  ohlonga  Kiener,  as  figured  by  Chenu.^ 
In  some  respects,  however,  the  specimen  closely  resembles  a  Nassu  like  N. 
(Tritia)  trivittata  of  our  own  coast.  The  figure  as  given  is  restored  as  well 
as  it  is  possible  to  be  done,  the  fragments  being  replaced  as  far  as  can  be. 

Formation  and  loccdity :  In  dark  colored  micaceous  clays  below  the 
Lower  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila. 

'  Manuel  de  Couch.  Pal€ont.,  vol.  2,  p.  277,  Fig.  1847. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  97 

Genus  MOREA  Conrad. 

MOREA   NATICELLA. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  19,  20. 

Purpurea  {Morea)  ncdicella  Qahh :  Jonr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4, 

p.  301,  PI.  XLViii,  Fig.  15  (11  on  plate). 
Morea  naticella  Gabb :  Synopsis,  p.  59 ;  Meek,  Olieck  List  Cret.  and  Jnr.  Foss.,  p. 

19;  Geol.  N  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
? Morea  naticella  Gabb:   Stoliczka,  Ind.   Geol.   Surv.,  Pal.   Indica,  Cret.   Fauna 

South.  Ind.,  vol.  2. 
Morea  cancellaria  Conrad :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. ,  Phila. ,  2d  ser. ,  vol.  4,  p.  290, 

PI.  XLVi,  Fig.  30. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size,  subglobular,  or  broadly  oblate  in  out- 
line, with  ventricose  volutions  which  are  most  inflated  on  the  upper  third, 
and  number  about  three  and  a  half;  spire  moderately  high  for  the  genus; 
aperture  broadly  elliptical,  pointed  above  and  obtusely  so  at  the  base;  col- 
umella with  a  single  spiral  ridge  near  the  lower  part,  as  seen  on  the  inter- 
nal cast;  surface  marked,  even  on  the  cast,  by  strong  spiral  ridges  and  fur- 
rows, of  which  ten  or  eleven  of  the  former  may  be  counted,  leaving  a  plain 
space  at  the  base  of  the  shell  equal  to  that  of  two  of  the  ridges;  also  by 
somewhat  more  distant,  transverse,  broadly  rounded  ridges  which  divide 
the  surface  into  a  series  of  regular  low  tubercles. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  Cretaceous  shell  at  all  resembling  this  one  in 
this  country  except  Morea  cancellata  Conrad,  from  the  Cretaceous  deposits 
at  Eufaula,  Alabama,  which  I  strongly  suspect  to  be  the  same  species,  but 
the  specimen  figured  is  much  smaller,  and  this  one  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  so  much  produced  in  front  as  is  that  one.  This  may  be  due,  how- 
ever, to  the  difference  between  the  actual  shell  and  the  cast  of  the  interior 
only. 

Mr.  Conrad  considered  this  genus  to  belong  to  the  Purpuridos,  ^  and  I 
think  very  properly  so,  judging  from  his  figure.  It  seems  to  differ  very 
little  from  the  recent  group  Glstnini  Mont,  except  in  the  presence  of  the 
ridge  or  plication  on  the  lower  part  of  the  columella,  being  somewhat  more 
distinct  than  in  that  genus.     Stoliczka  places  it,  with  doubt,  with  the  Ba- 

'  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  249. 
MON.  XVIII 7 


9S  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

pamidcB,  while  Mr.  Meek  classed  it,  as  does  Tiyon,  with  the  CanceUariidcB,  to 
which  it  would  seem  to  be  clearly  related  if  it  were  examined  only  in  the 
condition  of  internal  casts;  but  this  idea  is  at  once  dispelled  by  examining 
the  figure  given  by  Mr.  Conrad  of  the  perfect  shell. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous.  Mr. 
Gabb  gives  only  New  Jersey  as  the  locality  of  this  specimen,  the  only  ones 
which  I  have  seen,  and  from  the  character  of  the  marl  I  should  think  they 
came  from  the  brown  layers  near  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

Genus  TURBINOPSIS  Conrad. 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  ad  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  289. 

"Turbinate;  spire  conical;  whorls  channeled' at  the  suture;  umbilicus 
profound;  inner  and  outer  lip  continuous  above  and  separated  from  the 
body  whorl;  columella  concave  with  a  very  oblique  fold  near  the  basal 
margin."  The  species  described  under  the  generic  description  is  T.  Hilgardi 
from  the  Cretaceous  strata  in  Tippah  County,  Mississippi.  Under  his 
remarks  on  the  genus,  following  the  generic  description,  Mr.  Conrad  says: 
"There  appear  to  be  two  or  more  species  of  this  genus  in  the  Cretaceous 
sti'ata  of  New  Jersey,  occurring  in  the  state  of  casts,  one  of  which  I  think 
is  identical  with  the  present  shell."  Among  the  casts  from  New  Jersey  I 
have  recognized  three,  if  not  four  species,  referable  to  this  genus,  although 
they  appear  to  differ  slightly  in  character  from  T.  Hilgardi  in  the  posses- 
sion of  more  or  less  distinct  vertical  folds,  and  some  of  them  possibly  in  the 
absence  of  spiral  lines,  while  the  oblique  fold  at  the  base  of  the  columella 
is  certainly  known  to  be  present  in  only  one  of  the  number.  The  casts  are 
peculiar  and  rather  readily  recognized  from  their  widely  disconnected  whorls 
and  very  large  open  umbilical  cavity.  I  do  not  think  the  oblique  fold  at 
the  base  of  the  columella  is  a  feature  always  present  in  the  shell,  as 
there  is  not  the  slightest  evidence  of  its  existence  on  the  majority  of  the 
casts,  even  where  the  features  of  the  columellar  lip  of  the  aperture  are 
preserved  in  the  most  perfect  manner.  The  columella  seems  always 
to  have  been  concave,  although  in  some  individuals  only  very  moder- 
ately so,  and  the  base  of  the  aperture  is  always  shown  to  have  been 
acutely    angular.     The   genus,   although    somewhat    obscure  in  its  char- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWEK  GREEN  MARLS.  99 

acters,  seems  to  be  a  very  necessary  one,  and  to  fill  a  place,  or  at  least 
to  offer  a  place  for  tlie  arrangement  of  several  species  of  casts  of  the 
New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  wlaicli  would  otherwise  be  left  doubtful,  and  for 
which  there  seems  to  be  no  other  place  unless  Ipliinai  of  Adams  is  the  same. 
They  bear  some  slight  resemblance  in  form  to  what  would  be  produced  by 
internal  casts  of  Bhisocheilus,  but  the  umbilical  opening  is  larger  and  the 
base  of  the  aperture  less  prolonged  than  would  be  the  case  by  any  of  those 
of  that  genus  which  I  have  seen.  The  general  form  of  the  cast  would 
readily  indicate  a  position  for  them  near  Cancellaria,  but  the  absence  of  the 
columellar  folds  renders  it  doubtful  until  that  of  the  T.  Hilgaydi  and  T.  Con- 
radi  herein  described  is  seen,  which  at  once  removes  all  doubt.  Mr.  Gabb 
seems  to  have  been  very  doubtful  of  the  generic  relations  of  these  shells, 
and  referred  the  type  species  at  one  time  to  CanceUaria,  and  subsequently 
considered  it  as  related  to  Ninella  of  Gray,  from  which  it  must  be  very  dis- 
tinct. He,  subsequent  to  these  references  (in  his  Synopsis  and  in  the  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  in  1861,  p.  321),  reconsidered  the  subject  and  con- 
cluded the  genus  was  a  good  one  (Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p. 
300),  and  states  that  he  thinks  it  "not  remote  from  Trichotrojns."  Dr. 
Stoliczka  in  Ind.  Geol.  Surv.  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Fauna,  South  Ind.,  vol.  ii,  pp. 
161,  162,  remarks  that  the  genus  ought  to  be  separated  from  Cancellaria  i{ 
it  has  but  one  columellar  fold,  but  the  casts  often  show  no  evidence  of  any 
fold,  as  above  stated.  He  also  observes  that  the  presence  of  spiral  striae 
and  the  absence  of  transverse  (vertical)  ribs  indicate  a  different  style  of 
surface  structure  from  that  usually  shown  in  the  Cancellariidce,  and  thinks  it 
probable  these  shells  may  belong  to  the  "  Trochidce  or  LittorinidcB  (Modti- 
lus)."  They  much  resemble  Modulus  in  character  except  for  their  gi  eater 
elevation,  but  the  New  Jersey  casts  mostly  show  remains  of  vertical  or 
transverse  folds,  showing  their  closer  relations  to  Cancellaria  than  he  had 
supposed.  The  specimens  which  I  have  considered  as  identical  with  T. 
Rilgardi,  Com-ad's  type  of  the  genus,  show  unmistakable  evidence  of  ver- 
tical folds.  In  view  of  all  these  resemblances  I  consider  them  most  nearly 
related  to  CanceUaria.  There  is  only  one  other  alternative  to  this  conclu- 
sion, and  that  is  in  the  genus  Iphinai  Adams,  which  Chenu  and  Tryon  arrange 
under  the   TrkJiotrojndce.     The  casts   of  this   shell  would  present  almost 


100  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

exactly  the  same  features  as  do  these  New  Jersey  specimens,' and  it  is  pos- 
sible that  they  belong  here. 

TURBINOPSIS    HiLGARDI? 

Plate  xii,  Figs.  7-9. 

Turbinopsis  Hilgardi  Conrad  :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  289, 
PI.  XLVi,  Fig.  29 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  86 ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jiir. 
Foss.,  p.  19;  Proc.  Acad.  ISTat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  300. 

Turbinopsis  depressus  Gsihl) :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  300. 

Cancellaria  Hilgardi  (Conrad)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  42,  and  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.,  1876,  p.  300. 

The  casts  which  I  have  identified  with  this  species  are  extremely  im- 
perfect; two  of  them  retain  the  external  markings  and  the  external  form; 
another  is  a  cast  of  the  interior,  retaining  the  external  markings  somewhat 
on  a  part  of  the  outer  volution,  and  the  imprint  of  them  on  the  inside  of  the 
cast  of  the  volutions;  form  turbinate;  the  spire  somewhat  elevated,  with 
convex  volutions,  separated  by  very  distinct  sutures;  the  volutions  largest 
a  little  below  the  upper  side  and  rapidly  contracted  below,  giving  them  an 
obconical  or  turbinate  form;  umbilical  opening  in  the  internal  cast  moder- 
ately large,  the  margin  sharply  angular;  aperture  elliptical,  acute  below 
and  more  rounded  above;  volutions  four  or  five;  columella  concave,  ridge 
or  fold  not  shown ;  surface  marked  by  spiral  ridges  sixteen  or  more  in  num- 
ber; interspaces  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  the  ridges;  these  are  crossed  by 
vertical  folds  which  are  more  distant  than  the  ridges,  and  are  rounded; 
strongest  on  the  upper  part  of  the  volution  and  obsolete  below. 

The  specimens  referred  to  this  species  are  badly  crushed,  so  the  iden- 
tification may  be  considered  somewhat  doubtful.  The  spire  seems  to  have 
been  proportionally  higher  than  that  of  Conrad's  figures,  and  the  volutions 
less  compressed  below;  the  umbilicus  is  smaller,  and,  besides,  there  is  the 
absence  of  vertical  folds  on  the  original  which  are  distinct  on  these.  The 
folds,  however,  are  small  and  rather  closely  arranged.  I  hesitate  much 
in  identifying  them  with  the  figure  given  pi  the  type  on  account  of  these 
wide  differences,  but  were  the  specimens  less  imperfect  they  might  show 
more  intimate  resemblances.  There  may  be  some  doubt  as  to  the  identity 
of  Gabb's  T.  depressa  with  this  species,  as  the  measurements  given  by  him 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  101 

under  his  original  description  do  not  agree  with  those  of  this  species,  his 
shell  being  proportionally  wider;  but  I  can  find  no  other  one  agreeing 
more  nearly  with  it,  so  leave  it  as  a  synonym,  since  he  so  considered  it  him- 
self, and  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  his  tjrpe;  he  had  probably  compared 
with  Mr.  Conrad's  original  at  the  time  he  so  placed  it. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  MuUica  Hill,  at 
Holmdel,  and  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Conrad's  specimen 
was  from  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

TURBINOPSIS   ANGULATA,  11.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  17,  18. 

Shell- rather  above  the  usual  size,  short  conical,  and  rather  obese  in 
general  form,  oblique  as  seen  from  the  back;  composed  of  two  and  a  half 
or  tlu'ee  volutions,  which  increase  somewhat  rapidly  in  size  with  increased 
growth;  apical  angle  about  70°;  volutions  ventricose,  obliquely  flattened 
on  the  upper  side  and  obtusely  round-pointed  below,  with  a  quite  distinct 
angulation  at  the  upper  third,. or  just  above  the  upper  third  of  the  length, 
as  seen  on  the  last  one,  and  a  less  distinct  one  below  the  middle,  dividing 
the  body  volution  into  three  sections,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  rather 
broader  than  the  others  and  imperceptibly  flattened;  above  the  body  volu- 
tion the  whorls  are  marked  by  about  eight  vertical  folds,  or  angulations  rep- 
resenting folds,  which  do  not  extend  to  the  suture  line  on  the  cast,  the  only 
condition  in  which  it  has  been,  observed;  aperture  elongate  ovate,  largest 
below;  columellar  cavity  in  the  cast  of  medium  size,  marked  at  the  base 
by  a  distinct  groove,  indicating  the  presence  of  a  tooth-like  ridge  on  the 
shell,  showing  the  generic  position  of  the  species ;  the  surface  has  also  been 
marked  by  spiral  lines  or  ridges,  fifteen  or  more  in  number,  on  the  last 
whorl  near  the  lip,  very  perceptible  on  the  surface  between  the  whorls  in 
the  cast. 

This  species  differs  from  any  of  the  associated  forms,  by  the  angula- 
tions of  the  volutions,  and  in  the  pr(5portional  size  and  form  of  the  volutions 
themselves.  There  is  only  a  single  authentically  identified  cast,  and  that 
one  imperfect  in  the  upper  part  of  the  spire,  but  its  features  are  so  very 
distinctive  that  it  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  any  other  species  in 
the  green  marls. 


102  PALEOHTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blackish  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Marl 
Beds  at  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

TUEBINOPSIS   CURTA,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  3-6. 

? Lunatia  obtusivolva    (Gabb)  Conrad:   Am.  Joiir.    Conch.,  vol.   5,  p.  45,  PL  i. 
Fig.  11. 

Shell  small,  turbinate,  with  a  short  spire,  showing  in  the  cast  only 
about  three  volutions  in  all,  tire  last  of  which  forms  the  great  bulk  of  the 
shell;  volutions  largest  at  the  top  and  contracted  below  to  the  sharp  base 
bordering  the  umbilical  cavity ;  this  latter  feature  proportionally  wide,  indi- 
cating a  large  umbilicus  in  the  shell;  aperture  elliptical,  sharply  angular 
below  and  sharply  rounded  above;  oblique  and  more  rounded  on  the  outer 
than  on  the  inner  side;  columellar  lip  not  showing  eAndence  of  a  tooth  on 
the  cast,  and  probably  destitute  of  such  appendage ;  casts  showing  no  indi- 
cation of  vertical  folds  or  revolving  lines. 

This  species  differs  from  all  the  others  in  the  low  spire,  and  the  short, 
broad  form  of  the  shell,  by  which  features  it  may  be  readly  distinguished 
from  them.  Conrad's  figure  above  referred  to  seems  almost  as  if  it  might 
have  been  made  from  one  of  the  specimens  figured  on  our  plate,  the  spire 
being  only  a  little  lower,  though  there  is  doubt  concerning  it. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.  Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  from  the  same  position  near 
Trenton  Falls,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Columbia  College. 

TtJRBINOPSIS  ELEVATA,  11.  sp. 
Plate  XII,  Figs.  10-14. 

Shell  of  moderately  small  size  as  indicated  by  internal  casts  only; 
spire  elevated,  consisting  of  but  few  whorls,  which  in  the  casts  are  widely 
disconnected,  indicating  a  thick  shell  or  whorls  disconnected  in  the  shell 
itself,  which  is  most  probable ;  volutions  convex,  rounded  above  and  on  the 
periphery,  but  compressed  and  wedge-form  below ;  aperture  elongate-ovate, 
rounded  above,  but  wedge-shaped  below;  umbilical  opening,  in  the  cast, 
quite  large,  smooth,  not  showing  any  indication  of  the  spiral  tooth-like 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  103 

ridge;  surface  of  tlie  cast  showing  rather  distant  vertical  folds,  but  very 
little  indication  of  spiral  strias,  the  shell  being  probably  too  thick  for  them 
to  be  transmitted  to  the  cast. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  Hilgardi,  as  identified  from  New  Jersey,  in 
the  more  elevated  spire,  larger  umbilical  opening,  more  rounded  volutions, 
and  more  distant  vertical  folds;  from  T.  plicafa,  herein  described,  in  its 
more  ventricose  form,  less  oblique  volutions,  larger  umbilical  opening, 
absence  of  tooth,  and  more  distant  vertical  folds. 

Formation  and  localitij:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.     From  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TURBINOPSIS   MAJOR,  11.  sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  15,  16,  21-23. 

Shell  very  large  as  compared  with  other  species  of  the  genus,  the  frag- 
ment of  a  cast  figured  measuring  over  1|  inches  across  the  body  volution, 
while  the  entire  height  has  not  been  less  than  2. J-  inches;  volutions  large, 
heavy  and  massive,  strongly  rounded  on  the  surface,  and  probably  about 
five  in  number;  spire  short,  the  apical  angle  having  been  about  60°,  making 
the  height  of  the  spire  above  the  top  of  the  body  volution,  when  measured 
on  the  back  of  the  shell,  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  body  volution 
from  that  point  downward;  aperture  obliquely  elliptical-ovate,  as  in  other 
species  of  the  genus;  columellar  cavity  in  the  cast  very  large,  measuring 
nearly  half  an  inch  in  its  greatest  width,  the  lower  edge  being  raised  above 
the  general  surface,  indicating  a  notch  or  groove  at  the  base  of  the  aper- 
ture in  the  shell,  with  a  rounded  callosity  above  it,  forming  or  representing 
the  tooth  or  fold  on  the  columella;  surface  of  the  shell,  as  shown  on  the 
surface  between  the  volutions,  marked  by  distant  spiral  ridges,  at  least  on 
the  lower  sides  of  the  volution,  and  also  by  much  more  distant  vertical 
ridges  or  folds. 

The  species  as  represented  by  the  fragments  in  hand  is  so  distinct  in 
size  and  proportions  from  any  of  the  others  recognized  that  it  can  not  be 
confounded  with  them,  while  its  general  features  are  so  marked  that  it  will 
be  readily  distinguished  from  any  other  shell  found  in  New  Jersey  or  else- 
where. 


104  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  the  Neversink 
Hills,  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Charles  Sears,  Esq.  Collection  at  Rut- 
gers College,  New  Jersey.  There  are  also  small  casts  closely  resembling 
it  from  J.  S.  Cook's  beds  at  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,  which  would  pertain 
to  the  Middle  Marl  Beds,  but  the  identification  is  by  no  means  certain. 

TURBINOPSIS   PLICATA,    n.  Sp. 

Plate  XII,  Figs.  1,  3. 

Shell  small,  and  known  only  from  internal  casts;  spire  elevated  and 
erect,  composed  of  but  few  volutions,  probably  not  more  than  three  in  the 
shell;  widely  separated  in  the  casts  by  the  sutures  and  very  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  size ;  umbilical  opening  very  large  and  very  distinctly  marked,  near 
the  base  of  the  columella,  by  a  deep,  narrow  groove,  indicating  the  pres- 
ence of  a  rather  strong,  tooth-like  ridge  at  the  base  of  the  columella;  col- 
umella concave,  giving  an  elliptical  form  to  the  filling  of  the  aperture  which 
nearly  equals  one-half  the  height  of  the  entire  cast,  and  is  very  oblique  as 
seen  in  front,,  but  from  the  back  appears  rather  patulose  and  spreading;  sur- 
face of  the  cast  marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds  or  plications,  which  are 
quite  distinct  on  the  cast  and  closely  arranged ;  the  outer  half  of  the  last 
volution,  however,  does  not  retain  them  so  distinctly. 

This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  others  of  the  genus  by  its  erect 
form,  more  slender  spire  and  closely  arranged  but  distinct  vertical  folds, 
which,  although  more  numerous  than  those  of  some  of  them,  are  still  much 
more  distant  than  those  on  T.  Hilgardi.  The '  spiral  striae  of  the  surface 
are  not  retained  on  the  cast  except  very  slightly  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  upper  volutions. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.     In  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  105 

PLEUROTOMID^. 

Genus  SUECULA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

SURCULA   STRIGOSA. 

Plate  XIII,  Fig.  1. 
Surcula  strigosa  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1876,  p.  279. 

Shell  elongated,  turreted,  with  an  elevated  spire;  the  number  of  volu- 
tions unknown,  there  being  now  in  existence  only  a  fragment  of  a  speci- 
men, consisting  of  part  of  the  body  volution  and  the  next  above;  body  volu- 
tion proportionally  large  as  compared  with  the  other,  concave  on  the  upper 
surface  and  gently  convex  on  the  middle  portion,  the  anterior  beak  and 
canal  being  absent;  the  next  volution  above  the  principal  one  subangular 
at  the  upper  third  of  its  height  and  marked  by  ten  or  twelve  strong,  rounded, 
vertical  folds,  and  also  by  moderately  strong  spiral  lines;  while  the  body 
volution  has  also  been  marked  by  the  vertical  folds,  but  less  strongly  than 
the  other,  but  is  closely  covered  by  nearly  equal,  vertical  and  spiral  lines 
cancellating  the  entire  surface;  one  of  the- latter,  at  the  lower  edge  of  the 
concave  upper  surface,  and  another  a  short  distance  below,  have  been 
strono-er,  and  those  on  the  lower  half  of  the  volution  are  somewhat  alter- 
natiiig  in  size. 

In  Mr.  Gabb's  description  of  this  shell,  which  I  suppose  was  drawn 
from  the  same  individual  here  used,  he  states  that  there  are  "perhaps 
eight"  volutions,  and  also  says  it  is  3  inches  in  length.  The  specimen 
has  probably  been  mutilated,  or  has  possibly  fallen  in  pieces  since  the 
description  was  made.  The  specimen  bears  no  label  except  that  of  locality, 
which  is  Holmdel,  as  given  by  Mr.  Gabb.  He  also  states  that  the  speci- 
men was  loaned  to  him  by  Prof  G.  H.  Cook  for  description,  and  as  this  is 
the  only  one  found  from  that  locality  it  is  most  probably  the  type.  The 
only  species  having  any  resemblance  to  it  are  those  herein  described  as 
Terricula  elegans  and  T.  Lecla,  neither  of  which  can  easily  be  mistaken  for 
it  and  neither  of  which  would  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  genus,  and  are 
readily  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  the  concave  upper  surface  on  the 
body  volution. 


106  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  lu  friable  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Marl  Beds. 
at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  CITHARA  Schum. 

CiTHARA   MULLICAENSIS,  11.  Sg. 

Plate  XIII,  Figs.  2-6. 

Shell  moderately  large  and  robust  for  its  length,  with  a  short,  obtusely 
pointed  spire  and  very  large  body  whorl,  which  constitutes  nearly  the 
entire  bulk  of  the  shell;  the  spire,  measuring  from  the  swell  of  tlie  body 
volution  when  looking  upon  the  front  of  the  shell,  forming  about  two-fifths 
of  the  entire  height;  volutions  four  and  a  half  to  five  in  number,  short, 
indistinctly  marked  and  the  sutures  obscure ;  the  body  whorl  somewhat 
produced  below,  forming  a  short  canal;  aperture  large,  elliptical,  23ointed 
above  and  notched  below;  and  about  equaling  one-half  the  length  of  the 
shell;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  strong,  longitudinal  ribs,  which  are 
quite  distant  and  number  only  about  ten  on  the  body  whorl ;  the  ribs  are 
strong,  sharply  elevated,  with  concave  interspaces,  and  with  fine  longitu- 
dinal lines  of  growth  mai'king  the  surfaces;  and  the  whole  crossed  by  ele- 
A-ated  thread-like  raised  lines,  distant  and  distinct,  but  most  plainly  marked 
on  the  ridges;  on  the  internal  casts,  the  most  usual  condition,  the  spire 
is  more  elevated  and  the  form  less  robust,  with  more  distinct  sutures  and 
the  volutions  more  ventricose,  while  their  surfaces  are  less  strongly  marked 
by  the  loiagitudinal  ribs,  and  no  spiral  lines  are  visible;  no  evidence  of 
markings  can  be  detected  on  the  columella,  either  on  the  shell  or  on  the 
cast.  The  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  appears  to  have  been  slightly  thick- 
ened, but  no  evidence  of  internal  stria3  exists.  The  features  of  the  notch 
in  the  outer  tip  can  not  be  ascertained. 

I  see  no  reason  to  question  the  generic  relations  of  this  shell,  although 
some  of  the  features  are  too  obscure  for  positive  description;  those  that 
are  retained  seem  too  well  marked  for  doubt.  The  same  remarks  made 
under  G.  Crosswickensis  in  regard  to  generic  references  apply  equally  well 
to  this  species. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  dark  ferruginous  layers  at  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey.     State  collection  made 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  107 

l^y  Dr.  Britton,  and  one  cast  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  Joseph  McFarland, 
of  Philadelphia. 

CiTHARA    CrOSSWICKENSIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Shell  of  moderate  size  or  larger,  subfusiform  or  tm-riculate,  the  spire 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  length  of  the  body  volution  and  beak,  only 
moderately  slender,  the  apical  angle  being  about  30°  to  35°,  and  the  num- 
ber of  volutions  probably  about  five;  all  the  specimens  being  imperfect 
and  mostly  casts,  the  exact  number  can  not  be  determined;  body  volution 
large  in  proportion  to  the  others,  quite  ventricose  in  the  upper  part  and 
contracted  below  to  form  the  short  beak;  upper  volutions  only  moderately 
ventricose;  suture,  in  the  casts,  strongly  marked  and  the  volutions  rather 
abrupt  on  the  upper  margin;  aperture  large,  angular  above,  and  more 
sharply  so  below;  columella  strong,  leaving  a  moderately  large  cavity  by 
its  removal,  which,  in  the  most  perfectly  formed  cast,  shows  evidence  of  a 
single,  rather  strong,  oblique  plication  on  the  lower  part;  volutions  marked 
by  distant,  strong,  and  angular  vertical  folds,  extending  from  the.  suture  to 
near  the  base  of  the  beak  on  the  body  volution,  and  from  suture  to  suture 
on  the  others,  even  on  the  casts ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very  fine 
transverse  striae  parallel  to  the  folds,  which  are  only  slightly  directed  for- 
ward ill  their  lower  part;  and  by  extremely  faint  indications  of  faint  thread- 
like, raised,  spiral  lines,  divided  by  broad  flattened  interspaces. 

The  specimens  upon  which  this  species  is  founded  are  partially  casts, 
with  the  shell  preserved  on  a  portion  of  the  body  volution  of  one  of  them. 
Its  substance  is  very  thick  and  the  vertical  folds  sharply  angular.  The 
species  bears  a  very  close  resemblence  to  C.  MuUicaensis  herein  described, 
but  the  shell  is  larger  and  has  a  more  elevated  spire,  while  the  body  whorl 
is  larger  in  proportion,  the  spire  more  slender,  and  the  sutures  much  more 
distinct.  The  surface  characters  are  much  the  same  in  both.  There  may 
be  some  question  as  to  the  proper  generic  reference  of  the  species  C.  Mitl- 
licaensis,  but  the  specimens  are  in  such  a  condition  of  preservation  that  it 
is  impossible  to  tell  just  what  they  are.  Stoliczka,  in  the  Pal.  Indica,  refers 
very  similar  forms  to  VohitiUthes  Swains.,  and  others,  just  as  similar,  to 
Lyria  Gray,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  me  that  they  are  as  nearly  related  to 


108  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

either  of  these  genera,  if  the  typical  forms  are  considered,  as  they  are  to 
Githara;  therefore  I  have  preferred  to  place  them  under  this  latter  genus. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  dark  green  marl  near  the  base  of  the  Lower 
Marls,  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  Collected  by 
Dr.  N.  L.  Britton.     The  casts  are  very  hard,  black,  shining,  and  brittle. 

.    STROMBIDJE. 

Genus  EOSTELLARIA  Lamarck. 

Among  the  casts  of  gasteropoda  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  in  New  Jer- 
sey, are  several  species  which  appear  to  belong  to  this  genus,  differing  from 
those  referred  to  Anchura  in  not  presenting  any  evidence  of  a  dorsal  keel  on 
the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution  or  of  spiral  strise,  and  some  of  them  even 
not  presenting  evidence  of  vertical-  folds  crossing  the  upper  whorls.  Some 
of  these  are  perfect  enough  to  be  characterized,  while  many  of  them  are 
not.  Some  occur  in  numbers,  while  other  forms  are  represented  by  only 
single  individuals.  Among  those  distinct  enough  for  characterization,  and 
represented  by  several  individuals,  I  have  considered  the  following  forms 
worthy  of  notice  and  description: 

ROSTELLARIA  COMPACTA,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figs.  18-21. 

Shell  of  only  a  medium  size  or  smaller,  elongate  ovate  in  form,  as  casts, 
with  a  moderately  elevated  spire,  the  apical  angle  of  which  varies  but  little 
from  30°;  volutions  four  to  five  in  number,  quite  compactly  coiled  and  very 
moderately  convex  between  the  sutures,  presenting  evidence  of  a  rather 
thin  shell;  body  volution  large,  forming  nearly  or  quite  one-half  of  the 
length  of  the  cast;  moderately  convex  on  the  upper  part,  but  rapidly  con- 
tracted below,  apparently  having  been  provided  with  a  rostral  beak  of  some 
length;  outer  part  of  last  volution  extended  upward  at  the  upper  edge  to 
near  the  top  of  the  next  volution  above,  as  distinctly  indicated  on  one  of 
the  casts;  aperture,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  narrowly  elliptical,  acute  above 
and  pointed  below;  columellar  cavity  left  by  the  removal  of  the  shell  rather 
small;  surface  of  the  cast  smooth. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  109 

On  one  of  the  casts  referred  to  this  species  there  is  a  sHght  but  very 
well  defined  ridge  near  the  base  of  the  vohition  siniihir  to  what  would  be 
left  on  a  cast  of  PseiidoUva  by  the  groove  representing  the  notch  near  the 
base  of  the  lip.  Whether  it  has  been  produced  by  accident,  or  is  an  organic 
feature  of  the  specimen,  I  can  not  say ;  none  of  the  others  which  I  have 
considered  as  of  the  same  species  show  any  indication  of  such  a  feature, 
and  I  have  been  led  to  consider  it  as  accidental. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks  and 
Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  elsewhere. 

ROSTELLARIA   SPIRATA,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  xni,  Figs.  10,  17. 

Shell  small,  slender,  spire  elevated  with  moderately  convex  whorls, 
divided  by  very  distinct  sutures  in  the -casts;  apical  angle  25°  or  more; 
volutions  six  or  seven,  the  last  one  forming  rather  less  than  half  of  the 
entire  length,  exclusive  of  the  anterior  prolongation;  aperture  oblique, 
elliptical  in  outline,  nearly  or  quite  equally  convex  on  the  inner  and  outer 
sides;  columellar  cavity  small,  straight,  and  smooth;  last  volution  deflected 
upward  very  slightly  as  it  approaches  the  aperture;  surface  of  the  cast 
smooth,  without  visible  evidence  of  vertical  folds. 

The  casts  of  this  species  ditfer  from  those  of  B.  comj)acta,  in  being 
more  slender,  of  smaller  dimensions,  composed  of  a  greater  number  of 
volutions  which  are  more  convex,  with  larger  or  broader  sutures,  and  in 
having  a  shorter  and  abruptly  contracted  body  whorl.  The  rostral  beaks 
are  all  imperfect,  but  they  bear  evidence  of  having  had  considerable  length. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  near  New  Egypt,  at 
Crosswicks,  and  at  Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey.  Collections  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  and  Rutgers  College;  also  from  the  same  position  at  Mullica 
Hill,  New  Jersey,  in  the  collection  at  Columbia  College,  New  York  City. 

ROSTELLARIA   CURTA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figs.  9-13. 

Shell  small  and  comparatively. short  for  a  species  of  the  genus;  spire 
short,  the  apical  angle  being  about  45°  in  some  specimens,  and  in  other 


110  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

individuals  rather  less;  volutions  convex,  four  or  five  in  number,  only  four 
in  the  casts r  sutures  deeply  marked,  indicating  a  comparatively  thick  shell; 
body  volution  large,  half  as  long  as  the  entire  length  of  tlie  cast,  or  some- 
times three-fifths  (jf  the  entire  length ;  base  of  the  body  volution  extended 
in  front;  aperture  equahng  one-half  the  length  of  the  cast;  elongate  ellip- 
tical in  outline,  acute  at  the  upper  angle  and  the  margin  extending  above 
the  line  of  the  suture  where  the  lip  has  extended  upon  the  preceding  volu- 
tion; lower  margin  of  the  aperture  prolonged  and  narrow;  outer  margin 
more  convex  than  the  inner;  columellar  cavity  rather  large,  indicating  a 
strong  and  thickened  columella,  which  has  been  smooth  and  without  any 
indications  of  folds  or  markings ;  surface  of  the  volutions  marked  by  dis- 
tant but  not  very  strong  vertical  folds,  which  are  only  seen  on  the  internal 
cast  upon  careful  examination ;  surface  of  the  shell  and  features  of  the  lip 
and  posterior  canal  unknown. ' 

The  casts  of  this  species,  although'  somewhat  common  at  this  one 
locality,  are  not  very  readily  distinguished  from  casts  of  Volutomorpha  Kanei 
Gabb,  with  which  they  occur,  and  the  only  reliable  features  by  which  they 
can  be  distinguished  is  the  total  absence  of  columellar  folds  or  plications 
and  the  extension  of  the  aperture  upon  the  preceding  volution  when  the 
outline  of  the  margin  is  preserved,  which  is  not  uncommon.  In  size,  gen- 
eral form,  and  proportions  they  are  very  similar,  this  one  being  rather  more 
ventricose  on  the  body  volution,  especially  in  the  upper  half  of  its  length. 

Formation  and  locality :  1\\  the  dark  green  layers  of  the  lower  Green 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey.  Collections  at  Rutgers  College. 
Collected  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton. 

ROSTELLARIA   FUSIFORMIS,    11.  Sp. 

Plate  XIII,  Figs.  14,  15. 

Shell  small,  slender,  and  fusiform;  spire  elevated  and  slender,  the  apical 
angle  being  about  20°  or  25°;  volutions  slender,  slightly  convex  on  their 
exposed  surfaces;  four  only  preserved  in  the  cast,  but  there  have  been  four 
or  five  more  above,  making  eight  or  more  in  all ;  body  volution  greatly 
prolonged  in  front,  forming  a  long  slender  beak  with  a  proportionally  strong 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  HI 

axis,  leaving  quite  a  good  sized  axial  cavity  in  the  cast;  aperture  long  and 
narrow,  pointed  above  and  below,  the  upper  canal  being  extended  upon  the 
preceding  volutions  to  an  unknown  extent;  volutions  marked  by  numerous, 
closely  arranged,  vertical  folds,  twelve  or  more  to  the  whorl. 

This  is  the  most  slender  form  yet  noticed  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous 
formations,  and  has  been  more  extended  in'  front  than  any  other.  It  seems 
to  have  been  a  true  RosteUaria  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  internal  cast 
alone,  being  destitute  of  any  angulation  of  the  body  whorl,  without  evidence 
of  spiral  striae,  and  provided  with  a  long  rostral  beak  and  smooth  columella. 

Formation  and  locality:  From  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  Collected  by 
Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  and  is  in  the  Rutgers  College  collection. 

EOSTELLARIA  HEBE,  11.  Sp. 

ETlate  xiv,  Figs.  11-13,  14  ?. 

Shell  moderately  large,  with  an  elongated  conical  spire  and  rather  short 
body  whorl;  volution  strongly  rounded  in  the  cast,  number  unknown  but 
probably  seven  or  more,  the  last  one  proportionately  larger  and  more  ven- 
tricose  than  any  of  the  others;  base  short  but  somewhat  extended  near  the 
columellar  cavity,  which  is  rather  large,  showing  the  axis  to  liave  been 
strong;  upper  part  of  the  body  volution  largest  and  the  lower  part  rounded 
obconical,  slightly  extended  below ;  aperture,  as  shown  by  the  cast,  of  but 
moderate  size,  narrowly  elliptical  in  form,  being  nearly  equally  curved  on 
the  outer  and  inner  sides ;  the  outer  side  a  little  the  most  strongly  so ;  upper 
and  basal  angles  of  the  aperture  acute;  the  upper  one  extended  upon  the 
preceding  volution,  causing  the  last  volution,  as  it  approaches  the  aperture, 
to  overlap  that  one  somewhat  as  in  many  of  the  Stronibidcu.  Columella 
smooth,  without  folds  or  ridges  of  any  kind;  sutixre  between  the  coils  of 
the  cast  strong  and  deep,  but  separated  by  only  a  narrow  space,  showing 
the  shell  at  this  part  to  have  been  thin;  the  surface  of  the  shell  has  been 
marked  by  spiral  bands  of  considerable  width,  but  their  number  is  not 
determinable  from  the  specimens  at  hand;  there  is,  however,  evidence  of  a 
quite  strong  one  near  the  center  of  the  volutions,  and  indications  of  several 
others,  especially  on  the  basal  portion  of  the  last  volutions,  but  not  present- 
ing any  angulation  as  ui  Anchura. 


112  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

This  species,  known  from  internal  casts  only,  differs  from  all  the  other 
forms  from  New  Jersey  in  its  greater  size;  greater  angle  of  the  spire;  short, 
ventricose  volutions,  which  are  strongly  rounded  with  deep  sutures;  and  in 
the  proportionally  short,  compact  body  volution.  There  are  very  faint 
indications  of  vertical  folds  on  the  upper  volutions,  but  too  indistinct  to  fig- 
ure or  count.  Casts  apparently  identical  with  this  occur  in  the  Cretaceous 
in  Texas,  but  have  not  been  described. 

Formation  and  locality:  This  species  is  found  at  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Jersey,  and  a  very  imperfect  cast  appears  to  have  come  from  Freehold,  New 
Jersey.  Both  are  from  the  Lower  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous.  Those  from 
Mullica  Hill  are  from  the  highly  ferruginous  beds  below  the  true  marls. 

Genus  ANCHURA  Conrad. 

Anchura  arenaria. 

Plate  XIV,  Fig.  10. 

Eostellaria  arenarum  Morton:  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  48,  PI.  v,  Fig.  8. 
Rostellaria  ?  arenarum  (Mort.)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  20. 
Eostellaria  arenarum  (D'  Orb.)  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1870,  p.  298. 
Gladius  arenarum  (M-ort.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  pp.  54,  75. 

Anchura   arenarum   (Mort.)  Meek:    Geol.   Snrv.    N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.   729; 
Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  298. 

The  only  New  Jersey  example  of  this  species  wdiich  I  have  seen  is  the 
type  specimen.  Among  all  the  collections  examined  none  have  appeared 
that  will  satisfactorily  agree  with  it.  The  specimen  is  a  very  imperfect 
cast,  and  shows  but  indifferently  the  features  of  the  species.  It  has  been 
a  rather  strong  and  robust  form  of  about  2  inches  in  length,  with  strongly 
rounded  volutions,  probably  four  and  a  half  or  five  in  number,  and  rapidly 
decreasing  in  size  upwaixl;  sutures  very  strongly  marked;  aperture  nar- 
row, but  the  lip  is  unknown  and  the  rostrum  apparently  quite  short;  volu- 
tions marked  by  ten  or  twelve  vertical  plications  or  folds  which  are  strongly 
marked  on  the  largest  part,  but  become  obsolete  at  the  sutures  above  and 
below,  while  on  the  body  whorl  they  are  not  visible  below  the  upper  two- 
thirds,  the  lower  third  being  destitute  of  markings;  on  outer  half  of  the 
last  volution  the  folds  indistinct   or   obsolete;    the  folds  appear  to  have 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  113 

beeu  somewhat  sigmoidal  iu  their  cHrection  m  passing  from  above  down- 
ward, being  directed  sHghtly  forward  in  the  lower  part. 

Mr.  Gabb'  cites  Cliemnitzia  distans  Conrad,  from  Tippah  County,  Missis- 
sippi, as  a  synomym  of  this  species,  but  I  think  wrongfully,  as  it  appears 
to  belong  to  a  group  of  shells  entirely  diiferent  from  this  one. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Marls  of  the  Cretaceous  of  New 
Jersey.  No  definite  locality  is  given  with  the  specimen,  either  in  Dr.  Mor- 
ton's original  description  or  in  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci ,  Phila.,  where 
it  belongs;  but  from  the  lithological  character  of  the  specimen,  I  should  be 
inchned  to  think  it  came  either  from  Mullica  Hill  or  from  near  Burlington, 
New  Jersey. 

Anchuea  abrupta  ? 

Plate  XIV,  Figs.  1-3. 

Anchura  abrupta  Conrad?  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  284, 
PL  XLVii,  Fig.  1 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  .38,  Meek;  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 
Foss.,p.  19. 

.  Among  the  casts  of  this  group  of  shells  in  the  collection  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  there  are  two  individuals  from  the  brown  sands  near  Burlington, 
New  Jersey,  which  are  larger  and  have  a  more  rapidly  tapering  spire  than 
A.  pennata  Morton,  and  which  evidently  represent  a  species  distinct  from 
that  one.  Although  the  general  form  is  much  the  same  as  in  that  species, 
the  vertical  folds  are  more  oblique,  being  directed  forward  in  the  lower 
part,  and  the  entire  volution  hag  been  marked  by  moderately  strong  spiral 
lines,  a  feature  which  does  not  exist  on  any  of  the  many  casts  of  that 
species  which  I  have  examined.  The  volutions  also  seem  a  little  more 
convex  and  the  last  one  less  extended  below.  On  the  better  preserved  cast 
of  the  two  there  are  two  quite  prominent  s^oiral  ri^dges  on  the  periphery  of 
the  last  volution  which  are  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  apart,  and  appear 
to  have  corresponded  to  some  feature  of  the  lip.  The  lip  has  also  been 
somewhat  extended  over  the  lower  part  of  the  pVeceding  volution;  but  the 
anterior  portion  is  absent  on  both,  so  that  the  length  of  the  anterior  beak 
can  not  be  ascertained.  »- 

'  Proc.  Acid.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  298, 
MON  XVIII 8 


114  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  features  of  these  casts  as  above  described  show  considerable  re- 
sembhxnce,  in  these  specimens,  to  A.  abrupta  Conrad,  as  known  in  casts  from 
Mississippi,  but  are  not  sufficiently  marked  to  afford  a  positive  identifica- 
tion. Still,  with  tlie  great  resemblance  between  them  here  shown,  I  hes- 
itate to  consider  them  as  distinct. 

Formation  and  local ifij:  In  the  brown  sands  of  the  Lower  Marls  from 
near  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

Anchura  abrupta  var.  acutispira,  n.  var. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  4. 

A  single  imperfect  specimen  of  an  internal  cast  occurs  in  the  collection 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  from  New  Jersey,  but  without  more  definite  locality. 
The  spire  is  only  moderately  slender,  the  apical  angle  being  about  35°, 
with  rather  compact  volutions,  closely  coiled,  as  seen  in  the  cast,  indicating 
a  rather  thin  shell,  flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  and  have  been  six 
or  seven  in  number;  the  last  one  short,  subangular  in  the  middle,  and 
rather  abruptly  contracted  in  the  lower  part,  and  extended  in  a  slender 
point  in  front;  the  aperture  trapezoidal  and  oblique;  surface  bearing  dis- 
tinct evidence  of  slender  spiral  lines,  five  of  which  are  above  the  periphery 
and  an  undetermined  number  below,  but  apparently  of  about  the  same  size 
and  proportion  as  those  above  the  center.  There  are  also  distinct,  promi- 
nent, vertical  folds  crossing  the  volutions,  which  are  directed  slightly  for- 
ward in  their  passage  from  above  in  crossing  the  volution.  Twelve  of  these 
folds  mark  the  last  volution  as  preserved  on  the  cast,  but  above  this  they 
are  not  readily  determined,  although  they  appear  to  be  fully  as  numerous. 
The  last  volution  becomes  more  distinctly  angular  on  the  periphery  as  it 
approaches  the  lip,  although  this  latter  feature  is  not  preserved. 

The  cast  differs  in  the  angularity  of  tlie  volutions  and  the  shorter  spire 
from  A.  abrupta  Conrad,  as  herein  identified,  but  more  particularly  in  the 
fewer  and  stronger  vertical  folds  and  in  the  single  carination  marking  the 
last  volution.  This  latter  feature  alone  would  not  be  reliable  as  a  specific 
feature,  as  the  prominence  of  the  angulations  of  this  part  of  these  shells  is 
usually  very  variable  and  they  are  often  not  very  much  developed  until 
quite  near  the  lip.  The  other  diffei'ences  noted  are,  however,  very  marked, 
and  will  readily  distinguish  it  from  those  identified  with  A.  abrupta. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  115 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  is  evidently  from  the  Lower 
Green  Marls,  although  the  locality  indicated  is  only  "Cretaceous,  N.  J." 
Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Anchura  pennata. 

Plate  XIV,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Rostellaria pennata  Morton:  Synop.,  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  jd.  48,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  9. 
Gladius  pennatus  (Mort.)  Gabb :  Synopsis,  pp.  55,  77. 

Rostellaria  (?)  pennata  (Mort.)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  30. 
Anchura  pennata  (Mort.)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  739. 

Shell  elongate,  spire  elevated  and  consisting  of  from  six  to  seven  volu- 
tions, which  are  only  moderately  convex  between  the  suture  lines,  the 
latter  being  well  marked  but  not  deep;  apical  angle  not  more  than  30°, 
but  often  less;  last  volution  proportionally  large  and  with  a  somewhat 
extended  rostral  beak,  slender  and  straight;  lip  broadly  expanded  and 
extended  in  a  narrow  border  along  the  side  of  the  beak  to  a  point  opposite 
the  base  or  swell  of  the  volution,  where  it  rapidly  widens  out  into  the  broad 
wing-like  lip,  which  reaches  somewhat  over  the  next  volution  above  but 
apparently  not  forming  a  posterior  canal.  The  outer  posterior  angle  of  the 
expanded  portion  is  prolonged  into  a  narrow,  recurved,  falciform  process 
of  greater  or  less  extent;  volutions  marked  by  oblique  longitudinal  folds, 
which  extend  from  suture  to  suture  on  all  the  upper  volutions,  but  become 
obsolete  just  above  the  middle  on  the  body  portion  of  the  last  one,  and  are 
entirely  obsolete  on  the  back  of  the  expanded  lip.  On  the  upper  volutions 
the  folds  are  closely  arranged,  but  on  the  lower  they  are  more  distant  and 
more  strongly  marked,  while  on  the  body  part  of  the  last  one  they  are 
quite  strong  and  almost  node-like,  even  on  many  of  the  internal  casts. 

The  species  was  originally  described  from  casts  obtained  from  Prairie 
BlufP,  Alabama,  where  they  appear  to  be  not  uncommon  as  casts,  and  the 
New  Jersey  specimens  are  usually  in  the  same  state  of  preservation,  and 
seldom  show  any  remains  of  the  expanded  lip.  In  some  of  the  marls, 
bowever,  this  feature  is  occasionally  preserved,  and  I  have  before  me  three 
individuals  belonging  to  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College  showing  this 
featurp  with  some  slight  variations.     One  individual  apparently  has  the  lip 


116  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

extended  along  tlie  side  of  tlie  spke  to  the  second  volution  above,  so  as  to 
indicate  the  existence  of  a  posterior  canal.  If  this  is  correct  and  not  a 
result  of  compression,  it  would  remove  it  from  the  genus  Anchura  and  ally 
it  more  nearly  with  Helicaulax  Gabb,  which  has  the  canal  passing  along 
the  spire  to  near  its  summit.  There  is,  however,  a  great  diversity  of  opinion 
as  to  the  range  of  these  genera,  and  I  think  that  half  the  number  which 
now  exist  wovild  better  serve  the  purposes  of  classification.  Stoliczka  would 
apparently  place  this  shell  and  all  its  group  under  Alaria  M.  &  L.,  but  they 
have  no  lip-like  varices. 

Formation  and  locality:  I  find  specimens  of  this  species  in  collections 
from  various  localities,  judging  from  their  characters,  but  most  of  them  are 
marked  simply  "New  Jersey."  They  are  found  at  Freehold,  Mullica  Hill, 
Marlborough,  Cream  Ridge,  and  many  other  places  in  the  Lower  Marls, 
and  are  common  in  the  Cretaceous  in  Alabama. 

Anchura  pagodaformis,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIV,  Figs.  15, 16. 

A  single  cast  of  a  large  species,  evidently  an  Anchura,  comes  from  the 
lowest  layers  of  green  sand  in  Monmouth  County  without  more  special 
locality.  It  is  so  marked  in  its  character  that  I  have  thought  it  worth  while 
to  designate  it  by  name,  in  hopes  that  other  and  better  examples  may  be 
discovered  before  the  work  on  the  Marls  shall  be  closed.  The  cast,  without 
anterior  beak  and  lacking  some  four  or  more  volutions  of  the  apex,  is  nearly 
3  inches  in  length,  and  considerably  over  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  diameter 
across  the  body  volution.  The  volutions  are  very  compactly  coiled,  indi- 
cating a  rather  thin  shell,  and  the  lower  volutions  are  rather  flattened  ver- 
tically, the  last  one  showing  evidence  of  a  depression  a  little  below  the 
shoulder.  Above,  the  coils  are  more  rounded,  from  a  thickening  of  the 
shell  on  the  inside.  The  aperture  appears  to  have  been  constricted  on  the 
back  of  the  expansion,  the  cast  being  broken  just  at  the  beginning  of 
the  widening  portion  and  showing  the  commencement  of  the  upward 
expansion  of  the  lip.  No  surface  markings  are  visible  on  any  part  of  the 
shell.  The  center  of  the  sliell  is  perforated,  but  not  largely  so,  indicating 
a  slender  axis.     The  species  differs  from  all  others  noticed,  not  only  in  its 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  117 

greater  size,  but  in  the  vertical  outer  face  of  the  volutions,  and  will  be 
easily  identified  by  this  character. 

Formation  and  locality  :  In  the  Lower  Marl  Bed  in  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey,  and  from  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Anchura  solitaria,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIV,  Fig.  9. 

Shell  small,  but  with  a  comparatively  elevated  spire,  consisting  of 
numerous  convex  volutions,  the  number  of  which  can  not  be  determined ; 
aperture  expanded  into  a  broad  wing-like  lip,  which  is  extended  on  the 
upper  side  to  just  above  the  base  of  the  next  volution  and  has  been  strongly 
reciu-ved  on  the  edge;  opposite  the  middle  of  the  aperture  is  an  extended  lip, 
in  the  form  of  a  slightly  recurved,  spine-like  process  of  greater  or  less  extent, 
which  corresponds  in  position  to  a  strong,  angular  keel  or  ridge,  which 
marks  the  outer  volution  at  about  the  middle  of  its  height;  also  evidence 
on  the  cast  of  a  second  keel  or  ridge  at  a  little  distance  below  the  first 
one;  body  of  the  volutions  marked  by  numerous,  closely  arranged,  ver- 
tical folds,  faintly  seen  on  the  cast;  beak  rather  short. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  keeled  section  of  this  group  of  shells 
that  I  have  seen  from  New  Jersey,  although  it  is  so  abundant  in  the  Cre- 
taceous of  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  cast  of  this  one  when  deprived 
of  the  expansion  of  the  lip  would  be  readily  mistaken  for  that  of  ^.  rostrata 
Gabb,  but  the  vertical  folds  are  finer,  and  the  lip  at  once  distinguishes  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  only  specimen  observed  is  an  imperfect 
cast  in  a  gray  marl  near  the  base  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  specimens  of  A.  rostrata  Gabb,  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 
marked  "Haddonfield,  New  Jersey." 

Anchura  (Drepanochilus)  compressa,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIII,  Figs.  22-25. 

Shell,  as  represented  by  casts,  rather  above  a  medium  size,  with  a 
moderately  elevated  spire  and  proportionally  large  body  volution;  apical 
ano-le  somewhat  varied  as  seen  on  different  individuals,  one  specimen  meas- 
uring  only  about  30°,  and  another  nearly  45°;  volutions  five  or  six  (!)  in 


118  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

number,  none  of  the  specimens  being  perfect  at  the  apex,  leaving  the  mat- 
ter somewhat  in  doubt;  whorls  moderately  convex  in  the  casts  with  well 
marked  and  distinct  sutures;  the  surfaces  between  them  varying  from 
slightly  flattened  in  the  lower  part  of  the  spire  to  very  round  in  the  upper 
whorls,  indicating  a  thickened  shell  for  the  upper  parts,  and  less  thickened 
below;  body  whorl  rather  large,  the  upper  margin  strongly  directed  upward 
as  it  approaches  the  aperture,  extending  to  or  above  the  middle  of  the  pre- 
ceding volution  before  it  becomes  free,  and  showing  a  strong  rounded 
ridge  near  the  upper  margin,  where  it  begins  to  form  the  apertural  projec- 
tion of  the  lip,  strongly  compressed  or  flattened  below  on  the  back  of  the 
whorl,  while  the  lower  part  is  quite  abruptly  contracted  below  to  form  the 
anterior  canal  or  beak,  but  without  any  indication  of  an  angle.  The 
anterior  beak  or  canal  has  been  slender,  but  its  length  is  not  determinable 
from  any  of  the  specimens  seen;  aperture,  as  shown  by  the  cast,  narrow 
in  width,  but  elongated  in  an  anterior  and  posterior  direction,  resulting 
from  the  compression  of  the  volution  on  the  back;  lip  unknown;  surface 
marked  by  oblique  vertical  folds,  which  are  numerous  and  strongly  directed 
forward  in  passing  from  above  downward,  becoming  obsolete  on  the  cast 
just  below  the  position  of  the  suture  line,  and  entirely  absent  on  the  outer 
half  of  the  body  whorl,  as  seen  on  the  individuals  in  hand. 

This  species  is  of  about  the  size  of  A.  pennata  Morton  and  has  very 
nearly  the  same  apical  angle.  The  vertical  folds  are,  however,  rather  more 
distant,  the  body  whorl  larger  in  proportion,  and  the  spire  rather  shorter 
generally;  but  the  principal  difference  is  in  the  form  of  the  body  volution, 
in  the  existence  of  the  rounded  ridge  leading  to  the  posterior  projection,  and 
in  the  flattening  below.  No  evidence  of  spiral  lines  or  ridges  exist  on  any 
of  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Mullica  Hill  a,nd 
Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey.  lii  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College  and  at 
Columbia  College. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MAELS.  119 

Genus  ALARIA  Morris. 

Alaeia  rostrata. 

Plate  XIV,  Figs.  5-6. 

Rostellaria  rostrata  Gabb:   Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  390, 

PI.  Lxviii,  Fig.  7. 
Gladius  rostrata  Gabb:  Synopsis,  pp.  55,  77. 

Anchura  rostrata  (Gabb)  Meek:  Gaol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Anchura  {DrepanocMlus)  rostrata  (Gabb)  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss. , 
p.  19. 

Shell  of  only  moderate  size ;  spire  elevated,  forming  an  apical  angle  of 
about  35",  but  somewhat  variable  in  different  specimens;  whorls  about  six 
in  number,  very  slightly  convex  between  the  sutures,  which  are  not  very 
strongly  marked,  and  are  ornamented  by  rather  closely  arranged  vertical 
folds,  smaller,  more  numerous,  and  more  closely  arranged  on  the  upper  than 
on  the  body  whorl;  those  on  the  last  whorl  become  smaller,  shorter,  and 
more  indistinct  toward  the  expanded  lip,  on  the  back  of  which  they  become 
obsolete ;  on  all  the  upper  whorls  the  folds  extend  from  suture  to  suture, 
but  on  the  last  one  they  are  marked  only  on  the  upper  or  larger  parts;  outer 
lip  expanded,  forming  a  broad,  wing-like  extension  which  is  prolonged  below 
along  the  moderately  long  rostral  beak,  and  above  is  extended  into  an 
obtusely  pointed  hook-like  process  from  its  outer  upper  border.  This  fea- 
ture I  have  seen  entire  only  on  the  type  specimen,  though  several  are  before 
me  which  show  the  expansion  of  the  lip.  No  keel-like  ridge  marks  the 
back  of  the  lip,  as  in  most  of  the  species  of  this  group  from  the  Cretaceous 
beds  of  the  Upper  Missouri  region. 

This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  the  others  of  the  group  from 
New  Jersey  by  its  smaller  size,  smaller  and  more  closely  arranged  vertical 
folds,  and  proportionally  shorter  and  more  obtuse  spire.  There  appears  to 
be  a  very  great  degree  of  variation  among  the  specimens  of  this  species  in 
the  proportions  of  the  spire,  some  of  them  being  very  much  more  slender 
than  the  rate  of  increase  mentioned  above.  There  is  also  considerable 
difference  in  the  strength  and  nuiuber  of  the  vertical  folds,  but  none  of  them 
approach  in  coarseness  that  of  the  most  nearly  allied  forms  associated  Avith 
it  in  New  Jersey,  from  which  this  feature  alone  will  readily  distinguish  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  brown  layers  of  the  Lower  Marls  near 
Burlington,  New  Jersey,  where  it  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  common  species. 


120  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

CYPR^ID^. 

Genus  CYPR^A  Linnseus. 

Cypr^a  (Aricia)  Mortoni. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  1-3. 

'  Cyprce.  Mortoni  Gabb :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  391,  PI. 
Lxviii,  Fig.  8  in  text,  9  on  plate ;  Synopsis,  p.  48  ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret. 
and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  19;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 

Mr.  Grabb  described  this  species  principally  from  internal  casts  obtained 
from  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama,  at  the  same  time  recognizing  it  in  a  cast  from 
New  Jersey.  That  specimen  I  have  before  me,  but  it  is  so  very  imperfect 
that  only  the  generic  features  of  the  shell  are  retained  beyond  proofs  of 
its  small  size  and  evidence  that  it  is  an  adult  individual.  Being  an  internal 
cast,  but  few  featmes  of  a  shell  of  this  kind  can  be  retained.  The  speci- 
men is  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length  and  broadly  ovate  in  outline; 
the  spire  is  flat  and  the  cast  most  ventricose  and  largest  about  one-third  of 
the  length  from  that  end,  with  the  slightest  indication  of  an  angularity  at 
the  point  of  greatest  diameter  on  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution.  The 
outer  lip  shows  the  infolding  to  a  slight  extent,  but  no  indications  of  the 
fine  crenulations  of  the  lip  nor  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  aperture  as  men- 
tioned in  the  original  description  is  visible,  as  the  substance  of  the  cast 
which  would  have  filled  the  apertural  slit  is  not  preserved,  hence  they  could 
not  be  retained.  The  exterior  of  the  cast  is  entirely  smooth,  as  must  neces- 
sarily be  the  case  in  a  cast  of  a  shell  of  this  genus. 

As  this  is  the  only  cretaceous  Cyprcea  found  in  the  New  Jersey  beds 
there  can  be  no  question  as  to  its  identity ;  and  as  the  specimen  is  altogether 
too  imperfect  for  comparison  with  those  from  the  more  southern  localities, 
not  affording  any  specific  features,  it  will  be  necessary  to  retain  the  name 
given  to  it  by  Mr.  Gabb  until  other  material  can  be  obtained  for  compar- 
ison with  that  one  to  satisfactoi'ily  determine  whether  it  may  be  the  same 
or  not. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  blue  marls  of  the  Lower  Greensands, 
Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  121 

DOLllDM. 

Genus  DOLIUM  Lamarck. 

DOLIUM    (DOLIOPSIS  ?)    MULTILIRATUM,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  4^6. 
Shell  as  known  from  an  internal  cast,  small,  snbglobose  or  broadly 
pyriform;'  outer  volution  forming  nearly  the  entire  bullc  of  the  shell;  spire 
low  rounded,  the  whole  composed  of  about  three  whorls;  sutures  m  the 
cast  quite  strongly  marked;  beak  of  the  last  volution  short  and  on  the 
back  scarcely  distinct  from  the  marginal  hp,  showing  the  existence  of  only 
a  very  short  canal;  aperture  large,  fully  five-sixths  as  long  as  the  entne 
leno-thof  the  shell;  columella  showing  only  a  moderate  cavity  by  its  re- 
moval, but  giving  evidence  of  a  projecting  part  near  the  lower  end  on  the 
inside-  otherwise  the  cast  shows  no  twist  of  the  columella;  surface  of  the 
cast  marked  by  numerous  spiral  lines  and  furrows  (about  sixteen  ridges  can 
be  counted  along  the  margin  of  the  lip),  and  also  by  irregular  transverse 
wrinkles,  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture;  near  the  aperture,  on  the 
last  volution,  a  sharp   constriction  indicating  a  strong  varix,  as  if  for  the 
thickening   of  the  outer  hp,  over  which  the  spiral  lines  pass,  and  there  is 
a  line  of  small  pits,  one  on  each  rib,  indicating  node-like  granules. 

The  cast  presents  every  appearance  of  a  species  of  Dolimn,  as  far  as  a 
cast  would  preserve  the  features  of  a  shell  of  that  genus.     The  canal   of 
course  would  not  show  the  twisting  or  tortuous  character  on  a  cast,  unless 
the  matrix  of  that  part  was  preserved,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the  present 
instance      It  may  be  that  it  should  be  referred  to  Conrad's  genus  Dohopsis, 
but  his  figure  would  lead  me  to  consider  it  much  more  nearly  a  true  Dohum 
if  there  is  any  difference  of  generic  importance  between  them.     As  I  do 
not  find  that  Conrad  even  characterizes  the  genus,  I  can  not  tell  what  its 
features   may  be  except  from  his  figure    on  Plate  x,  Fig.  L5,  vol.  1,  Am. 
Jour  ,  Conch. ;  not  having  seen  his  types,  I  was  at  first  inclined  to  consider 
this  shell  as  congeneric  with  Meek's  genus  Pseudohuccinum,  but  on  remov- 
ing the  inner  whorls  of  the  cast  I  find  there  is  a  solid  axis,  indicating  the 
existence  of  a  true   columella,  although  rather  slender,  which  feature   Mr. 


122  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESBY. 

Meek  states  does  not  exist  in  liis  shell,  P.  Nehracensis,  tipon  which  the 
genus  was  founded.  There  is  no  other  existing  genus  into  which  it  seems 
to  fit  as  well  as  in  JDolmm. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  a  hard,  blackish-green  pyritousmarl  of  the 
Lower  Marl  Beds  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey.    Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  FICUS  Rosseau. 

FiCUS    PRECEDENS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Shell  small,  pyriform;  volutions  about  three,  very  ventricose,  inflated 
in  the  upper  part,  rapidly  attenuated  below  and  contracted  to  form  a  mod- 
erately long,  slender  canal  and  beak,  Avhich  is  very  slightly  bent ;  spire  low, 
but  the  inner  volutions  distinctly  showing  above  the  outer  ones,  with  a  well 
defined  suture;  aperture  elongate-elliptical,  prolonged  below  to  the  end  of 
the  canal,  which  is  very  narrow;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  twelve 
pi'incipal  prominent,  spiral  carina,  between  which  there  is  in  each  space  a 
single  subordinate  ridge  showing  on  the  cast ;  toward  the  lower  part  of  the 
volution  and  on  the  beak  they  are  more  equal  in  size,  and  on  the  body  of 
the  volution  the  principal  carina  are  nodose,  or  serrated,  from  the  crossing 
of  transverse  ribs  which  pass  across  the  volution  in  a  nearly  straight  line 
parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture.  In  a  fragment  of 
the  matrix,  from  near  the,  inner  part  of  the  outer  whorl  the  principal  spiral 
ridges  are  seen  to  be  sharply  carinate,  and  the  transverse  striae  fine  and 
numerous;  columella  without  ridges  or  folds  of  any  kind. 

The  shell  has  had  exactly  the  features  of  the  recent  forms  of  the  genus 
Ficus  {Pyrula  pars)  and  the  cast  shows  that  the  shell  has  been  extremely 
thin  and  fragile,  like  the  living  ones  of  the  genus,  with  a  strongly  reticu- 
lated surface  (a  part  of  the  matrix  of  the  spire  shows  it  to  be  strongly  can- 
cellated). The  columella  has  not  been  thickened  to  any  degree,  the  space 
left  by  the  removal  of  the  shell  being  very  narrow  and  the  outer  surface  of 
it  smooth.  There  are  two  or  three  species  of  gasteropods  in  the  New  Jer- 
sey Cretaceous  rocks,  which  may  readily  be  confounded  with  this  one  if  not 
carefully  compared,  especially  Perisolax  retifer  (=Fusus  retifer  Gabb),  but 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  123 

even  this  may  be  distinguished  by  the  larger  cavity  left  by  the  removal  of 
the  columella,  and  by  the  greater  thickness  or  strength  of  the  beak.  The 
spiral  ridges  on  this  one  are  also  more  numerous  and  more  sharply  ele- 
vated, while  the  decided  alternation  of  size  among  them  will  serve  as  a 
distinguishing  feature.  There  is  so  great  a  similarity  between  this  and 
many  Tertiary  forms  of  the  genus  that  I  shall  not  attempt  to  institute  com- 
parison between  them,  as  they  would  be  useless  as  distinguishing  features, 
and  I  know  of  no  Cretaceous  species  resembling  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  marls  of  the  Lower  Beds  at  Holmdel, 
New  Jersey.  From  Dr.  Reiley's  collections.  The  marl  in  which  it  occurs 
is  of  a  ferruginous  white  color  resembling  some  of  the  limestone  nodules 
from  the  Lower  Marls. 

NATICID.^. 

Geims  NATICA  Lamarck. 

Natica  abyssina. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  9-12. 

Natica  abyssina  Morton:  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  49,  PI.  xiii,  Fig.  13. 
Gyrodes  abyssina  (Mort.)  Gabb :  Synoijsis,  p.  59;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla., 
1876,  p.  295. 

Shell  large,  globose,  with  a  flattened  spire,  the  inner  volutions  of  which 
scarcely  rise  above  the  outer  ones,  and  are  only  two  and  a  half  to  three  in 
number;  volutions  rather  ventricose  and  erect,  ovate  in  a  transverse  sec- 
tion; umbilicus  large  and  open  to  near  the  apex  of  the  shell;  aperture 
ovate,  two-thirds  as  wide  as  long,  and  a  little  more  convex  on  the  outside 
than  on  the  inner  margin,  nearly  equally  rounded  above  and  below;  suture 
well  marked  and  deeply  impressed. 

The  species  is  represented  only  by  casts  in  the  New  Jersey  locahties, 
so  that  the  features  of  the  surface  are  not  known  from  within  the  State. 
Mr.  Gabb  cites  it  as  coming  from  Patula  Creek,  Georgia,  where,  he  says,  the 
surface  shell  is  preserved,  but  that  it  is  perfectly  plain.  A  single  cast  which 
I  have  seen  from  New  Jersey  showed  a  deposit  of  ocher  in  the  umbilicus 
which  appeared  to  represent  the  thickness  of  the  shell  in  that  part.  It  was 
exceedingly  thin  and    showed  no  callus  or  other  feature  of    thickening. 


12i  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  species  was  originally  described  from  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama,  where 
the  specimens  are  of  large  size  and  sometimes  show  evidences  of  the  shell, 
which  must  have  been  of  considerable  thickness,  as  they  are  frequently  seen 
to  have  been  perforated  by  a  boring  sponge.  The  New  Jersey  casts  differ 
from  those  of  G.  infmcarnita  Gcabb,  with  which  this  species  is  usually  con- 
founded, in  being  less  oblique,  more  erect,  lower  in  the  spire,  the  volutions 
rounder  and  not  carinate  on  the  edge  of  the  wide  umbilicus.  The  evidence 
of  its  relations  to  the  geuus  Gyrodes  is  not  very  strong. 

Formation,  and  locality:  In  the  ferruginous  layers  of  the  Lower  Marls 
at  Mullica  Hill,  and  near  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  not  a  very  common 
species;  also  from  the  same  position  at  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey.  Col- 
lection at  Columbia  College. 

Genus  GYRODES  Conrad. 
Gyrodes  Abbottii. 

Plate  XV,  Fig.  17. 

Oyrodes  Abbottii  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  320  ;  Meek,  Check 
ListCret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  31 ;  Geol.  K  J.,  Newark,  18G8,  p.  729. 

This  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Grabb  from  a  single  individual  cast, 
which  retains  around  the  summit  of  the  outer  volution  remains  of  markings 
which  present  the  appearance  of  a  series  of  undulations,  or  "oblique  plica- 
tions," having  a  backward  direction  in  their  passage  from  the  suture  line 
across  the  body  of  the  shell.  Aside  from  these  markings  there  is  not  the 
slightest  difference  between  this  and  the  ordinary  casts  of  G.  ahyssiniis  Mor- 
ton, either  in  form  or  bulk.  The  specimen  is  preserved  in  a  ferruginous 
gravel  or  very  coarse  iron  sand,  which  fills  the  sutures  and  umbilical  cavity, 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  obscures  these  features ;  so  that  a  strict  com- 
parison is  not  possible  without  changing  its  appearance  by  clearing  away  the 
adhering  material.  This  I  have  not  ventured  to  do,  as  the  specimen  is  the 
property  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  the  change  would  destroy  the 
features  upon  which  the  author  of  the  species  founded  it,  which  I  do  not 
consider  I  have  the  right  to  do.  I  do  not  think,  however,  the  species  is  a 
valid  one,  but  regard  it  as  only  an  accidental  form  of  Gyrodes  abyssinus.  If 
the  adhering  material  were  cleaned  away,  I  think  the  cast  beneath  would 


GASTER'JPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  125 

be  perfectly  smootli  on  the  top,  as  iu   Dr.  Morton's  specimens.     I  have, 
liowever,  given  it  a  distinct  specific  reference   and  place  in  the  volume, 
that,  in  case  other  specimens  should  be  found,  it  may  retain  its  individu-. 
ality  as  a  species. 

Formntion  and  locality :  In  coarse  ferruginous  sand  of  the  Lower  Marls, 
at  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Gyrodes  infracarinata. 

Plate  XV,  Figs.  13-16. 

Natica  infracarinata  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  1861,  p.  319. 
Gyrodes  infracarinata  (Gabb)  Meek:   Geol.,  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  739. 

Shell,  as  shown  by  internal  casts,  large,  dejDressed  globular  above  and 
truncate  below  by  the  broad  umbilical  area  shortening  the  depth  of  the 
shell ;  spire  consisting  of  about  four  volutions,  the  last  one  of  which  forms 
fully  two-thirds  of  the  bulk  of  the  entire  shell;  volutions  oblique,  largest 
below  the  middle,  slightly  flattened  on  the  top  adjacent  to  the  sviture,  and 
very  strongly  angular  on  the  base  bordering  the  very  wide  open  umbilicus, 
in  which  the  volutions  are  exposed  nearly  to  the  apex;  aperture  large, 
ovate,  widest  below  the  middle  and  truncate  at  the  upper  angle  by  the  flat- 
tening of  the  volution  adjacent  to  the  suture;  columellar  lip  apparently 
quite  thin,  and  marked  by  a  single  spiral  thread-like  ridge  on  its  inner  sur- 
face; outer' lip  sharp  and  thin  and  very  strongly  receding  below,  as  seen  in 
a  profile  view;  surface  of  the  cast  usually  smooth,  but  sometimes  showing 
evidences  of  transverse  striae  of  growth. 

The  New  Jersey  specimens  of  this  species  are  all  internal  casts,  con- 
sequently the  surface  features  are  unknown.  The  casts  indicate  a  strong 
robust  species,  with  rapidly  increasing  volutions,  which  are  short  in  com- 
parison to  their  lateral  dimensions.  The  suture  is  very  strongly  marked, 
showing  considerable  thickening  of  the  shell  at  the  junction  of  the  volu- 
tions. The  features  of  the  umbilicus  are  taken  from  specimens  where  the 
filling  of  this  part  has  been  taken  out  of  the  cast  and  preserves  the  surface 
markings,  thereby  giving  the  features  in  a  perfectly  reliable  manner.  The 
examples  seen  from  New  Jersey  are  not  as  large  as  those  of  G.  ahyssinus 
from  the  southern  localities,  but  they  are  found  having  a  diameter  of  nearly 


126  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

1  finches  by  a  height  of  about  IJ  niches.  The  species  differs  from  G. 
petrosa  in  its  greater  size,  more  robust  vokitious,  which  are  not  so  much  flat- 
tened on  the  upper  half,  thereby  giving  a  rounder  and  less  oblique  form. 
The  umbilicus  is  also  larger  in  proportion  and  the  shell  more  angular  on  its 
lower  margin.  It  differs  from  G.  ahyssiims  Morton  in  being  less  erect  or 
more  oblique,  and  in  the  angularity  of  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus. 

Formation  and  locality:  It  is  found  in  the  Lower  Marls  near  Burlington, 
and  at  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey. 

Gyrodes  crbnata. 

Plate  XVI,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Natica  (Gijrodes)  crenata  Com-ad :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  ad  ser.,  vol.  4, 

p.  289. 
Gyrodes  crenata  (Conrad)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  60;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 

Foss.,  p.  21. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  broadly  patulose  iir  form,  with  a  depressed 
spire  and  a  very  broad  open  umbilicus;  volutions  four  or  five,  obliquely 
spreading  and  subangular  below;  inner  whorls  scarcely  raised  above  the 
outer  one,  but  very  perceptibly  distinct  from  the  effects  of  a  band  of  elevated 
crenulations  or  transverse  nodes  which  marks  the  top  of  the  volutions  just 
below  the  suture  line  and  forms  a  very  decided  ridge  around  the  spiral  por- 
tion of*  the  shell,  rendering  the  different  volutions  easily  distinguisliable ; 
the  broad  umbilicus,  limited  below  by  a  narrow,  elevated,  rounded  ridge  at 
the  base  of  the  volution,  is  also  marked  within  by  a  less  distinct  carina 
a  little  below  the  middle  of  its  depth;  aperture  oblique,  truncated  above  by 
the  flattening  of  the  volution  between  the  suture  and  the  hue  of  nodes 
which  marks  the  volutions,  and  somewhat  angular  below;  the  angulation 
corresponding  to  the  position  of  the  rounded  carina-like  ridge  at  the  base 
of  the  volution;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth  corre- 
sponding to  the  margin  of  the  aperture  and  passing  over  the  line  of  nodes 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  volution. 

The  specimens  of  this  species  which  I  have  seen  do  not  exceed  seven- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  their  greatest  diameter,  and  all  are  more  or  less  dis- 
torted by  pressure.     They  closely  resemble  in  form .  G.  petrosa  Morton,  but 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS  127 

have  a  much  broader  mnbihcus,  and  are  more  angular  at  the  base  of  the  vohi- 
tion.  They  correspond  in  nearly  all  particulars,  as  to  form,  with  G.  abyssinus 
Morton's  sp.,  but  have  a  broader  truncation  or  flattening  of  the  upper  surface 
of  the  volution,  are  less  erect  in  form,  and  differ  in  the  crenulated  sides  of  the 
upper  surface.  In  this  last  feature  they  correspond  very  closely  with  what 
the  young  shell  of  G.  Abhotti  Gabb  ought  to  be,  and  also  in  the  form  of  the 
umbihcus  and  obliquity  of  the  shell,  and  I  am  not  sure  that  they  are  spe- 
cifically distinct,  though  the  small  luimber  of  individuals  of  each  species 
which  I  have  seen  render  it  difficult  to  determine  with  certainty,  G.  Abhotti 
being  a  large  shell. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Marls 
of  the  Cretaceous  formation,  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

Gyrodes  peteosus. 
Plate  XVI,  Figs.  1-4. 

Natica  petrosa  JVrorton :  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Oret.,  p.  48,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  6. 

Gyrodes  petrosits  (Mort.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  61;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 

1876,  p.  295;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jm-.  Foss.,  p.  21;  Geol.  N.  J., 

Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Gyrodes  alveata  (Conrad)  Gabb:  Proc.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  295. 
Natica  alveata  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,   Plaila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  289,  PL 

XLVI,  Fig.  45. 

Shell  (as  seen  in  casts)  of  medium  size  or  smaller,  obliquely  oval  or 
depressed  and  somewhat  patulose,  with  a  low  spire;  the  entire  adult  shell 
havino-  three  to  three  and  a  half  volutions,  the  last  of  which  forms  the 
greatest  bulk  of  the  shell;  volutions  obliquely  compressed  from  above, 
largest  below  the  middle,  often  slightly  flattened  on  the  upper  half  and  with 
a  distinct  flattened  space  bordering  the  suture;  aperture  large,  very  oblique, 
strongly  receding  below  as  seen  in  profile  on  its  edge;  semilunate  in  out- 
line, rounded  below  and  shghtly  acute  above,  somewhat  modified  iu  the 
upper  part  by  the  intrusion  of  the  preceding  volution;  umbihcus  large, 
broadly  patulose  within,  and  apparently  without  callus;  peristome  thin, 
and  the  substance  of  the  shell  also  apparently  slight;  surface  of  the  shell 
unknown. 


128  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEKSEY. 

Among  the  examples  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  there  is  but 
little  variation  except  in  size,  and  not  much  in  this  respect  among  the  adult 
specimens.  It  is  very  readily  distinguished  from  the  other  naticoid  shells 
of  New  Jersey,  except  N.  ahyssina  Morton,  by  its  obhque  patulose  forjn,  and 
from  that  one  by  its  smaller  size  and  by  the  flattened  space  below  the  suture, 
which  is  a  very  distinctive  feature  as  compared  with  any  of  the  associated 
species.  The  broad,  open  umbilical  cavity  which  appears  to  have  been  en- 
tirely destitute  of  callus  or  thickening  of  any  kind,  or  even  of  reflection  of 
the  columella,  and  with  a  somewhat  angular  margin,  will  also  be  a  distinctive 
mark.  Externally  it  has  some  resemblance  to  Gyrodes  Alabamiensis  Whitf., 
from  the  Eocene,^  but  is  more  obhque  and  not  so  elevated;  but  in  the  um- 
bilical area  it  is  entirely  different.  Perfect  shells  from  Texas  show  the  sur- 
face to  be  marked  only  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth.  G.  alveata  Con- 
rad^ appears  to  be  the  same  species,  and  the  figure  given  a  very  good  one. 

Formation  and  locality:  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimens  were  from  Prairie 
Bluff,  Alabama,  where  it  is  not  uncommon.  All  the  New  Jersey  specimens 
yet  seen  are  either  from  Mulhca  Hill,  near  Mount  Holly,  or  Crosswicks 
Creek.  It  also  occurs  in  many  rjlaces  in  Alabama,  and  in  a  very  perfect  con- 
dition in  Texas. 

Gyrodes  altispira. 

Plate  XVI,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Lunatia  ?  altispira  Gabb:   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  330;  Meek, 

Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss. ,  p.  20. 
Lunatia  altispira  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  739. 

The  internal  casts  which  I  have  placed  under  this  species  are  about 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  height,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter  on  the 
body  whorl;  the  form  is  erect  and  the  spire  elevated,  with  about  three  and 
a  half  volutions,  the  last  one  forming  two-thirds  of  the  entire  height,  and 
by  much  the  greatest  bulk  of  the  shell;  summit  of  the  body  volution 
squarely  truncate  or  flattened  adjacent  to  the  suture,  and  a  little  flattened 
below,  thus  forming  a  rather  distinct  angle  on  the  top  of  the  volution;  the 
umbihcus  is  small,  but  open,  and  without  thickening  or  callus;  base  of  the 

'Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  265,  PI.  xxvii,  Figs.  9,  10. 

'Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  289,  PI.  xlvi,  Fig.  45. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  129 

volution  bordering  the  umbilical  opening  obsoletely  angular  or  very  sharply 
rounded;  aperture  elongate-ovate,  widest  below  the  middle;  surface  un- 
known. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  in  general  form  to  Limatia  Halli  of 
the  same  author,  but  the  flattening  of  the  top  of  the  volution  separates  it 
from  that  genus,  and  places  it  in  Gyrodes,  as  intimated  by  the  author  in  the 
original  description  of  the  species.  It  is  much  less  common  than  L.  Halli 
and  smaller  in  size,  besides  having  a  lower  spire,  and  is  perhaps  a  little  less 
erect,  although  in  this  latter  feature  they  are  so  nearly  ahke  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  pronounce  between  them. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  ]\Iullica  Hill, 
New  Jersey.     Mr.  Gabb's  types  were  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 

Gykodes  obtusivolva. 

Plate  XVI,  Figs.  9-12. 

?  Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  330. 
Gyrodes  ?  obtusivolva  (Gabb)  Meek:  Olieck  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  1. 
Gyrodes  obtusivolva  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Lunatia  obtusivolva  (Gabb)  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Couch.,  vol.  5,  p.45,  PI.  i,  Fig,  11. 

Shell,  as  known  from  internal  casts,  of  moderate  size,  somewhat  erect, 
obliquely  subglobose  with  a  moderately  elevated  spire,  whorls  three  or 
three  and  a  half,  the  outer  ones  flatly  truncate  on  the  top  adjacent  to  the 
suture  line,  the  truncation  being  strongly  marked  and  angular  at  the  mar- 
gin. On  fully  grown  specimens  it  is  nearly  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  width 
on  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution;  aperture  obhque,  ovate,  widest  below 
and  truncated  above  by  the  flattening  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  volution; 
umbilicus,  as  seen  in  the  casts,  small,  indicating  a  slender,  almost  if  not 
entirely  soHd  columella;  margin  of  the  umbilical  depression  not  angular; 
surface  of  the  shell,  as  seen  on  fragments  remaining  attached  to  the  casts, 
marked  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  G.  petrosa  Morton's  sp.,  but  is  more' 
erect,  less  spreading  or  patulose  on  the  last  volution,  and  has  a  more  ele- 
vated spire  and  smaller  umbilical  cavity  in  the  cast.  As  seen  in  its  usual 
condition  it  is  intermediate  in  form  between  G.  xietrosa  and  Lunatia  Halli 
MON  xviii 9 


130  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Gabb,  and  may  be  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  the  flattening  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  volutions,  generally  seen  only  on  the  outer  ones,  the 
others  being  rounded  on  the  top,  probably  from  the  thickening  of  the  shell 
on  the  interior  surface,  and  also  by  the  very  much  smaller  umbiHcal  cav- 
ity and  lower  spire.  Mr.  Conrad^  refers  the  species  to  the  genus  Lunatia, 
but  so  far  as  the  casts  show  I  am  inclined  to  consider  it  as  a  Gyrodes. 

Formation  and  locality :  Mr.  Gabb.does  not  assign  any  locality  to  his 
specimens  under  the  original  description,  but  they  would  appear  to  have 
come  from  Mulhca  Hill,  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  here  used  are  from 
Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  and  all  are  from  the  Lower  Marls.  Another 
individual  in  the  collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  is  from  New  Egypt,  New 
Jersey 

Genus  LUNATIA  Gray. 

Ltjnatia  Halli. 
Plate  XV,  Figs.  13-16. 

? Lunatia  Halli  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2dser.,  vol.  4,  p.  391;  Meek, 
Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  20;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 

Euspira  Halli  Stoiiczka:  India  Geol.  Surv.,  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Fauna  South.  India, 
vol.  2,  p.  296. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  with  an  elevated  spire  composed  of  about  four 
or  four  and  a  half  volutions  in  entire  specimen,  and  much  resembling  a 
Paludina  in  general  appearance ;  elevation  about  once  and  a  half  as  great  as 
the  diameter  of  the  last  volution,  and  the  last  volution  when  measured  on 
the  apertural  side  forms  about  three-fourths  of  the  entire  height;  volutions 
convex,  not  inflated,  but  regularly  rounded,  with  a  well  marked  suture  in 
the  casts,  the  only  condition  in  which  they  are  known  from  New  Jersey, 
but  which  does  not  indicate  a  flattening  at  the  top  in  the  perfect  shell;  aper- 
ture elongate-ovate,  acutely  rounded  below  and  somewhat  sharper  above 
than  below,  the  greatest  breadth  being  below  the  middle ;  base  of  the  last 
volution  sharply  rounding  into  the  umbilical  cavity;  umbilical  opening  in 
the  cast  small,  not  extending  above  the  lowest  volution,  and  showing  no 
evidence  of  any  thickening  or  callus  of  any  kind;  surface  unknown. 

•Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  45. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  131 

This  species  is  the  most  elevated  form  found  in  the  New  Jersey  marls 
and  is  at  the  same  time  the  most  erect.  It  closely  resembles  Oyrocles  altispira 
of  the  same  author,  and  in  internal  casts  can  be  distinguished  only  by  the 
very  slight  flattening  of  the  volution  adjacent  to  the  suture,  and  perhaps  in 
a  very  slightly  greater  rotundity  of  the  body  volution  of  that  species.  So 
far  as  can  be  ascertained  from  the  specimens  in  hand,  there  has  been  no 
thickening  of  the  columellar  lip  to  form  a  callus  or  any  marking  on  it  what- 
ever, and  the  substance  of  the  lip  has  been  rather  thin.  Mr.  Gabb  compares 
it  with  N.  palmlincEformis  H.  &  M.,  from  the  Upper  Missouri  region,  which 
it  very  closely  resembles,  and  speaks  of  its  open  umbilicus.  This  is  not  to  be 
considered  as  meaning  a  wide  open  umbilicus,  but  one  not  solid  as  in  that 
species. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  at  MuUica  Hill,  near 
Burlington,  near  New  Egypt,  and  other  places  in  New  Jersey. 

Genus  AMAUROPSIS  Morch. 

Amauropsis  Mbekana,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XVI,  Figs.  22-25. 

Amaurojjsis  paludincBformis  (in  part)   Gabb:    Synopsis,  p.  38;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  296. 
Not  Amauropsis  pahidinceformis  (Hall  and  Meek)  Meek:  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr., 

Invert.  Pal.,  vol.  9,  p.  318,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  15. 
Not  Natica  paludinceformis  Hall  and  Meek:  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences, 

Boston,  new  series,  vol.  5,  p.  389,  Pl."^  ill,  Fig.  3;  D'  Orb.,  Prod.  Pal.,  1850, 

vol.  2,  p.  312. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate-subovate ;  spire  moderately  elevated, 
only  abotit  two-thirds  as  high  above  the  aperture  as  the  length  of  the  aper- 
ture; volutions  five  or  five  and  a  half  in  the  largest  specimen;  ventricose, 
with  distinct,  well  marked  sutures,  which  are  very  slightly  channeled; 
body  volution  more  distinctly  ventricose  than  the  others;  axis  solid;  aper- 
ture ovate,  acute  at  the  upper  end,  rounded  and  slightly  effuse  below; 
outer  Hp  thin  and  sharp;  columella  somewhat  thickened  by  the  deposit  of 
the  lip,  and  grooved  below  the  margin  of  the  deposit,  but  not  umbilicate; 
surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  proportionately  strong,  transverse  lines  of 


132  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

growth,  which  are  exceedingly  irregular;  and  also  by  fine,  even,  corrugated 
spiral  lines  crossing  them. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  Aniauropsis  paludlncBformis  H.  & 
M.,  but  is  a  more  rol)ust  shell,  with  a  shorter  spire  and  a  proportionally 
larger  and  stronger  body  volution.  This  gives  it  a  larger  aperture,  more 
ventricose  volutions  and  more  compact  spire.  The  surface  characters  are 
almost  identical,  but  differ  slightly  in  having  the  spiral  lines  more  closely 
arranged.  It  seems  to  have  been  generally  identified  with  that  species,  but 
when  critically  compared  is  found  to  be  quite  distinct,  as  among  forms 
which  are  so  restricted  in  general  features. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  micaceous  clays  below  the  Lower  Green 
Marls,  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Amauropsis  punctata. 
Plate  XVI,  Figs.  17-21. 

Phasianella  punctata  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  299, 

PI.  XLViii,  Fig.  3;  Synopsis,  p.  67. 
Eutropia  (?)  punctata  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.   and    Jur.   Foss.,  p.   18 ; 

Geol.  N.  J.,  NeAvark,  1SG8,  p.  728. 
Littorina  punctata  (Gabb)  Meek:  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Compare  Aviauropsis  paludinceformis  Hall  .and  Meek. 

Shell  small  or  of  medium  size,  with  an  elevated  spire  which  has  an 
apical  angle  of  from  40°  to  45°;  volutions  four  to  five  in  number,  very 
ventricose,  with  deep,  well  marked  sutures,  which  are  slightly  channeled 
on  some  of  the  specimens;  aperture  round  ovate,  slightly  pointed  above  and 
rounded  below ;  rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell  in  casts  or  par- 
tially exfoliated  individuals;  columella  slender  and  solid,  and  in  the  cast 
showing  only  a  slight  perforation  from  the  removal  of  the  substance  of  the 
axis;  surface  of  the  shell  naarked  by  fine  impressed  spiral  lines  of  puncta- 
tions  on  the  type  specimen,  but  on  casts  or  partially  exfoliated  individuals 
this  feature  is  not  visible. 

This  shell  may  be  distinguished  from  A.  Meekana  herein  described,  by 
its  more  slender  form,  higher  spire,  proportionally  smaller  and  shorter  body 
volutions,  and  the  more  distinctly  rounded  upper  volutions,  the  two  spe- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  133 

cies  when  placed  together  being  very  distinct.  It  is  very  closely  related 
to  A.  paludinceformis,  Natica  paluclinceformis,  H.  &  M.,  having  a  much  greater 
resemblance  to  it  than  the  one  herein  described  as  A.  MeeJcana,  although 
that  one  has  been  commonly  identified  with  it.  This  has  probably  arisen 
partially  from  the  fact  that  this  one,  having  originally  been  described 
under  the  name  JPhasianeUa,  was  so  far  removed  systematically  from  the 
Naticidse,  to  which  it  really  belongs,  that  it  would  scarcely  be  thought 
necessary  to  compare  them,  or  even  occur  to  one  to  do  so. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  lower  layers  of  the  LoAver  Green  Marls, 
at  Mullica  Hill.  New  Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.     . 

TROCHID^. 

Genus  MAEGARITA  Leach. 

Margarita  abyssina. 

Plate  xvii,  Figs.  1-5. 

Solarium  abyssina  Qsihh :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  1860,  p.  94,  PL  ii,  Fig.  9. 
Architedonica  abyssina  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  pp.  .39,  SO. 

Margarita  abyssina  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  18;  GeoL 
N.  J.,  Newark,  p.  728. 

Shell  small,  not  exceeding  half  an  inch,  in  its  greatest  diameter;  spire 
moderately  elevated,  the  apical  angle  being  about  70°  or  75°;  volutions 
four  to  four  and  a  half,  very  ventricose,  giving  a  circular  section  when 
broken  across ;  suture  deep  and  well  marked,  while  the  whorls  in  the  inter- 
nal cast  are  closely  appressed  and  slightly  imbedded  into  each  other,  sliow- 
ing  the  shell  to  be  thin;  also  seen  where  the  cast  rests  partially  in  the 
matrix,  the  space  left  by  the  removal  of  the  shell  where  no  compression 
has  occurred  being  barely  perceptible;  umbilicus  broad  and  open,  showing 
several  of  the  volutions  within;  surface  marked  by  very  fine,  even,  spiral 
lines  over  the  entire  shell,  with  an  apparent  stronger  line  on  the  periphery, 
and  crossed  by  finer  lines  of  growth  whicli  are  bent  backward  in  crossing 
the  volution,  cancellating  the  surface. 

In  Mr.  Grabb's  original  description  the  surface  structure  was  not  given, 
as  he  had  not  been  able  to  find  more  than  the  internal  cast,  but  among  the 


134  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

specimens  from  Burlington,  where  I  have  separated  them  from  the  matrix 
so  as  to  get  the  impression  of  the  shell  as  left  in  the  fine  sand,  they  are  seen 
in  a  very  perfect  manner.  The  lines  are  exceedingly  fine  and  threadlike, 
but  regular  and  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality :  As  yet  I  have  noticed  the  species  only  from  the 
vicinity  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Gabb's  specimens  were  also  from 
the  same  county. 

Gemis  MARGARITELLA  M.  &  H. 

Margaritella  Abbotti. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  13-15. 

Architectonica  Abbotti  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  321. 
Margaritella  Abbotti  (Gabb)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  18  ;  Geol. 

N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 
Pleurotomaria  crotaloides  (Mort.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  69,  and  Cirrhus  crotaloides, 

p.  47. 
Solariella  Abbotti  (Gabb)  Stoliczka:  India  Geol.  Surv.,  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Fauna 

South.  India,  vol.  2,  p.  367. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  subdiscoid  with  a  very  low,  depressed-convex 
spire  and  nearly  flat  base;  volutions  four  or  five,  rather  slender,  coiled 
one  below  the  other,  their  upper  surfaces  rounded,  with  deep  suture  line, 
keeled  on  the  periphery  in  the  cast,  and  very  depressed  convex  on  the  lower 
side  between  the  abrupt,  moderate  sized  umbilicus  and  the  outer  angle  ; 
margin  of  the  umbilicus  abruptly  rounded  and  the  opening  less  than  one- 
third  of  the  entire  diameter  of  the  shell  at  any  given  point;  upper  surface 
of  the  volutions  marked  by  closely  arranged,  but  distinctly  marked  trans- 
verse undulations,  which  extend  from  the  suture  outward  to  about  one-third 
of  the  width  of  the  volution,  and  appear  to  have  been  directed  slightly 
backward  in  their  course ;  surface  texture  of  the  shell  composed  of  fine  spiral 
lines  and  finer  transverse  lines;  section  of  the  volution  narrow  ovate, 
three-fifths  as  high  as  wide,  rounded  on  the  inner  end  and  acute  on  the  outer 
margin. 

The  above  description  is  taken  from  the  MuUica  Hill  specimens  in  the 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  which  are  partially  Mr.  Gabb's  types.     A  comparison 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  135 

of  the  above  with  Mr.  Gabb's  description,  however,  will  show  considerable 
difference  between  them,  owing  to  the  fact  that  he  included  two  entirely 
different  shells  under  his  specific  name,  and  drew  his  characters  partly  from 
each.  The  two  shells,  however,  belong  to  entirely  distinct  families.  He 
does  not  appear  to  have  noticed  the  transverse  furrows  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  volutions  of  the  Mullica  Hill  shells,  unless  he  included  them  in  his 
"revolving  and  longitudinal,  depressed  lines,  producing  a  cancellated  ap- 
pearance," which  is  not  probable.  This  shell  is  readily  distinguished  from 
the  Timber  Creek  species,  which  is  described  in  this  volume  under  the  name 
Pleurotrema  solariformis  by  the  more  depressed  spire,  absence  of  lateral 
sloping  face  to  the  volutions,  and  by  the  form  and  size  of  the  umbilicus. 
Dr.  Morton's  Cirrus  crotaloides,  Synopsis  p.  49,  PI.  xix.  Fig.  5,  is  much  more 
nearly  related  to  it;  but  from  specimens  of  that  species  from  Alabama,  it 
differs  remarkably  on  the  basal  surface,  that  one  having  a  broad  spreading 
or  open  surface  below. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  marls  of  the  Lower  Beds  at  Mullica  Hill, 
and  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey.  I  have  also  seen 
examples  of  it  from  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama,  and  Mr.  Gabb  also  recognized 
it  from  that  place. 

ONUSTID^. 

Genus  XENOPHORA  Fischer. 

Xenophora  leprosa. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  16-19. 

Trochus  leprosus  Morton:  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  46,  PL  xv,  Fig.  6. 

Phorus  leprosus  (Mort.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  85;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 

Foss.,  p.  18. 
Onustus  leprosus  (Mort.)  D'Orb.,  Prod,  de  Pal^ont.,  vol.  4,  p.  223;  Meek,  Geol.  N. 

J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 

Shell  small  or  below  a  medium  size,  trochiform,  or  broad  conical;  the 
spire  having  an  apical  angle  of  less  than  90° ;  base  flat  or  concave,  usually 
more  or  less  depressed  in  the  center,  with  the  margin  of  the  volution  more 


136  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

or  less  rounded,  and  in  old  individuals  sometimes  distinctly  rounded;  casts 
showing  a  small  umbilical  perforation,  but  the  axis  probably  solid  in  the 
shell;  volutions  probably  seven  or  eight,  but  in  the  casts  the  upper  ones 
are  usually  absent  and  seldom  show  more  than  four  or  four  and  a  half; 
one  small  specimen  retaining  the  upper  whorls,  to  the  number  of  four  and 
a  half,  measures  only  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  one,  if  con- 
tinued below  to  the  size  of  the  larger  one  figured,  woiald  possess  at  least 
eight  volutions;  whorls  obliquely  flattened  on  their  surfaces  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  spire,  with  only  a  small  portion  of  their  edges  rounded  or  ver- 
tical, and  the  surface  deeply  and  abundantly  scarred  by  the  cicatrices  of 
foreign  substances  which  have  been  attached  to  the  surface  of  the  shell 
during  life ;  aperture  compressed,  transversely  ovate  or  trapezoidal,  and  the 
outer  margin  much  prolonged 

This  seems  to  be  a  not  uncommon  shell  at  some  of  the  localities  of  the 
Lower  Marls,  but  is  seldom  found  except  in  fragments ;  the  upper  portion 
iieai-ly  always  being  absent,  and  the  cast  often  looking  as  if  these  parts  had 
been  filled  up  or  absorbed,  rather  than  that  the  casts  had  been  mutilated. 
I  presume  the  upper  portion  of  the  whorls  were  in  many  cases  cut  oif  by 
partitions  deposited  across  them,  which  would  give  the  casts  their  present 
appearance. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Upper  Freehold; 
in  the  brown  marly  layers  of  the  same  horizon  near  Burlington;  also  at 
Crosswicks  Creek  and  at  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.  The  type  of  the 
species  was  from  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama,  from  which  locality  I  have  seen 
numerous  specimens. 

Genus  ENDOPTYGMA  Gabb. 

Endoptygma  umbilicata. 

Plate  xvii;  Fig.  20. 

Phorus  umbilicatus  Tuomey:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1855,  p.  169. 
Endoptygma  uinbilicata  (Tuom.)  Gabb:  Px'oc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1870,  p.  303. 

Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  spire  broadly  conical,  with  an 
apical  angle  of  about  80°,  and  composed  of  about  four  volutions;  base 
flat  or  slightly  concave,  and  in  the  cast  showing  a  small  open  umbilical 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  137 

perforation,  representing  the  comparatively  slender  solid  columella;  the 
base  of  the  cast  is  marked  by  a  rather  deep,  narrow,  spiral  groove,  about 
one-third  to  one-fourth  of  tlie  width  of  the  volution  from  the  umbilical 
cavity,  marking  the  position  of  an  internal  spiral  ridge  at  this  point  on  the 
inside  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  shell;  volutions  flattened  in  the  direction 
of  the  spire,  with  moderately  distinct  suture  lines  separating  them  in  the 
casts,  their  surfaces  closely  and  deeply  scarred  by  the  attachment  of  foreign 
substances  to  the  outside  of  the  shell  during  life. 

Tliis  species  has  generally  been  considered  the  same  as  the  Trochus 
leprosus  of  Morton,  Xenophera  leprosus  of  this  work,  but  was  described  as  a 
distinct  species,  first  by  Dr.  Tuomey,  and  subsequently  made  the  type  of 
the  genus  Endoptygma  by  Mr.  Gabb.  I  do  not  think  it  is  always  an  easy 
matter  to  distinguish  them,  as  the  groove  may  not  always  be  present,  and 
in  other  respects  there  are  no  constant  differences  that  I  can  discover.  On 
one  large  cast,  which  I  have  referred  to  Morton's  species,  there  is  an  indica- 
tion that  the  tipertural  ridge  was  just  appearing,  while  in  the  younger 
stages  of  the  shell  no  evidence  of  its  existence  appears.  In  much  younger 
individuals  of  this  form  it  is  strongly  marked.  It  may  be  that  both  forms 
should  be  referred  to  the  same  species,  in  which  case  the  present  genus 
would  have  to  be  abandoned. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  marls  of  the  Lower  Beds  near  Burlington, 

New  Jersey. 

SCALARIID^. 

Genus  SCALARIA  Lamarck. 
ScALARiA  (Op alia)  Thomasi? 
Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  1. 
Scala  {Opalia)  Tliomasi  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1876,  p.  296. 

Shell  slender,  turreted,  whorls  numerous,  closely  coiled  and  very  ven- 
tricose,  with  rather  close  sutures,  numbering  seven  or  more  in  a  specimen 
of  less  than  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length;  apical  angle  less  than  30°, 
probably  not  more  than  25°,  the  specimen  being  too  imperfect  to  allow  of 
positive  measm-ement;  aperture  apparently  round  and  the  base  of  the  volu- 


138  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

tion  slightly  carinate,  and  the  axis  imperforate ;  surface  marked  by  numer- 
ous slender,  longitudinal  ribs  or  varices,  which  are  erect,  closely  arranged, 
and  directed  obliquely  backward  in  passing  from  the  upper  to  the  lower 
side  of  the  volutions;  minute  surface  structure  not  visible  on  the  specimen 
in  hand. 

The  specimen  which  I  have  used  in  the  above  description  is  quite  im- 
perfect, and  does  not  possess  many  of  the  specific  features  of  the  shell 
above  named,  consequently  I  am  in  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  iden- 
tification; but  as  far  as  the  features  are  retained  they  agree  very  well  with 
those  given  by  Mr.  Grabb.  Mr.  Gabb's  specimen  was  also  quite  imperfect, 
and  were  it  not  for  his  statement  that  it  came  from  the  white  limestone,  I 
should  have  supposed  this  one  to  have  been  his  type,  as  it  is  from  the  col- 
lection Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  This  one,  however,  does  not  show  any  trace 
of  the  umbilicus,  nor  of  a  thickened  lip.  It  difi^ers  very  materially  from 
;S'.  Sillimani  in  its  smaller  apical  angle,  being  a  more  slender  shell;  by  its 
shorter  volutions  and  more  compact  form,  and  by  the  more  numerous  lon- 
gitudinal folds  or  varices,  they  being  nearly  or  quite  double  those  of  that 
one  in  number. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  used  is  from  dark-colored  green- 
sand,  apparently  of  the  Lower  Marls,  and  is  labeled  "Cret.  N.  J.,  Abbott," 
below  which  is  added  in  pencil  "Scala  Sillimani,"  all  in  what  I  should  take 
to  be  Mr.  Conrad's  handwriting.  The  identification  with  S.  Sillimani  is 
certainly  an  eiTor.  Mr.  Grabb's  specimen,  he  says,  was  from  the  white 
limestone  of  New  Jersey,  which  I  take  to  be  the  white  limestone  nodules 
from  the  Lower  Marls. 

ScALARiA  Sillimani. 
Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  2. 

Scalaria  Sillimani  Morton  :  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  47,  PI.  xiii,  Fig.  9. 
Scala  Sillimani  (Morton)  Gabb :  Synopsis,  p.  79;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 
Foss.,  p.  20. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  measuring  nearly  one  inch  in  length  and  rapidly 
tapering,  the  apical  angle  being  about  30°  or  35°;  volutions  five  or  more, 
very  round  and  full,  but  closely  compacted;   the   suture  line  deep    and 


(GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  139 

sharp,  but  close;  aperture  (as  shown  on  the  only  specimen  in  hand,  which 
is  a  matrix  containing  the  shell  of  one  side  of  the  specimen  in  place  and 
from  which  a  gutta-percha  cast  is  taken  for  description  and  figure),  is 
round,  but  the  margin  is  not  preserved;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
oblique  varices,  which  have  a  slightly  backward  direction  in  crossing 
from  the  upper  to  the  lower  side  of  the  volution;  the  varices  are  thin  and 
recurved,  and  number  eight  on  one-half  of  the  circumference  of  the  last 
volution,  but  decrease  somewhat  in  number  toward  the  apex  of  the  spire; 
axis  imperforate,  the  base  of  the  last  volution  bordered  by  a  raised  carina, 
below  which  the  varices  do  not  appear  to  extend.  So  far  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained from  the  specimen,  I  should  judge  that  the  varices  were  slightly 
produced  in  the  upper  part  to  form  subspines  around  the  base  of  the  pre- 
ceding volution.  The  minute  surface  character  of  the  shell  can  not  be  ascer- 
tained from  the  specimen  in  use,  as  only  the  inside  of  the  substance  is 
revealed,  but  Dr.  Morton  describes  it  as  marked  by  "very  minute  spiral 
striae,"  which  one  would  suppose  would  naturally  be  the  case.  Mr.  Grabb 
also  speaks  of  it  having  "much  finer"  revolving  striae  than  his  Scala  {Opalia) 
Thomasi,  which  is  also  a  New  Jersey  species,  and  says  that  "each  rib  is 
reflected  back  into  a  little  lip  or  notch  at  the  angle  of  the  basal  carina." 

This  is  readily  distinguished  from  S.  annulata  Morton,  by  the  more 
slender  spire  and  by  being  a  very  much  smaller  shell,  with  an  imper- 
forate axis,  that  one  having  a  wide,  open  umbilicus.  The  shell  has  so 
exactly  the  form,  taper,  size,  and  style  of  varices  as  8.  Sillimani  as  given 
by  Dr.  Morton,  that  I  have  not  hesitated  to  identify  it  with  that  species, 
although  the  type  of  it  was  an  Alabama  shell.  I  have  not  seen  specimens 
of  8.  8iUimani  from  Alabama  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  however, 
and  may  be  in  error. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marl  near  Holmdel.  Col- 
lected by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Reiley.  Dr.  Morton's  specimens  were  from  Prairie 
Bluff,  Alabama,  but  this  specimen  certainly  can  not  be  distinct  from  the 
one  figured  by  Dx-.  Morton. 


1  40  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

SCALAEIA  HERCULES,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  12. 

Shell  of  large  size,  robust  in  proportions,  number  of  volutions  unknown 
but  compact,  comparatively  short,'  not  very  ventricose  and  closely  united 
at  the  suture  lines;  apical  angle  20°  to  25°,  giving  a  rather  elongated  spire; 
volutions  crossed  by  from  twelve  to  fourteen  very  strong  vertical  varices, 
which  form  thick  rounded  ribs,  rather  closely  arranged,  and  each  marked 
by  two  rounded  tubercles,  one  just  below  the  upper  suture  line  and  the 
other  near  the  lower  suture  line;  also  a  central  line  of  smaller  ridge-like 
nodes  intermediate  between  the  other  two,  apparent  on  the  last  volution, 
marking  the  position  of  a  spiral  carina  on  the  center  of  the  volution,  while 
other  spiral  carinae  cross  the  upper  and  lower  lines  of  nodes,  and  on  the 
base  of  the  last  volution  the  usual  carina  surrounding  the  umbilicus  is  also 
marked  by  a  thickening  of  the  vertical  ribs,  but  without  forming  distinct 
ribs;  form  of  aperture  and  intermediate  surface  structure  undetermined. 

This  species  seems  to  be  a  true  Scalaria  and  has  been  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  robust  of  its  kind.  The  vertical  ridges  are,  however,  rounded, 
thickened  ribs,  and  not  simply  varical  lips,  as  in  very  many  of  the  recent 
forms;  as  the  varix  has  been  filled  to  a  solid,  rib  before  the  growth  of 
the  shell  beyond  it  had  progressed.  The  number  of  these  varices  also 
varies  somewhat  on  the  different  volutions,  especially  between  the  bod.y 
whorl  and  the  one  preceding  it,  as  they  are  doubled  in  some  places  on  the 
former.  On  a  second  specimen  the  surface  of  the  shell  appears  to  have 
been  marked  by  closely  arranged  spiral  lines  which  cross  the  varices,  but 
as  both  specimens  used  are  gutta-percha  casts  from  natural  molds  which  are 
very  imperfect,  these  features  are  not  as  distinctly  seen  as  would  be 
desirable.  The  larger  individual  must  have  been  4  or  4J  inches  in  length 
when  perfect,  with  a  diameter  of  fully  IJ  inches  of  the  body  volution. 

I  know  of  no  other  species  to  which  this  can  be  said  to  be  closely 
related. 

Formation  and  locality:  Both  individuals  are  known  from  the  matrix 
only,  in  a  hard  ferruginous  sandstone  nodule,  bearing  impressions  of  Cypri- 
meria  clepressa,  Leiopistha  protexta,    and   other  known  lower  marl  fossils. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  141 

Found  loose  at  Gliffwootl,  New  Jersey,  by  Prof.  Lockwood,  and  now  in  the 
collection  at  Columbia  College. 

SCALARIA    ?   PAUPERATA,  U.  Sp. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  .3-7. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  turbinate,  with  extremely  rounded  volutions, 
separated  by  very  distinct  and  deeply  marked  sutures.  Spire  elevated,  the 
apical  angle  about  70°,  and  the  volutions  about  four  in  mnnber;  the  last 
forms  about  one-half  of  the  entire  height  of  the  shell,  and  is  thickened 
below  by  a  strong  callus  which  covers  the  umbilicus  .md  connects  the  base 
of  the  volution  with  the  lip  of  the  apertui-e ;  apert^.re  ovate,  rounded  below 
and  slightly  more  pointed  above,  with  The  inner  margin  less  strongly  curved 
than  the  outer.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  seen  on  an  imperfect  specimen, 
mai'ked  by  vertical  varices  which  have  numbered  about  eleven  or  twelve 
to  the  volution,  are  very  low  and  subdued  and  scarcely  lip-like  in  their 
nature,  but  are  marked  on  their  surfaces  by  a  row  of  pits  which  correspond 
to  a  series  of  narrow,  flattened,  spiral  bands,  which  are  themselves  separated 
from  each  other  by  spaces  about  as  wide  as  the  bands.  Ten  of  these  flat- 
tened bands  may  be  counted  on  the  exposed  part  of  the  penultimate  whorl. 

The  casts  of  this  species,  several  of  which  have  been  observed,  resemble 
much  the  internal  easts  of  a  Lunatia,  but  have  a  much  larger  umbilicus  than 
any  of  those  of  that  type  associated  in  the  same  beds.  They  are  palu- 
dinseform  in  shape,  with  the  last  volution  somewhat  expanded  just  at  the 
aperture,  and  of  an  ovate  form.  The  suture  between  the  volutions  are  quite 
wide  in  the  lower  part,  but  much  less  so  near  the  apex,  and  the  surface  is 
smooth,  being  destitute  of  the  imprints  of  the  varices  or  spiral  striae,  and 
would  be  very  readily  mistaken  for  those  of  the  casts  of  a  Naticoid  shell. 
I  am  somewhat  in  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  its  reference  to  Scalaria, 
but  the  entire  peristome,  as  indicated  by  the  cast,  and  the  surface  mark- 
ing shown  on  a  portion  of  the  partial  cast,  together  with  the  solid  axis 
of  the  shell,  preclude  its  reference  to  any  other  genus  or  group  with  which 
I  am  acquainted.  The  elevation  of  the  spire  is  much  less  than  is  usual 
among  the  Scalariidce,  but  there  are  several  forms  known,  both  fossil  and 
recent,  which  come  very  near  it.  and  some  quite  as  extreme. 


142  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  ami  locality:  In  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Green 
Marls  at  Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collections  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege.    Collected  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton. 

TURRITELLID^. 

Genus  TUERITELLA  Lamarck. 

TURRITELLA   COMPACTA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  8,  9. 

Shell  small,  with  very  short,  slender,  and  closely  coiled  but  rapidly  enlarg- 
ing whorls,  giving  a  rapidly  increasing  diameter  to  the  shell  with  increased 
growth.  Apical  angle  about  15°.  Volutions  about  eight  in  number  in  a 
specimen  which  has  been  not  more  than  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  its 
extreme  length;  flattened  convex  on  their  outer  surface,  and  subangular  at 
the  upper  and  lower  margins,  with  a  nearly  flat  base.  Lower  margin  of 
the  volution  proportionally  larger  than  the  upper.  Suture  lines  between 
the  whorls  narrow,  but  very  distinctly  marked.  No  surface  markings 
visible.  • 

The  above  description  is  taken  entirely  from  internal  casts,  which  are 
remarkable  for  their  compact  form  and  close  volutions  of  a  somewhat  quad- 
rangular form  in  the  largest  individual,  but  more  rounded  in  others,  indi- 
cating, probably,  a  more  thickened  shell.  None  of  the  external  features  of 
the  shell  have  been  transmitted  to  the  cast;  but  its  compact  volutions  will 
readily  distinguish  it  from  any  other  form  in  the  New  Jersey  beds.  A  single 
very  much  crushed  and  distorted  specimen  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey, 
in  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  retains  a  fragment  of  shell  on 
one  of  the  upper  volutions  showing  sharply  raised  spiral  lines  to  the  num- 
ber of  six,  with  a  finer  intermediate  line,  and  very  fine  transverse  lines  of 
growth.  Otherwise  the  cast  presents  the  same  form  and  features  as  those 
described  above. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  marl  with  quartz  pebbles.  The  specimens  are 
associated  in  the  tray  with  examples  of  T.  encrinoides  Morton,  and  are  marked 
as  coming  from  Vincentown,  New  Jersey,  and  collected  by  Col.  T.  M.  Bryan. 
T.  encrinoides  is  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  only,  so  far  as  known,  and  it  is 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWEK  GREEN  MARLS.  143 

very  evident  there  is  an  error  from  mixture  of  specimens  in  the  tray,  making 
the  locality  somewhat  doubtful,  as  Vincentown  would  probably  be  at  the 
base  of  the  Upper  Marls.  The  Haddonfield  example  is  from  the  very  base 
of  the  Lower  Marls,  and  its  position  unquestioned. 

TUERITELLA   ENCRINOIDES. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  19-33. 

Turritella  encrinoides  Morton:  Synopsis,  p.  47,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  7;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p. 
90;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  18;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868, 
p.  739. 

Shell  much  elongated  and  rather  slender,  apical  angle  in  uncompressed 
specimens  from  15°  to  20°;  volutions  compact,  numbering  seven  in  a  speci- 
men which  measures  1  f  inches  in  length,  flattened  or  only  slightly  convex 
on  their  surfaces,  with  narrow  suture  lines  in  the  cast  and  sharply  angular 
basal  angle,  but  on  fragments  which  preserve  the  shell  in  part  at  least,  they 
are  slightly  depressed.  The  surface  is  marked  by  numerous  spiral  lines 
which  vary  much  in  size  and  strength,  there  being  two  principal  ones,  one 
near  the  upper  and  the  other  near  the  lower  edge  of  the  volution,  with  an 
indefinite  number  of  smaller  ones;  aperture,  as  indicated  by  the  form  of 
the  cast,  subquadrangular,  nearly  straight  on  the  outer  margin  and  angular 
above  and  below. 

The  species  differs  quite  strongly  from  T.  vertebroides  in  the  form  of 
the  volutions  and  the  less  distinctly  marked  sutures,  and  in  the  greater 
number  of  spiral  lines.  One  of  the  fragments  used  in  this  description  and 
figured  on  our  plate  appears  to  be  that  used  by  Dr.  Morton  and  figured  by 
him.  It  retains  the  shell  to  some  extent,  but  is  very  imperfect.  Among 
collections  obtained  from  the  State  survey  are  many  internal  casts  which 
show  the  volutions  to  be  more  compact  than  in  T.  vertebroides,  and  very 
much  more  angular,  with  close  sutures  and  sharp  upper  and  lower  angles. 

Formation  and  locality :  Dr.  Morton's  specimen  is  marked  "Cretaceous, 
N.  J."  Under  his  notice  of  it  in  the  Synopsis,  p.  47,  he  says  it  occurs  with 
T.  vertebroides,  and  although  he  gives  it  a  name,  gives  no  description  or 
locality  except  "New  Jersey  and  Alabama."  Other  specimens  in  the  State 
collection  are  marked  "Vincentown,  N.  J.,"  and  are  from  collections  made 


144  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JBESEY. 

by  Col.  T.  M.  Bryan;  several  others  are  from  Upper  Freehold.  They  are 
probably  from  the  Lower  Marls,  but  Dr.  Morton's  specimen  is  of  a  rusty 
character,  unlike  any  other  which  I  have  seen,  and  appears  as  if  it  had 
been  imbedded  in  a  ferruginous  clay.  A  large  slab  of  limestone  bearing 
very  many  examples  of  this  species  as  partial  casts,  but  retaining  something 
of  the  surface  markings,  has  recently  been  obtained  from  the  clays  at  Say- 
ersville,  New  Jersey,  by  J.  H.  Conger,  Esq. 

TURRITBLLA  ?   GRANULICOSTATA. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  10,  IL 

Turritella  granuUoostata  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1861,  p.  363;  Meek, 
Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  18;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 

The  following  is  Mr.  Gabb's  description  of  this  shell: 

Shell  elongated,  whorls  many,  increasing  very  gradually  in  size,  almost  per- 
fectly flat  on  the  sides.  Suture  impressed,  very  distinct ;  bordered  below  by  a 
slight  elevation  of  the  upper  edge  of  succeeding  whorl;  lower  angle  of  the  whorl 
rounded,  subangular.  Mouth  small,  subquadrate;  anterior  angles  rounded.  Sur- 
face marked  by  about  twelve  fine,  thread-like  revolving  ribs,  three  of  which  are 
larger  than  the  rest,  are. placed  at  equal  distances  from  each  other,  and  from  the 
upper  and  lower  edges,  and  are  slightly  undulated  so  as  to  produce  a  series  of  mi- 
nute nodes.  This  character  shows  itself  to  a  much  less  extent  on  some  of  the 
•smaller  ribs.  Under  surface  of  the  body  volution  marked  by  a  few  fine  revolv- 
ing ribs,  with  regular  concavities  between  them. 

This  fragment,  consisting  of  nearly  four  volutions,  is  all  that  is  known 
of  the  species.  The  casts  referred  to  by  Mr.  William  Gabb  may  or  may 
not  belong  to  the  same ;  we  certainly  do  not  know  the  casts  of  this  one 
authentically.  The  surface  markings  are  rather  those  of  a  species  of  Cerith- 
ium  than  of  a  Turritella,  but  tlie  mouth  is  mutilated,  so  that  its  features 
can  not  be  satisfactorily  determined. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  most  probably  in 
Burlington  County,  New  Jersey.  The  specimen  is  now  in  the  collection 
of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOW  Ell  GKEEN  MARLS.  145 

TUERITELLA   HaRDIMANENSIS. 

Turritdla  Hardemanensis  Gabb  :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  vol.  4,  2d  ser.,  p. 

393,  PI.  Lxviii,  Fig.  15 ;   Synopsis,  p.  90;   Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 

Foss.,  p.  18 ;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Mr.  Meek  cites  this  as  a  New  Jersey  species  in  his  hst  as  above  quoted, 
and  in  the  Smithsonian  check  list  gives  only  New  Jersey  as  its  habitat. 
Mr.  Gabb  states,  under  his  original  description,  that  he  has  seen  a  "very 
young"  specimen  of  it  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Lea,  obtained  from  the  Rip- 
ley oTOup,  in  New  Jersey.  This  I  presume  means  either  Crosswicks,  or 
more  probably  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  as  Mr.  Lea  had  specimens  from 
this  latter  place.  I  have  not  seen  the  specimen  in  question,  and  as  it  is 
said  to  have  been  a  very  young  specimen,  fear  there  may  have  been  some 
mistake  in  the  identification;  especially  as  the  species,  so  far  as  known 
from  the  type,  is  a  small  one  anyway.  Young  Turritellas  are  not  the 
most  reliable  material  for  specific  determinations,  although  it  is  possible 
that  in  this  case  it  may  have  been  correct.  The  beds  at  Haddonfield 
are  at  the  very  lowest  horizon  yet  yielding  undoubted  Cretaceous  fossils 
in  New  Jersey,  and  have  lithological  features  remarkably  similar  to  those 
of  the  Ripley  group  of  the  more  southern  States,  so  there  is  a  double 
chance  of  error  in  this  case. 

TURRITELLA   LiPPINCOTTI,    n.    Sp. 

Plate  xviii,  Figs.  23,  24. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  rather  rapidly  tapering,  the  apical  angle  being 
about  20°  or  less.  Volutions  flattened  on  the  surface  in  the  direction  of 
the  spire,  with  scarcely  perceptible  suture  lines  where  the  shell  is  pre- 
served, and  only  very  moderate  ones  in  the  cast ;  their  form  in  a  section 
being  trapezoidal,  the  upper  and  lower  outer  angles  being  rather  sharply 
angular,  even  in  an  internal  cast;  basal  face  scarcely  convex;  volutions 
numerous,  a  fragment  measuring  not  quite  2  inches  in  length,  with  a 
diameter  at  the  lower  end  of  five-eighths  of  an  inch,  retaining  seven,  with 
space  at  the  upper  portion  for  about  five  more.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked,  in  the  only  specimen  which  preserves  it,  by  fine  rounded  spiral, 
thread-like  lines  over  the  entire  surface. 

The  species  resembles,  in  its  general  contour,  T.  vertebroides  Morton, 
but  tapers  somewhat  more  rapidly.  It  differs  from  that  one,  and  all  the 
MON.  xvm 10 


146  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

others  with  which  it  is  associated  in  the  New  Jersey  beds,  in  the  flat- 
ened  volutions  and  in  the  surface  characters.  In  some  of  the  casts  the 
upper  whorls  are  somewhat  rounded  from  the  greater  amount  of  deposit 
on  the  inside  of  the  older  parts  of  the  shell,  but  they  never  attain  that 
degree  of  wide  sepai-ation  of  the  volutions,  with  wide  sutures,  that  is 
common  in  T.  vertebroides ;  while  even  in  the  most  thickened  specimens 
the  lower  whorls  show  the  rectangular  fomi  of  the  volutions,  and  usually 
retain  some  evidence  of  the  spiral  lines.  The  general  aspect  as  furnished 
by  these  casts  indicates  a  thin  and  rather  delicate  shell,  instead  of  the 
thick,  heavy  shell  of  T.  vertebroides  and  T.  encrinoides. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks 
Creek,  near  New  Egypt;  at  Upper  Freehold;  Holmdel  and  Walnford, 
New  Jersey. 

TURRITELLA   VERTEBROIDES. 

Plate  XVIII,  Figs.  13-18. 

Turritella  vertebroides  Morton:  Synop.  Org.  Eem.  Cret.,  p.  47,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  13; 
Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  92;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  19;  GeoL 
K  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 

Shell  much  elongated  and  slender,  the  apical  angle  in  an  uncompressed 
internal  cast  of  large  size  being  about  12°;  volutions  slightly  convex  on 
the  exterior,  when  retaining  the  substance  of  the  shell,  nine  or  ten  in  num- 
ber, and  marked  on  the  surface  by  five  or  more  sharply  elevated  spiral 
ridges,  and  apparently  with  finer  lines  on  the  interspaces  and  with  fine 
transverse  lines  of  growth  crossing  them.  Sutures  moderately  distinct, 
but  not  channeled  or  grooved.  Aperture  unknown.  On  the  cast  the  volu- 
tions are  widely  separated,  indicating  a  considerable  thickness  of  shell,  and 
their  form  is  obliquely  rounded,  larger  and  subangular  near  the  lower  mar- 
gin as  they  approach  the  lower  end  of  the  shell,  but  more  distinctly  circular 
and  proportionally  more  slender  in  the  upper  part;  probably  from  the 
greater  thickening  of  the  shell  on  the  inside.  The  surface  features  are  only 
indistinctly  marked  on  the  larger  part  of  the  casts,  a  single  sjDiral  groove 
in  the  upper  part  indicating  a  strong  feature  of  the  shell  at  this  part. 

The  specimens  of  this  species  which  retain  the  surface  features  are 
very  few  and  badly  preserved,  being  mostly  in  a  pyritous  marl  which  rap- 
idly disintegrates  on  exposure.     They  are  usually  fflore  or  less  compressed 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  147 

and  only  a  small  portion  of  the  shell  substance  remains.  The  spiral  lines 
are  usually  distinct,  but  the  minute  transverse  lines  of  growth  which  ought 
to  mark  the  surface  are  only  occasionally  seen.  The  species  has  apparently 
reached  a  pretty  large  size,  one  individual  having  a  length  of  considerably 
more  than  3  inches,  and  is  imperfect  at  each  end.  Dr.  Morton's  figure 
given  in  the  Synopsis  is  more  rapidly  tapering  tnan  any  of  the  examples  I 
have  seen.  Among  the  specimens  borrowed  from  the  collection  at  Phila- 
delphia there  is  a  fragment  which  I  supposed  to  be  the  one  used  and  figured 
by  Dr.  Morton.  It  is  compressed  to  less  than  one-half  of  its  original  diam- 
eter and  is  probably  correspondingly  increased  in  its  rate  of  expansion,  which 
will  in  pai't  account  for  the  outline  of  his  figure.  The  specimen  is  much 
injured  and  is  probably  less  perfect  than  when  Dr.  Morton  used  it.  I  have 
attempted  to  give  a  figure  of  it  as  it  now  is  as  a  record  of  its  existence  and 
condition,  as  it  will  in  all  probability  entirely  decompose  in  a  few  years. 

Formation  and  locality :  Dr.  Morton  gives  only  New  Jersey  and  Alabama 
as  localities.  His  New  Jersey  example  is  probably  from  Upper  Freehold, 
from  whence  I  have  several  examples.  Others  are  from  near  New  Egypt, 
Tmton  Falls,  J.  Banks's  pits  near  Marshall ville,  and  from  J.  S.  Cook's  beds 
near  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey;  all  from  the  Lower  Marls. 

Genus  LAXISPIRA  Gabb. 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  301,  PI.  xvii,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Mr.  Grabb's  description  of  this  genus  is  as  follows:  "Shell  spiral,  dextral, 
whorls  with  a  circular  cross  section,  few  in  number,  and  so  rapidly  descend- 
ing as  to  form  an  open  spiral;  aperture  simple,  lips  thin." 

His  remarks  on  this  genus  are  as  follows,  given  in  full: 

A  curious  genus,  the  relations  of  which  are  not  clear  to  me.  I  propose  it  to 
receive  some  shells  which  have  been  long  known  as  internal  casts  in  the  marls  of 
New  Jersey,  but  of  which  the  surface  was  unknown  until  quite  recently.  In  gen- 
eral form  they  might  be  compared  to  a  partially  uncoiled  Tarritella.  From  that 
genus  they  differ,  however,  in  the  whorls  not  being  in  contact,  and  from  Vermefus 
and  the  allied  genera  in  being  regular  spirals,  but  not  having  the  apex  either  tur- 
ritelloid  or  attached.  Another  analogy,  though  perhaps  only  one  of  external 
resemblance,  might  be  adduced  in  such  shells  as  Euomphalus  circinalis  Goldf.,  or 
in  some  of  the  Delphinulas. 


148  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Of  tlie  two  figures  of  the  only  species  of  this  genus,  given  by  the  author, 
the  larger  one  is  from  an  internal  cast  of  a  fragment  of  a  Turritella,  prob- 
ably T.  vertebroides  Morton,  and  is  given  as  such  on  our  PI.  xviii,  Fig.  18, 
natural  size;  the  other  specimen  can  not  be  found  after  much  search.  The 
specimen  was  quite  small,  being  only  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
length.  It  probably  preserved  the  substance  of  the  shell,  as  all  the  Had- 
donfield  specimens  do,  and  ought  not  to  have  been  misunderstood  by  the 
author  of  the  genus  and  species.  It  would  appear  to  have  been  more 
related  to  Vermehis  than  to  Turritella,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  only  the 
apex  of  a  species  of  that  genus,  or  perhaps  of  a  Serpula.  Still,  as  the  type 
specimen  is  lost,  I  suppose  the  generic  name  must  stand,  for  the  present  at 

least. 

Laxispira  lumbricalis. 

Plate  xvin,  Fig.  35. 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  301,  PI.  xvii, 
Fig.  7. 

As  yet  no  other  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  found  than  those 
used  by  the  author  in  the  original  description,  and  of  these  the  larger  has 
proved  to  be  only  the  internal  cast  of  a  Turritella  and  will  be  found  figured 
as  T.  vertebroides  on  PI.  xviii,  Fig.  18.  The  other  specimen  is  lost,  conse- 
quently I  can  give  no  description  of  it  from  personal  examination.  I 
therefore  copy  below  Mr.  Gabb's  original  description: 

Shell  with  a  circulai'  cross  section;  whorls  about  as  far  apart  as  the  diameter 
of  the  whorls,  three  or  four  in  number;  surface  marked  by  numerous  small, 
closely  placed  revolving  i-ibs. 

Mr.  Gabb,  in  his  remarks  following  the  above  description,  refers  the 
large  casts  doubtfully  to  the  same  species  as  the  "small  specimen  from  the 
Ripley  Marls,  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,"  from  which  the  description 
was  made.  Mr.  Gabb's  figure  of  the  small  specimen  is  also  copied.  It  is 
greatly  enlarged  from  the  specimen,  which  was  only  about  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  length,  and  probably  preserved  the  shell.  What  the  small  speci- 
men may  have  been  I  have  no  means  of  knowing  other  than  the  author's 
description  and  remarks,  but  presume  it  may  have  b^QU  the  apical  portion 
of  a  Vermetiis  or  Serpula. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  149 

Formation  and  locality:  From  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  at 
Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

VERMETIDiE. 
Genus  SILIQUARIA  Brug. 

SiLIQUARIA   PAUPEEATA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  xvni,  Figs.  26-28. 

A  few  specimens  only  of  casts  of  tubes  referable  to  this  genus  have 
come  under  my  notice.  Two  of  them  are  coiled  and  retain  the  younger 
parts  of  the  specimens,  while  most  of  them  are  only  fragments  represent- 
ing medium  sized  parts  of  the  tubes,  or  parts  from  the  large  irregularly 
coiled  portions.  The  tube  is  very  gradually  tapering,  and  either  compactly 
or  loosely  coiled  in  the  upper  part;  but  all  show  their  relations  to  the  genus 
Siliquaria,  by  the  narrow  ridge  left  along  the  upper  side  of  the  tube  by  the 
material  which  has  filled  the  slit.  There  is  no  distinctive  feature  repre- 
sented on  the  specimens  by  which  they  can  be  distinguished  from  casts  of 
other  species  of  the  genus;  and,  as  no  evidence  of  the  siu-face  characters 
are  preserved,  no  data  for  comjjarison  is  left. 

Some  of  the  specimens  included  under  the  species  are  marked  on  the 
label  accompanying  them  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  as 
types  of  Mr.  Gabb's  Laxispira  himbricalis,  Avhich  species  is  also  the  type 
of  the  genus  Laxispira.  I  can  not,  however,  feel  satisfied  that  they  were 
ever  used  by  Mr.  Grabb  as  such,  nor  do  I  see  how  he  could  have  con- 
structed the  figure  given  of  that  species  and  genus  from  the  specimen  in 
question;  as  there  certainly  is  no  evidence  of  the  longitudinal  striae  there 
represented  on  the  specimen  which  I  have  figured  on  PL  xviii,  and  which 
is  the  best  of  those  on  the  card  labeled  with  that  name,  and  marked 
"types." 

Formation  and  locality:  Some  of  the  specimens  are  marked  as  coming 
from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  collected  by  T.  A.  Conrad;  others  were 
associated  with  specimens  without  definite  locality,  but  mostly  Lower  Marl 
fossils. 


150  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

EULIMID^. 

Genus  LEIOSTRACA^  H.  and  A.  Adams. 
Leiostraca    cretacea. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  3-5. 
Eulima  cretacea  Conrad:  Am.  Joiir.  Conch..,  vol.  5,  p.  100,  PI.  ix.  Fig.  15. 

Shell  small,  slender,  subulate,  spire  very  much  elevated,  smooth  and 
polished;  volutions  nine  or  more  (eleven,  Conrad),  flattened  between  the 
sutures,  the  upper  edge  of  any  volution  slightly  smaller  than  the  lower  edge 
of  the  one  immediately  above  it,  making  the  sutures  remarkably  distinct 
for  a  shell  of  this  group;  body  volution  rounded  subangular  in  the  lower 
part  and  rather  rapidly  contracted  below  to  the  short  columella;  aperture 
ovate-elliptical,  acute  above  and  rounded  below;  outer  lip  thin  and  sharp, 
inner  lip  smooth,  without  callus  or  ridges;  surface  polished,  entirely  desti- 
tute of  lines  or  other  markings.  On  one  individual,  on  which  the  lip  is  broken 
away  for  one-third  of  the  volution,  there  occurs  a  distinct  spiral  ridge  above 
the  columella  proper  and  just  below  the  junction  of  the  outer  lip  with  the 
body  of  the  volution,  within  the  aperture. 

This  small  but  beautiful  shell  presents  the  general  appearance  of  the 
genus  Eulima  Risso.,  except  that  the  spire  is  straight,  and  there  are  no  e\\- 
dences  of  the  periodic  mouths  common  to  that  genus.  In  the  form  of  the 
aperture  it  more  closely  resembles  Leiostraca,  but  the  volutions  are  more 
decidedly  flattened  externally  between  the  sutures.  It  seems  to  be  more 
nearly  related  to  this  latter  genus  than  to  any  other  established  one.  But 
if  the  ridge  found  within  the  aperture  of  one  of  the  individuals  should 
prove  to  be  a  constant  feature,  it  would  deserve  a  separate  generic  name. 
This  ridge,  occurring  as  it  does  just  below  the  top  of  the  aperture  on  the 
inner  side,  is  peculiar,  and  may  possibly  be  an  accidental  feature  of  the 
individual;  but  I  can  not  verify  it  without  destroying  the  borrowed  speci- 
men. Mr.  Conrad  remarks  tinder  his  description  of  the  species  that  it  is 
"distinguished  by  the  whorls  of  the  spire  suddenly  curving  inward  above 
the  suture."  This  feature  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  coiling  of  the  volu- 
tion is  just  below  the  swell  of  the  one  above,  but  is  seen  distinctly  only  on 


GASTEltOPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  151 

one  individual.  He  also  states  that  the  whorls  are  "  slightly  truncated  at 
base  except  the  last  one."  I  may  misunderstand  this  expression,  but  if,  as 
I  suppose,  he  means  that  the  columella  is  truncated,  I  think  he  is  wrong,  as 
there  is  no  evidence  whatever  of  such  a  feature,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  un- 
derstand how  he  could  determine  the  form  of  the  base  of  the  volution  from 
any  "except  the  last." 

Formation  and  locality:  From  the  micaceous  clay  at  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Green  Marls  at  Haddontield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  of  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

PYRAMIDELLID^. 

Genus  OBELISCUS  Humphrey. 

Obeliscus  conellus,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIX,  Fig.  1. 

Shell  minute,  the  extreme  length  of  the  only  specimen  known  being 
only  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch.  Apical  angle  38°  or  40°,  giving  a  sharply 
conical  spire;  volutions  five  in  number,  very  slightly  scaliform,  with  chan- 
neled sutures,  but  with  the  surface  of  the  volution  flattened  in  the  direction 
of  the  spire;  apex  apparently  rounded;  body  volution  subangular  at  the 
line  of  contact  with  the  lip;  aperture  acute-ovate,  sharp  at  the  upper  mar- 
gin, and  possibly  pointed  below  (the  specimen  is  imperfect  at  the  base) ; 
columella  slender,  rounded,  slightly  prolonged ;  marked  by  a  proportionally 
very  strong,  tooth-like  ridge  just  below  the  swell  of  the  volution;  outer 
lip  of  the  aperture  sharp;  axis  imperforate;  surface  smooth,  but  not  pol- 
ished on  the  specimen,  though  the  dullness  present  may  be  the  effect  of 
solution. 

The  very  small  size  of  the  specimen  would  indicate  that  it  was  imma- 
ture, which  may  very  likely  be  the  case,  still  in  this  genus  of  shells  the 
generic  and  often  the  specific  features  are  present  even  on  very  young- 
individuals,  so  that  in  the  event  of  larger  specimens  of  this  one  being  found 
they  will  be  readily  recognized.  I  do  not  know  that  the  genus  has  been 
recognized  in  the  Cretaceous  of  this  country  before,  although  the  allied 
form  Pyramidella  is  supposed  to  extend  as  low. 


152  rALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  dark  micaceous  clays  beneath  the  Lower 
Green  Marls  at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.,  where  it  was  found  in  the  tray  with  Leiostrica  cretacea  Conrad. 

LITTORINID^. 

Genus  MODULUS  Gmelin. 

Modulus  lapidosa,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XVII,  Figs.  6-8. 

Delphinnla  ?  lapidosa  (Mort.)  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  18;  Geol. 

N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 
Straparolus  lapidosus  Gabb  (in  part):  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,Pliila.,  vol.  4,  2d  ser., 

p.  .300,  PI.  XLViii,  Fig.  5;  but  not  of  Synopsis  and  subsequent  publications. 
Not  Delphinida  lapidosa  Morton:  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  46,  PI.  xix,  Fig.  7, 

and  Gabb's  Synopsis,  p.  48. 

Shell  rather  small,  subdiscoid  above,  with  a  flattened  or  but  slightly 
convex  spire,  as  seen  in  the  internal  casts,  and  a  broadly  rounded  outer 
margin  to  the  volutions  and  very  shallow  base.  Volutions  three  or  more, 
rather  rapidly  increasing  in  size,  the  last  one  slightly  spreading  at  the  aper- 
ture. Sutures  very  distinct.  Umbilicus  moderately  large  and  the  margin 
sharply  carinate ;  also  showing  a  strong  groove  along  the  base  on  the  inside, 
indicating  the  existence  of  quite  a  strong  spiral  ridge  on  the  inside  of  the 
aperture  of  the  shell  just  above  the  base.  The  aperture  has  been  propor- 
tionally large,  higher  than  wide,  obliquely  subovate,  rounded  above  and 
pointed  at  the  base  of  the  inner  lip,  with  the  spiral  ridge  as  above  described 
just  above  the  base;  surface  unknown. 

The  casts  of  this  species  have  the  features  of  the  genus  Delpliinula,  with 
the  additional  one  of  the  tooth-like  ridge  on  the  columellar  lip  a  little  above 
its  base.  In  this  feature  it  agrees  most  nearly  with  the  characters  of  the 
genus  Modulus  Gmelin,  and  none  of  the  other  features  yet  known  to  belong 
to  it  would  disagree  with  those  of  that  genus.  I  have  before  me  casts  of 
four  individuals  more  or  less  imperfect,  but  all  showing  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner the  groove  left  by  this  tooth-like  ridge  and  the  angular  base  of  the 
aperture.     For  this  reason  I  conclude  to  place  this  species  under  the  genus 


Gasteropoda  of  the  lower  green  marls.  153 

Modulus,  as  being  more  probably  its  true  position  than  elsewhere.  Although 
the  surface  characters  of  the  shell  are  really  unknown,  there  are  slight  evi- 
dences on  one  of  them  of  the  shell  having  been  thin,  with  a  transverse 
lamellose  structure  within  and  near  the  umbilicus.  There  are  also  faint 
indications  of  a  few  distant  subangular  spiral  ridges  on  and  below  the 
periphery  of  the  outer  volution  of  the  best  cast. 

This  shell  has  been  usually  identified  with  DelpMnula  lapidosa  Morton, 
the  type  of  which  was  from  Alabama,  and  is  figured  on  the  plate  with  this 
one  for  comparison.  It  will  be  seen  from  that,  that  the  difference  in  form 
of  the  cast,  the  size  and  character  of  the  umbilicus,  and  want  of  tooth, 
entirely  separate  them  generically. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimens  are  from  the  collection  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  are  marked  as  "Cretaceous,  N.  J.,"  only.  They,  how- 
ever, are  evidently  from  the  Lower  Marl  bed,  and  from  their  lithological 
character  I  should  say  three  of  them  were  from  the  brown  layers  near  Bur- 
lington, and  the  other,  the  figured  example,  from  near  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Jersey. 

Order  SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 
Suborder  EDRIOPHTHALMA. 

PATELLID^. 

Genus  HELCION  Montfort. 

HeLCION    ?   TENTORIUM. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  6-8. 

Patella  tentorium  Morton :  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  50,  PI.  i.  Fig.  11. 

Helcion  tentorium  (Mort.)  D'Orb.,  Prod,  de  PaMont.,  vol.  2,  p.  232;  Gabb,  Syn- 
opsis, p.  57 ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  17. 

Hipponyx  tentorium,  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,vol.  8,  p. 
210. 

Halcyon  ?  tentorium  (Mort.)  Meek :  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 

Shell  small,  orbicular  or  subcircular  in  outline,  being  slightly  longer 
than  wide,  and  measuring  about  half  an  inch  in  length;  very  depressed 


154  PALBONTOLOaY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

conical  with  a  slightly  anterior  but  nearly  snbcentral  apex  which  is  ele- 
vated above  the  margin  equal  to  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
sides  and  anterior  end  of  the  shell  slightly  concave  between  the  apex  and 
margin,  and  slightly  convex  along  the  posterior  side.  Surface  marked  by 
elevated,  rounded,  radiating  costae,  which  are  rather  wider  than  the  inter- 
spaces and  gradually  increasing  in  size  toward  the  margin  of  the  shell,  but 
are  constantly  increased  in  number,  both  by  bifurcation  and  by  implantation. 
The  radii  are  crossed  by  very  fine  concentric  lines,  but  toward  the  margin 
of  the  shell  these  increase  in  strength  so  as  to  become  distinct  crenulations 
on  the  top  of  the  radii,  and  are  nearly  or  quite  one-half  as  strong  as  the 
radii  themselves. 

This  shell  has  some  peculiar  features  about  it  which  makes  me  quite 
doubtful  as  to  its  true  generic  relations.  In  the  first  place,  the  substance 
of  the  shell  is  unlike  that  of  a  gasteropod,  and  appears  almost  as  if  it  might 
have  been  phosphatic  in  nature.  The  apex  of  the  specimen  is  worn  away, 
and  the  substance  of  the  shell  partially  exfoliated  for  some  distance  below, 
as  well  as  being  apparently  partially  replaced  or  infiltrated  with  iron  in  the 
condition  of  a  sesquioxide.  It  has  much  the  character  of  a  Crania  also,  and 
I  have  been  strongly  inclined  to  consider  it  as  one,  especially  as  it  appears 
to  have  been  attached  to  another  shell,  Pecten,  although  this  might  also  be 
the  case,  perhaps,  with  a  gasteropod  of  the  nature  of  Helcion,  or  more  par- 
ticularly so  of  Hipponyx,  to  which  genus  it  appears  to  have  been  referred 
by  some  one,  I  think  by  Mr.  Conrad,  in  whose  handwriting,  apparently, 
the  reference  is  made  on  the  accompanying  label.  As  it,  however,  is  repre- 
sented only  by  a  single  specimen,  and  that  one  Dr.  Morton's  type,  I  have 
not  felt  at  liberty  to  manipulate  it  in  any  manner  to  ascertain  its  true  nature. 
It  agrees,  as  far  as  the  specimen  shows,  with  the  genus  to  which  I  have 
refeiTed  it,  except  in  its  texture.  So,  for  want  of  more  definite  evidence  as 
to  its  true  nature,  I  leave  it  as  placed  by  D'Orbigny. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Marls  near  Arneytown,  New  Jer- 
sey.    The  specimen  is  the  property  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  155 

Subclass  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 

Order  TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

TORNATELLID^. 

Genus  Action  Montf.  {=Tornatella  Lam.) 

ACTJEON  SUBOVOIDES,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs  14-16. 
Shell  longitudinally  subovate,  with  a  very  short, -obtuse  spire;  num- 
ber of  volutions  undeterminable  from  the  imperfection  of  the  specnnen; 
body  volution  gently  convex  and  constituting  the  greater  bulk  of  the  speci- 
men- apertinre  elongate  elliptical,  fully  three  times  as  long  as  wide,  rounded 
below  and  acute  above,  measm-ing  about  four-fifths  as  long  as  the  body 
volution,  taken  on  the  same  side  as  the  aperture;  columella,  as  seen  m  the 
casts,  apparently  marked  by  two  folds,  both  of  which  are  rather  obscure 
and  seen  only  as  shght  impressions  on  the  surface  of  the  columellar  cavity, 
and  quite  high,  so  as  to  be  invisible  in  a  drawing  of  the  aperture;  surface 
marked  by  rather  fine,  spiral  lines,  coarser  on  the  lower  part  than  above 
and  the  surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  a  rather  broad  depressed  spiral  band 
or  groove,  a  little  below  the  suture.     Indications  of  transverse  lines  oi 

growth  are  extremely  faint.  _    ,     .  ,        ..re       ■     ^^ 

This  species  approaches  most  nearly  to  A.  Forhes^,  but  differs  m  the 
general  form,  being  more  oval  and  less  heavy  below,  and  in  the  upward 
Wth  of  the  aperture,  which  is  not  nearly  so  high  as  in  that  one.  It  also 
differs  very  materially  in  the  form  and  position  of  the  fold  of  the  columella, 
which  will  be  readily  seen  on  comparing  the  figures.  ^     ,      ,  .,  , 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  came  to  me  from  the  Acad.  N^i 
Sci  Phila ,  where  it  was  found  with  an  old  label  indicating  it  as  a  type  of 
A  "ovoicles  Gabb,  and  at  first  was  used  under  that  title,  although  differing 
very  materially  in  proportion  from  the  measurements  given  by  Mr.  Gabb. 
Subsequently  the  true  type  of  that  species  was  discovered  with  the  authors 
own  label,  and  was  found  to  be  very  distinct  from  this  one,  ai.d  is  an 
Avelana,  consequently  leaving  this  to  be  classed  as  a  new  species.     The 


156  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

label  found  with  this  one  indicated  no  locality,  but  from  the  character  of 
material  it  would  appear  to  have  come  from  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  and 
consequently  would  pertain  to  the  Lower  Marl  Bed. 

Action  Gabbana,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  23-25. 

ActcRonina  hipUcata  (M.  &  H.)  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  PMla.,  1860,  p.  93, 

PL  II,  Fig.  13. 
Solidula  biplicata  (M.  &  H.  sp.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  38. 
Solidula  hiplicata    (Gabb)  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  17;  Geol.  N. 

J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 
Actceon  hiplieaia  (Gabb  sp.)  Meek:  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  Invert  Pal.,  pp. 

281,  382. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate  ovate  or  subcylindrical  in  outline,  spire 
moderately  elevated,  entire  length  and  number  of  volutions  tmknown. 
Body  volution  cylindrical  in  the  upper  half,  obtusely  rounded  below.  Ap- 
erture narrow,  pointed  and  very  contracted  above  and  rounded  below,  about 
four-fifths  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  body  volution,  measured  on  the  same 
side.  Columella  slightly  twisted  below  and  marked  by  a  single  tooth  near 
the  base,  as  determined  by  the  groove  showing  on  the  cast.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  fine  spiral  lines,  the  number  undeterminable  from  the  speci- 
mens examined. 

The  species  is  known  only  from  two  individual  casts,  both  of  which 
appear  to  have  been  used  by  Mr.  Gabb  in  his  original  investigations.  I 
can  not,  however,  ascertain  the  existence  of  more  than  a  single  tooth  on 
the  columella  from  the  specimens,  as  they  show  only  a  single  groove  left 
by  the  removal  of  the  substance  of  the  shell.  The  sjjecimens  are  also  both 
imperfect  in  the  upper  part  of  the  spire,  so  that  the  entire  height  is  not 
ascertainable.  The  shell  is,  however,  so  distinct  in  its  proportion  from  any 
other  from  the  New  Jersey  formations,  that  there  is  no  chance  of  confound- 
ing it  with  them.  There  appears  to  have  been  some  confusion  in  the  author's 
mind  in  regard  to  the  specific  relations  of  this  shell,  when  the  name 
Actonina  hiplicata  was  applied ;  and  also  subsequently,  as  he  refers  it  to  a 
species   described  by  Meek  and  Hayden  from  Nebraska.     These  latter 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  157 

gentlemen,  however,  disclaim  the  responsibility  of  the  name,  and  as  none 
such  appear  in  any  of  their  works,  we  can  only  conclude  that  Mr.  Gabb 
was  in  some  way  confused,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Meek  in  his  Invert.  Pa- 
leont.  of  the  Territories,  that  Mr.  Grabb  intended  to  refer  it  to  A.  attenuata; 
but  it  certainly  is  a  very  distinct  species  and  can  never  have  had  so  ele- 
vated a  spire  as  that  one.  As  the  name  A.  hiplicata  has  been  previously 
used  by  D'Orbigny  for  a  very  distinct  species,  and  as  this  one  appears  to 
be  a  true  Actceon,  I  see  no  way  to  avoid  a  change  of  name  in  this  case, 
and  therefore  propose  the  name  Actceon  Gabbana  as  a  substitute  for  that 
used  by  Mr.  Grabb. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls.  The  specimen  is 
labeled  "  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,"  and  is  from  a  green  marl,  and  may 
have  come  from  below  the  middle  marl  bed  at  that  place.  In  the  col- 
lection Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Action  Forbesiana,  n.  sp 

Plate  XIX,  Figs.  17-32. 

Tornatella.     Lyell  and  Forbes:  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  vol.  1,  1845,  p.  63, 
Fig.  c. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size  for  the  genus,  broadly  ovate  or  ovoid 
in  outline,  spire  short,  obtusely  rounded,  middle  portion  of  the  shell  sub- 
cylindrical  and  the  base  obtusely  pointed,  having  nearly  the  same  angle 
as  that  of  the  spire.  Volutions  from  four  to  five  in  number,  closely  coiled 
and  rising  but  slightly  one  above  another;  body  volution  very  slightly 
chamfered  just  below  the  suture,  presenting  an  almost  imperceptible  angle 
a  little  below  the  suture,  below  which  it  is  nearly  cylindrical  to  below 
the  middle  of  its  length,  and  obtusely  pointed  at  the  lower  extremity. 
Aperture  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell,  and  considerably  longer  than 
the  diameter  of  the  body  volution,  very  narrow  at  the  upper  part,  but 
gradually  widening  below,  rounded  in  front.  Columella  comparatively 
strong,  bearing  a  single  oblique  ridge  near  the  middle  of  its  length,  and 
having  the  margin  thickened  below  it,  and  around  the  base  of  the  aper- 
ture, as  seen  by  the  impression  of  these  features  on  the  internal  casts. 
Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  rather  fine,  closely  arranged,  spiral  lines, 


158  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

which  may  have  been  punctate  on  the  shell,  as  on  one  of  the  casts  there 
are  indications  of  such  a  feature  having  existed;  this,  however,  is  by  no 
means  certain.  No  transverse  markings,  other  than  perhaps  fine  lines  of 
growth,  are  indicated  on  any  of  the  specimens  present. 

The  species  differs  from  any  of  the  associated  forms  in  tha  propor- 
tions of  the  shell,  being  much  more  robust  than  in  AdcBon  Gahhana,  and 
much  less  so  than  A.  hullata.  In  fact  it  is  of  a  very  different  type  from 
the  latter  species.  It  bears  some  relation  to  Adceon  ovoidea  Gabb,  but  is 
a  much  shorter  and  smaller  species,  and  has  been  entirely  destitute  of  the 
broad  longitudinal  ribs  credited  to  that  one;  nor  has  it  had  a  second  fold 
on  the  columella  in  advance  of  a  "large  broadly  rounded"  one  as  de- 
scribed on  that  shell,  the  fold  being  quite  faint  and  slight  on  all  the 
specimens  examined.  The  figure  given  by  Lyell  and  Forbes  above  cited 
is  quite  characteristic,  and  shows  a  somewhat  larger  individual  than  any 
which  I  have  seen. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mr.  C.  Bruere's 
pits,  near  Walnford,  New  Jersey,  and  probably  from  Crosswicks  Creek, 
and  in  the  white  limestone  layers  at  Marlborough,  New  Jersey;  the  lat- 
ter two  localities  I  assign  to  some  specimens  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  from  their  lithological  characters;  no  locality  further  than 
"N.  J."  being  found  with  them. 

AcT.a:oN  cretacea. 
Plate  XIX,  Fig.  9-12. 

AdcBon  cretacea  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  318;  Meek,  Check 

List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  17;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 
Compare  A.  ovidea  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  319. 

Shell  smaller  than  that  of  A.  ovoidea,  but  very  similar  in  form  and 
proportions,  being  somewhat  more  pointed  below  the  middle  and  at  the 
base.  There  is  considerable  difference  between  the  descriptions  of  the  two 
species  as  given  by  Mr.  Gabb,  and  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  tell  which  of 
the  forms  he  has  had  in  hand  when  writing  them,  except  for  the  difference 
in  size;  for  a  part  of  each  description  applies  best  to  one  and  the  other 
part  to  the  other,  in  each  case;  while  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  consider 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  159 

them  identical,  I  have  taken  them  as  they  are  identified  and  labeled  in  the 
collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  partly  from  his  descriptions.  In  his 
comparisons  m^der  A.  ovoidea  he  says  that  species  can  be  distinguished  from 
this  one  by  "the  proportionate  length  of  the  mouth,  and  narrowness  of  the 
body  whorl,  and  the  acute  upper  edge  of  the  whorl."  The  proportional 
length  of  the  mouth  is  nearly  as  given  in  his  description,  i.  e.,  less  in  this 
one.  The  volutions  are  more  acute  also  in  that  one,  while  the  proportional 
diameter  of  the  body  volution  of  the  two  species  is  very  nearly  the  same 
in  both.  The  width  of  the  aperture  is  also  greater  here  than  in  A.  ovoidea; 
in  these  respects  they  nearly  agree  with  his  statements.  The  author 
remarks  that  in  this  species  (A.  cretaced)  there  are  two  folds  on  the  colum- 
ella," the  upper  one  heavy  and  rounded,  lower  or  anterior  one  obsolete." 
If  the  lower  one  is  obsolete,  which  it  certainly  is  in  the  specimen  here  used, 
which  is  one  of  the  types,  it  can  not  exist;  therefore  there  is  only  one,  and 
not  two  as  he  describes.  In  the  other  species  a  similar  error  is  made,  as  to 
the  relative  size  of  the  folds  as  the  anterior  one  is  barely  distinguishable 
on  the  specimen,  which  is  also  one  of  those  used  in  the  original  description. 
Mr.  Gabb  also  states  that  on  one  of  the  casts  of  this  species  "the  colum- 
ellar  edge  of  the  body  whorl"  "is  marked  by  acute  angular  striae,  one 
branch  extending  directly  upwards  on  the  outside  of  the  whorls  [inside  of 
the  shell],  and  soon  becomes  obsolete;  the  other  branch  runs  into  the 
columellar  cavity."  This  feature  I  can  not  understand,  as  the  specimen  is 
not  before  me,  but  I  think  that  by  some  accident  the  description  in  this 
connection  has  become  mutilated  in  the  printer's  hands,  and  has  escaped 
notice  in  proof-reading.  In  remarks  below  the  description  he  states  that 
from  a  cast  of  the  surface  he  believes  the  exterior  to  be  smooth.  As  it 
appears  that  I  have  not  seen  all  the  specimens  used  by  the  author,  I  have 
retained  the  name  of  the  species  and  its  identity,  thinking  it  probably  may 
be  satisfactorily  identified  at  some  future  time. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marl  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


160  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Genus  GLOBICONCHA  D'Orb. 

Globiconcha  (Tylostoma)  curta. 

Plate  XIX,  Figs.  26,  37. 

Globiconcha  curta  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  .319 ;  Meek,  Geol. 
N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  738. 

Mr.  Meek  cites  this  as  a  New  Jersey  species  in  his  list,  given  in  the 
Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728,  but  gives  no  authority  for  its  occurrence. 
Therefore  I  must  suppose  he  had  himself  identified  it  among  New  Jersey 
fossils.  The  species  was  originally  described  from  specimens  obtained  from 
Comanche  Peak,  Texas,  and  is  a  form  which  I  have  not  seen  represented 
from  localities  north  of  that  State.  The  species  is  a  small  globose  one,  rep- 
resented only  by  internal  casts,  and  seldom  exceeding  five-eighths  of  an  inch 
in  extreme  length.  The  specimens  are  always  slightly  compressed  and  are 
usually  marked  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  varix  on  each  side  of  the 
spire,  one  of  them  being  on  a  line  with  the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture,  showing 
that  they  belong  to  the  genus  Tylostoma  Sharp.  The  varices  are,  however, 
often,  and  perhaps  generally,  stronger  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  The 
volutions  are  about  four  in  number  and  quite  ventricose,  the  last  one  forming 
the  greater  bulk  of  the  shell.  I  have  not  been  able  to  determine  if  there  is 
any  ridge  or  tooth  in  the  aperture  other  than  that  formed  by  the  last  varix 
on  the  volution,  which  enters  the  aperture  just  above  the  base  of  the  lip. 
The  examples  which  I  have  examined  are  from  Bell  County,  Texas,  and  do 
not  show  any  remains  of  surface  structure ;  but  the  form  of  the  shell  is  so 
peculiar  that  there  will  be  but  little  risk  of  mistaking  it,  should  specimens 
of  it  be  found  among  the  casts  from  within  the  State.  I  have  given  a  figure 
of  the  Texas  shell  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  its  determination,  should  it  be 
found,  seeing  that  it  has  already  been  given  in  the  State  reports  as  a  New 
Jersey  species  by  so  good  an  authority  as  Mr.  Meek, 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  161 

Genus  CINULIA  Grey. 
CiNULiA  (Oligoptycha)  naticoides. 
Plate  XIX,  Figs.  38-30. 

Adceonina  naticoides  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  399, 
PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  3;  Meek,  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  738. 

Solidula  naticoides  Gabb :  Synopsis,  p.  38. 

Cinulia  {?)  naticoides  (Gabb)  Meek:  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  16  ; 
Stoliczka  Ind.  Geol.  Surv.,  Pal.  Indica,  Cret.  Fauna  South.  Ind.,  vol.  3,  p.  411. 

Shell  small,  less  than  half  an  inch  in  height;  globular  in  outline  and 
consisting  of  about  three  volutions.  Spire  low,  nearly  conforming  to  the 
rotundity  of  the  body  volution;  columella  short,  axis  imperforate  in  the 
shell,  aperture  ovate,  moderately  large,  widest  below,  about  two-thirds  as 
high  as  the  body  volution;  outer  lip  thickened  and  strongly  crenulate  within. 
Columellar  lip  said  by  Mr.  Grabb  to  possess  "two  plates,"  but  upon  the  casts 
before  me  I  can  not  find  evidence  of  more  than  a  single  one,  and  that  one 
projects  horizontally  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  columella.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  closely  arranged,  spiral  lines,  of  which  twenty-eight 
to  thirty  may  be  counted  on  the  body  volution.  These  lines  on  the  cast 
are  rounded,  elevated  ribs,  separated  by  equally  wide  concave  grooves. 

This  is  a  remarkably  pretty  s^Decies  even  in  the  condition  of  internal 
casts,  the  only  state  of  preservation  in  which  I  have  seen  it.  It  somewhat 
resembles  Adceon  concinnus  H.  &  M.,  from  the  Upper  Missouri  Cretaceous, 
but  is  very  much  larger  than  any  of  that  species  which  I  have  seen,  and 
has  the  mouth  very  much  wider  in  proportion.  The  surface  of  this  shell 
may  have  had  the  lines  punctured  as  in  that  one,  but  there  is  no  distinct 
evidence  of  it  on  the  several  casts  examined;  although  there  is  a  tendency 
to  a  crenulation  of  the  ridges,  which  appears  to  have  been  caused  by  trans- 
verse lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture.  It  corresponds 
very  much  more  closely  to  A.  concinnus  M.  &  H.  than  Mr.  Gabb  supposed, 
as  it  has  but  one  tooth,  instead  of  two  as  he  stated,  unless  he  had  a  different 
species  in  hand,  which  is  scarcely  possible.  Most  of  these  casts  show  only 
a  slight  ridge  in  place  of  the  tooth,  but  a  single  cast,  figm-ed,  shows  the 
cavity  unmistakably. 

MON.   XVlll 11 


1(J2  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  Lower  Marl  beds  in  Monmouth  County. 
Mr.  Gabb's  specimens  were  from  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey,  and  there  are 
specimens  in  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  from  near  Burlington, 
New  Jersey. 

CiNULIA    OVOIDEA. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Act(Bon  ovoidea  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  319;  Meek,  Check 
List  Cret.  and  Jiir.  Foss.,  p.  17;  Geol.,  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 

Shell  rather  large,  broadly  ovoid  or  subglobose  in  general  form,  with  a 
moderately  elevated  spire,  which  is  rounded  rather  than  pointed;  volutions 
about  four  or  perhaps  four  and  a  half,  with  distinctly  marked  sutures  in  the 
cast;  body  volution  large,  forming  almost  the  entire  bulk,  and  about  nine- 
tenths  of  the  entire  height  of  the  shell,  quite  convex  in  the  middle  and 
slightly  pointed  below,  with  a  broad  depressed,  obscure  furrow  below  the 
top;  aperture  large,  rather  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  principal 
volution  on  the  apertural  side  of  the  shell,  pointed  at  the  upper  end,  and 
moderately  increasing  to  below  the  middle  of  its  length;  obtusely  pointed 
below  but  wider  than  above.  The  columella  has  been  strong,  judging  from 
the  size  of  the  perforation  left  by  its  removal,  and  furnished  with  a  single 
moderately  strong  tooth  near  the  middle,  with  an  indistinct  line  below  just 
above  the  margin  of  the  apei-ture ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked,  as  obscurely 
indicated  on  the  cast,  by  a  few  rather  broad  spiral  lines,  the  upper  one  on 
one  specimen  having  quite  a  distinct  depression  below  the  upper  margin, 
except  on  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution,  and  is  probably  the  result  of 
accident. 

This  species  is  most  nearly  related  to  Solidula  bullata  =  Tornatellaf  hul- 
lata  Morton,  in  size  and  general  form.  It  is,  however,  somewhat  more 
erect,  has  a  rather  higher  spire,  coarser  surface  markings;  is  somewhat  less 
ventricose,  has  a  stronger  columella,  which  is  marked  by  only  a  single  spiral 
ridge  of  less  size  than  on  that  species.  There  is  also  no  indication  of  the 
extension  upward  of  the  last  volution  near  the  aperture,  as  shown  on  speci- 
mens of  that  species,  nor  of  any  thickening  of  the  outer  lip.  It  is  readily 
distinguished  from  any  of  the  others  from  New  Jersey  except  A.  cretacea 


GASTEEOPODA  OF  THE  LOWEE  GEBEN  MAELS.  163 

Glabb,  from  which  it  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  it.  The  specimens  of 
that  species  used  by  Mr.  Gabb  are,  however,  a  httle  more  slender  or  pointed 
in  the  lower  part. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Genus  AVELLANA  D'Orb. 

AVELLANA  BULLATA. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  1-4. 

Tornatella  ?  hullata  Morton:  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  48,  PL  v,  Fig.  3. 
SoUdula  bullata  (Morton)  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  p.  81;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 
Foss.,  p.  17;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  738. 

Shell  large  for  the  genus,  attaining  fully  an  inch  in  length;  very 
globose,  the  diameter  being  nearly  as  great  as  the  height,  at  lea^t  equal- 
ing seven-eighths  of  the  height.  Spire  low  and  rounded,  and  the  base 
only  slightly  more  pointed.  Volutions  between  three  and  four  in  num- 
ber, the  outer  half  of  the  last  one  more  abruptly  deflected  downward  at 
the  suture  than  the  preceding  ones,  but  again  elevated  near  the  aperture. 
Aperture  narrow,  pointed  above  and  widest  below  and  rounded;  the  length 
equal  to  about  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell;  columellar 
margin  thickened  and  marked  by  horizontal  ridges  on  the  upper  two- 
thirds  of  its  length,  and  by  two  very  strong,  ridge-like  teeth  or  plica- 
tions below  the  middle,  the  upper  of  which  is  the  stronger.  Base  and 
outer  lip  slightly  thickened.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  shown  on  the  cast, 
marked  by  fine  spiral  lines,  and  by  transverse  lines  of  growth.  Of  the 
spiral  lines  about  thirty  may  be  counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl 
of  the  larger  individual,  those  near  the  base  being  coarser  than  those  above, 
but  gradually  becoming  fainter  in  strength.  On  one  of  Dr.  Morton's  types 
the  transverse  lines  are  regular  and  but  little  less  strongly  marked  than  the 
spiral  lines,  so  that  the  surface  under  a  glass  looks  to  be  cut  up  into  small 
nearly  equal  solid  nodes. 

The  species  is  remarkable  for  its  large  size  and  globose  form,  and  also 
among  the  New  Jersey  forms  for  the  strong  columellar  folds  or  plaits,  the 
upper  of  which  is  much  the  largest.     The  horizontal  line-like  granules  of 


164  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

the  columellar  lip  are  also  somewhat  remarkable,  and  would  seem  to  ally 
the  shell  with  the  geaus  Cinulia  Grey  as  nearly  as  with  SoUdula.  In  fact, 
I  have  been  strongly  inclined  to  place  it  under  that  genus.  The  deflection 
of  the  upper  margin  of  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl,  by  which  a  very 
much  greater  proportion  of  the  preceding  whorl  is  exposed  on  that  side,  is 
also  a  marked  feature. 

Formation  and  locality :  Dr.  Morton  gives  only  "New  Jersey"  as  the 
locality.  The  specimens  are  frorri  a  brownish  marl  with  green  grains,  and 
resembles  that  of  the  brown  beds  near  Burlington  and  MuUica  Hill,  New 
Jersey,  and  I  think  are  most  probably  from  the  former  place.  I  have  not 
seen  any  other  specimens  than  the  types,  which  are  from  the  collection 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila, 

CYLICHNID^. 

Genus  CYLICHNA  Loven. 

Cylichna  recta. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  10,  11. 

Bulla  recta  Gabb :  Jom-.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d.  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  302,  PI.  xlviii. 

Fig.  16  ;  Fig.  17  on  Plate. 
Cylichna  recta  Gabb :  Synopsis,  p.  4-7  ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss. ,  p. 

16;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 

Shell  small,  measuring  only  about  half  an  inch  in  extreme  length,  form 
cylindrical,  largest  below,  with  nearly  straight  sides;  spire  deeply  sunken 
in  the  cast;  aperture  large  and  the  lip  nearly  straight  on  the  sides,  but 
gradually  expanding  below;  columella  curved;  surface  unknown. 

This  small  species  is  the  only  one  yet  found  in  the  New  Jersey  Creta- 
ceous, and  appears  to  be  very  rare,  as  the  type  specimen  is  the  only  one  yet 
known,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn.  Mr.  Meek  has  recognized  two 
species  in  the  western  Cretaceous,  C.  scitula  and  C.  volvaria,  the  latter  doubt- 
fully a  Cylichna,  and  Dr.  Shumard  described  three  species  from  Texas,  but 
none  of  them  is  nearly  related  to  this  one,  in  which  the  sides  are  so  dis- 
tinctly flattened  that  it  can  not  be  well  mistaken. 


Gasteropoda  of  the  lower  green  marls.  165 

Formation  and  locality :  Mr.  Gabb  says  the  specimen  was  from  the  Green 
Marls  in  Biu4ington  County,  New  Jersey.  The  specimen  belongs  to  the  col- 
lection Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


BULLION. 

Genus  BULLA  Linneeus. 

Bulla  Mortoni. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  7-9. 

Bulla  Mortoni  Lyell  and  Forbes  :  Quart.  Jour.  Gaol.  Soc,  London,  vol.  1,  1845,  p. 
63, 'Fig  A;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  41;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss., 
p.  16 ;  Geol.  N".  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  728. 

Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size  in  the  larger  individuals,  two  of  the 
casts  before  me  measuring  almost  IJ  inches  in  length,  with  a  transverse 
diameter  of  three-fourths  of  an  inch.  Form,  elongate  oval,  almost  equal  in 
size  above  and  below  the  middle,  the  upper  end  perceptibly  the  smallest, 
and  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  rather  below  the  middle  of  the  length. 
Upper  end  slightly  truncate,  and  in  the  cast  rather  strongly  perforate,  indi- 
cating a  solid  axis  or  spire  of  considerable  dimensions,  the  outer  lip  of  the 
aperture  rising  somewhat  above  the  truncation;  aperture  very  elongate, 
narrow,  and  rounded  above,  scarcely  widening  foi*  the  upper  third  of  its 
length,  then  rather  rapidly  expanding  below,  but  principally  on  the  inner 
side,  to  twice  the  width  at  the  lower  third  of  that  of  the  upper  third  of  the 
length;  base  pointedly  rounded  and  projecting  considerably  below  the 
opposite  part  of  the  body  whorl.  Columella  thickened  and  showing  slight 
indications  of  an  angularity  on  its  inner  edge,  not  visible  except  with  a 
glass,  looking'  within  the  cavity,  then  only  on  the  larger  well  preserved 
specimens.  Surface  marked  throughout  with  fine,  nearly  equidistant,  spiral, 
depressed  lines  and  obscure  transverse  undulations  of  irregularity  of  growth. 

This  shell  was  described  by  Lyell  and  Forbes  as  long  ago  as  1843,  and 
an  excellent  figure  given  of  a  medium-sized  individual.  It  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  B.  conica,  herein  first  described,  by  the  point  of  greatest 
diameter  being  nearly  centrally  located,  while  in  that  one  it  is  at  about  the 


166  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

lower  third  of  the  shell's  length,  giving  it  a  subcorneal  or  truncato-conical 
outline,  very  readily  distinguished  in  comparison  with  the  form  of  this 
species. 

Formation  and  locality  :  In  the  blackish  green  marls  of  the  Lower  Marl 
Bed,  at  Crosswick's  Creek,  New  Jersey;  collection  at  Rutgers  College,  col- 
lected by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton;  and  also  from  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.,  but  without  any  indications  of  locality  other  than  "  Cret.  N.  J." 

Class  SCAPHOPODA. 

DENTALIID^. 

Geniis  DENTALIUM  Linnaeus. 

Dentalium  sxjbarcuatum. 

Plate  XX,  Figs  19-24. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  PI. 
XXIV,  Fig.  13;  Gabb,  SynoiJsis,  p.  49;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 
Foss.,  p.  17;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  738. 

Shell  small,  and  as  seen  in  casts,  the  usual  condition  in  which  it  is 
found,  slender  and  round,  very  gradually  tapering  and  very  gently  arcuate 
throughout  its  length.  A  specimen  1  inch  long  measures  only  one  line  in 
diameter  at  the  larger  end,  and  less  than  half  that  at  the  smaller  end.  Along 
the  dorsal  line  of  the  cast  there  is  a  rounded  elevated  ridge,  with  a  flat- 
tened area  on  each  side  of  it,  traversing  the  entire  length,  and  also  in  some 
cases  a  depressed  line  a  little  distance  from  the  ventral  center  on  each  side, 
and  more  seldom  other  depressed  longitudinal  lines  between  these  and  the 
dorsal  line.  On  still  other  casts  the  dorsal  line  or  ridge  is  only  faintly 
marked,  and  all  others  obsolete,  leaving  the  cast  comparatively  smooth. 
On  a  specimen  which  preserves  the  substance  and  shows  the  surface  struc- 
ture about  the  same  proportions  or  rate  of  increase  is  shown,  allowing  for 
its  partially  compressed  condition.  On  the  posterior  two-thirds  of  the 
length  the  surface  is  longitudinally  lined  with  sharp  distinct  ridges,  with 
broad  flattened  interspaces.  Seven  of  the  ridges  can  be  seen  on  one  side  of 
the  specimen,  as  it  lies  in  the  marl,  indicating  the  existence  of  twelve  or 


GASTEROPODA    OP  THE  LOWER  GREEJST  MARLS.  167 

fourteen  on  the  entire  shell.  On  the  larger  or  outer  third  of  the  shell's 
length  the  surface  is  marked  only  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth,  the 
longitudinal  ridges  becoming  obsolete  below  and  the  shell  presenting  a  semi- 
polished  structure.  No  slit  or  groove  can  be  detected  in  the  shell,  or  indi- 
cation of  such  feature  on  any  of  the  casts,  consequently  the  shell  appears 
to  be  a  true  Bentalkmi.  On  the  interior  of  a  second  specimen  which  pre- 
serves the  shell  and  is  broken  so  as  to  give  a  good  transverse  section,  the 
longitudinal  groove  on  the  dorsal  side,  which  gives  rise  to  the  ridge  and 
flattened  spaces,  as  described  on  the  internal  casts,  is  clearly  shown. 

Species  of  this  genus  are  so  numerous  and  their  features  so  similar, 
that  without  nearly  perfect  specimens  for  comparison,  differences  or  similar- 
ities can  not  well  be  established  or  described ;  therefore,  not  having  such  in 
hand,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  point  out  those  in  which  this  species  differs 
from  others. 

Formation  and  localities :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mullica  Hill,  and 
in  the  micaceous  clays  at  their  base  at  Crosswicks  and  Haddonfield,  New 
Jersey.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Dentalium  Ripleyanum. 

Plate  LXix,  Fig.  48. 

Dentalium  Ripleyanum  Gabb :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4;  Syn- 
opsis, p.  49. 

This  species  is  cited  by  Mr.  Gabb  from  New  Jersey,  on  p.  49  of  his 
Synopsis.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  his  description  of  the  species,  and 
have  seen  no  specimens  which  I  could  identify  with  it.  The  species  is 
named  Bipleyanum  probably  from  the  locality,  or  possibly  it  may  have  come 
from  Eufaula,  Alabama,  which  is  of  the  Ripley  group.  If  the  species  occur 
in  New  Jersey  at  all,  it  would  probably  be  found  at  Haddonfield  or  at 
Croswicks  Creek  in  the  dark  micaceous  clays  at  those  localities,  as  these 
layers  are  apparentl}^  equivalent  to  the  Ripley  and  Eufaula  beds.  The 
species  appear  to  be  a  small,  very  slender  and  almost  sharply  pointed  one, 
with  about  eight  or  ten  longitudinal  ridges,  judging  from  his  figures.  I 
think  it  very  probable  it  may  have  been  seen  in  the  Haddonfield  layers,  as 
it  would  be  very  likely  to  occur  there,  and  if  collectors  at  that  locality 
would  make  a  thorough  search  in  these  lowest  beds  of  the  formation,  they 


168  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JBESBY. 

would  probably  be  rewarded  by  many  new  and  hitherto  unrecognized 
forms. 

Genus  FALCULA  Conrad. 

Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  77. 

The  peculiar  shells,  or  rather  internal  casts  of  shells,  upon  which 
this  genus  was  founded,  have  all  the  appearance  of  shells  of  the  genus 
Bentalkmi  except  in  the  greater  curvature,  and  were  originally  described  as 
such.  At  the  time  Mr.  Com-ad  proposed  to  separate  them  as  a  distinct 
genus,  he  states  that  "under  a  lens  this  cast  shows  a  minute,  very  closely 
granulated  surface,  shghtly  iridescent."  He  further  states  that  "this  char- 
acter, together  with  the  expanded  base,  renders  it  doubtful  whether  this 
shell  belongs  to  the  family  Dentaliiclcer  I  have  in  my  hands  the  specimen 
from  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  which  I  suppose  to  be  those 
used  by  Mr.  Conrad  and  which  are  the  only  ones  known  to  me;  but  I  can 
not  find  the  peculiar  structure  of  which  he  speaks.  Nor  does  the  expansion 
of  the  aperture  mentioned  seem  to  me  to  be  more  than  would  be  pre- 
sented on  a  cast  of  a  thickened  tube  by  the  rounding  out,  or  rapid  decrease 
in  thickness,  of  the  shell  at  the  aperture.  In  vol.  5,  Am,  Jour.  Conch.,  p. 
45,  under  the  original  description  of  the  species,  Mr.  Conrad  says:  "There 
is  one  other  similar  species  in  India,  D.  hamatmn."  This  latter  species, 
described  by  Forbes  in  the  Trans.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  vol.  7,  p.  138,  is 
said  by  Dr.  Stoliczka  to  prove  to  be  only  a  cast  of  a  longitudinally  ribbed 
species  of  Serpula,  on  the  examination  of  the  type  specimen.  Consequently 
it  can  scarcely  be  generically  identical  Avith  this  one.  Mr.  Conrad  has  also 
created  some  confusion  in  regard  to  the  specific  name  of  this  shell,  as  he 
originally  described  it  as  Dentalkmi  falcatum,  and  when  making  his  genus, 
changes  the  name  to  Falcula  hamatus  without  the  slightest  reference  to  or 
reasons  for  changing  the  specific  name;  but  shows  it  to  be  the  same  by  his 
references  to  the  same  page,  plate,  and  figure  where  his  D.  falcatum  is 
given.  It  may  be  that  in  the  shells  themselves  the  curvature,  coupled  with 
some  at  present  unknown  feature,  would  distinguish  them  as  generically 
separable  from  the  true  Dentalia,  but  I  see  no  reason,  as  far  as  the  casts  show, 
for  considering  them  different  from  shells  of  that  genus,  except  the  greater 
and  irregular  curvature. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  169 

Dentalium  (Falcula)  falcatum. 

Plate  XX,  Figs.  13-18. 

Dentalium  falcatum  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  44,  PI.  ii,  Figs.  12,  16. 
Dentalium  (?)  hamatus  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  77. 
Falcula  hamatus  Conrad  :  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  77. 

Not  Dentalium  hamatum  Forbes:  Trans.  Geol.  Soc,  London,  vol.  7,  p.  138,  PL 
XV,  Fig.  8. 

The  casts  on  which  this  species  was  founded  are  small,  cylindrical, 
gradually  tapering  and  strongly  curved,  with  a  decreasing  curvature  as  they 
increase  in  size,  the  smaller  extremity  being  very  much  more  curved  than 
the  larger  parts,  where  in  age  they  become  nearly  straight.  No  indications 
of  a  slit,  lobation,  or  ridges  mark  the  casts  in  any  part  of  their  length.  A 
partially  exfoliated  specimen,  preserving  a  single  layer  of  the  shell  sub- 
stance over  a  part  of  its  extent,  shows  simply  very  fine  transverse  strise, 
with  an  indication  of  a  polished  interior  surface  during  the  life  of  the 
animal. 

This  very  pecuhar  species  presents  all  the  ordinary  features  of  a  Den- 
talium as  far  as  the  casts  of  the  interior  could  preserve  them,  except  in  its 
great  and  unequal  curvature,  which  is  gradually  decreasing  in  extent  from 
the  apex  to  the  outer  end.  ■  In  the  extent  of  curvature  and  in  the  rate  of 
increase  in  diameter  the  different  specimens  vary  considerably. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Grreen  Marls,  at  Crosswicks,  New 
Jersey.  Other  fragments  occur  associated  with  fragments  of  Teredo  tubes, 
but  without  locality  marked  on  them,  which  may  be  from  other  places. 
Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Genus  Diplo concha  Conrad." 

Geol.  North  Carolina,  vol.  1,  1875,  W.  C.  Kerr.     Appendix  by  T.  A.  Conrad,  p.  12. 

Mr.  Conrad  bases  this  genus  on  a  shell  from  the  Cretaceous  formation 
of  North  Carolina,  which  he  describes  as  follows:  "Shell  composed  of  two 
adhering  tubes,  one  resting  in  a  furrow  on  the  side  of  th«  opposite  tube." 


'  In  placing  this  genns  and  species  here  among  the  Mollusoa  of  the  New  Jersey  formations,  I  am 
not  to  be  supposed  as  considering  it  moUusoau  in  nature.  Mr.  Conrad  described  it  as  a  moUusk,  how- 
ever, and  the  name  will  be  sought  there  by  others,  should  more  specimens  be  discovered. 


170  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEl?. 

He  remarks,  that,  among  the  several  specimens  found,  "none  was  found 
attached  to  shells  or  other  substances,"  but  admits  that  none  was  found 
entire.  He  does  not  state  that  any  internal  connection  exists  between  the  two 
shells,  and  from  his  figures  one  would  infer  they  were  separate  tubes  merely 
united  by  their  external  surfaces,  but  in  close  contact,  and  probably  through- 
out their  entire  length.  I  do  not  think  the  twin  feature  a  good  generic  one, 
unless  there  had  been  some  internal  connection  between  the  inhabitants  of 
the  tubes,  but  none  appears  to  have  existed  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the 
figures,  or  from  the  author's  description  or  remarks;  therefore  I  think  the 
twinning  of  the  shells  either  an  accidental  feature  or  not  more  than  a  specific 
character,  and  presume  the  species  is  only  a  form  of  Serpula.  Among  the 
fossils  from  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey  I  have  a  specimen  which  closely 
resembles  Mr.  Conrad's  figured  specimen,  except  in  that  it  is  not  merely 
attached  to,  but  appears  to  have  been  partly  imbedded  in  the  substance  of 
a  shell  of  Plagiostoma  dumosum.  The  tubes,  however,  are  clearly  united  and 
conform  to  each  other  in  curvature  throughout  a  part  of  their  length,  and  I 
presume  were  specifically  related  to  the  North  Carolina  forms.  Until  better 
evidence  of  the  generic  validity  of  the  shell  is  obtained,  I  shall  class  this 
one  under  Serpula,  retaining  Mr.  Conrad's  name  parenthetically  for  the 
present.  I  have  tried  to  obtain  the  loan  of  the  type  specimen  of  the  genus 
from  North  Carolina,  but  owing  to  the  absence  of  persons  having  charge  of 
the  collections  to  which  it  belongs,  I  have  not  been  able  to  see  it. 

DiPLOcoNCHA  (Serpula  ?)  cretacea?. 

Plate  XX,  Fig.  35. 

Diploconcha  cretacea  Com-ad:  Geol.  North  Carolina,  vol.  1,  1875,  appendix,  p.  13, 
PL  II,  Fig.  36. 

Tubes  apparently  duplicate,  the  two  nearly  conforming  to  each  other 
in  curvature;  in  contact,  at  least  for  a  portion  of  their  length,  irregularly 
arcuate  and  very  slightly  increasing  in  diameter;  surface  lamellose  where 
partially  exfoliated  and  apparently  concentrically  and  longitudinally  lined 
where  perfect. 

The  specimens  have  the  appearance  of  Serpula  tubes  and,  in  their 
earlier  stages  of  growth,  have  been  recumbent  upon  or  imbedded  in  the  sub- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  LOWER  GREEN  MARLS.  171 

stance  of  a  Plagiostoma  or  Dianchora,  and  probably  numbered  more  than 
two  on  the  shell  when  living,  as  there  are  remains  of  smaller  specimens 
besides  the  two  of  large  growth.  The  shells  are  mostly  exfoliated  and  show 
a  strongly  lamellose  structure,  as  if  made  up  of  a  succession  of  layers  one 
over  the  other  from  the  inside.  Where  broken  through  they  are  of  consid- 
erable thickness,  and  in  this  respect  differ  from  the  type  specimens  as 
described  by  Mr.  Conrad  as  fragile.  It  may  be  that  I  have  wrongly  iden- 
tified the  specimens,  but  the  similarity  between  them  is  so  great  that  I  have 
not  felt  safe  in  considering  them  as  distinct  from  Conrad's  species. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  blackish  layers  of  the  Lower  Marl  Beds, 
at  Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey. 

Extra  limita. 

Nepttmea  imjoressa  Gabb:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  PMla.,  vol.  4,  3d  ser.,  p.  389. 
PI.  Lxviii,  Fig.  5. 

This  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Gabb,  from  Hardeman  County, 
Tennessee,  from  the  Ripley  group,  and  cited  in  his  synopsis  of  the  Creta- 
ceous formations  as  coming  from  New  Jersey  (see  p.  62).  I  have  not  seen 
among  the  casts  from  New  Jersey  any  one  which  could  reasonably  be  con- 
sidered as  identical  with  the  specimen  which  Mr.  Grabb  has  figured. 

Anisomyon  borealis=Hipponyx  horealis  Mort.     See  Gabb's  Synopsis  Cret.  Foss., 
p.  38. 

I  can  find  no  other  evidence  of  this  species  having  been  found  in  New 
Jersey  than  the  reference  in  Mr.  Gabb's  synopsis.  It  has  probably  occurred 
by  mistake  in  looking  at  Dr.  Morton's  original  description,  where  he  men- 
tions having  described  another  species  of  the  genus  Hipponyx  from  New 
Jersey. 


SECTION  II. 


CRETACEOUS  GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  MIDDLE  MARL  BEDS  OF  NEW 

JERSEY. 

MURICID^. 

Genus  PERISSOLAX  Gabb. 

Peeissolax  trivolva. 

Plate  XXI,  Figs.  1-3. 

Fusus  trivolvus  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. ,  Phila. ,  1860,  p.  94. 
Perrissolax  trivolva  Gabb :  Synopsis,  p.   67 ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur. 
Foss.,  p.  23  ;  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  730. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  ventricose,  with  a  long,  straight  canal,  once 
and  a  half  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  inner  part  of  the  body  whorl 
above  it.  Spire  very  low,  broad,  conical;  the  apical  angle  being  from  100° 
to  110°,  the  top  of  the  volutions  flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  slope  of 
the  spire,  and  the  inner  volutions  barely  rising  above  the  outer  ones.  Body 
whorl  flattened  on  the  periphery,  forming  a  nearly  vertical,  flattened  band 
of  considerable  depth,  below  which  a  second  obliquely  flattened  space  of 
somewhat  less  width  occurs,  thus  forming  the  three  angles  on  the  body  of 
the  whorl  from  which  the  name  was  derived.  Below  the  lower  angle 
the  surface  slopes  rapidly  to  the  long,  slender  canal  and  beak.  Aperture 
large,  angular  on  the  outside  and  contracted  below  at  the  canal,  strongly 
modified  on  the  inner  margin  by  the  preceding  volution.  Volutions  faintly 
marked  by  distant  varices  and  along  the  upper  carina  by  a  series  of  thin, 
rather  closely  arranged  transverse  nodes.  No  fine  surface  markings  or 
spiral  lines  are  perceptible  on  any  of  the  specimens,  all  of  which  are  internal 
casts  in  a  rather  coarse  yellow  lime  sand. 

172 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  MIDDLE  GREEN  MARLS.  173 

This  is  a  well  marked  species  and  easily  distinguished  from  any  other 
shell  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New  Jersey ;  even  when  without  the  long 
beak  the  three  very  well  marked  carinse  form  a  distinguishing  feature,  and 
the  low  sloping  spire  also  is  different  from  that  of  any  other  shell  associated 
with  it.  The  absence  of  surface  or  spiral  striae  on  the  specimen  is  by  no 
means  a  certain  indication  that  none  have  existed,  as  they  are  all  internal 
casts,  and  in  a  matrix  that  would  scarcely  preserve  them.  Mr.  Gabb  does 
not  mention,  nor  does  his  specimen  show  the  small  transverse  nodes  around 
the  upper  carinse,  but  on  another  example  they  are  very  easily  distinguished. 
On  the  second  specimen  mentioned  the  apex  of  the  spire  is  broken,  but 
there  is  good  evidence  preserved  to  show  that  it  was  mammillated. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  yellow  limestone  sand  of  the  Middle 
Marls,  at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey.  In  the  State  collection  at  Rutgers 
College,  collected  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton.  Also  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

VOLUTID^. 

VOLUTODERMA   AbBOTTI. 

Plate  XXI,  Figs.  4-9. 

Volutilithes  Abhottii  Gabb  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1860,  p.  94,  PI,  ii,  Fig.  7; 

Synopsis,  p.  93. 
Volutilithes  {?)  Ahhottii  Gabb  :  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  31 ;  Geol. 

K  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  729. 
Volwtoviorpha  Ahhottii  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  293. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongately  oval  in  general  outline,  with  a  very 
short  spire  and  large  body  volution  which  forms  nearly  the  entire  bulk  of 
the  shell,  and  which  is  nearly  evenly  convex  above  and  below  the  middle. 
Volutions  about  four  in  number;  suture  line  not  very  distinct.  Aperture 
long  and  narrow,  rather  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  shell,  and 
pointed  above  and  below.  Columella  comparatively  strong,  marked  by 
three  or  four  very  oblique  folds  of  moderate  strength.  Surface  of  the  shell 
unknown,  all  the  specimens  recognized  being  internal  casts. 

There  is  considerable  resemblance  between  this  species  and  Voluto- 
derma  biplicata  Gabb,  unless  we  restrict  both  species  to  the  type  specimens. 


174  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

In  this  case  this  one  is  very  much  more  slender  than  V.  hiplicata  and  par- 
ticularly distinct  in  being  less  ventricose  above  the  middle  of  the  volution, 
with  a  more  elevated  and  less  ventricose  spire.  But  among  the  casts  pres- 
ent in  the  collections  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  and  Rutgers  College, 
there  are  numerous  individuals  occupying  an  intermediate  position  between 
these  two,  which  .can  scarcely  be  reconciled  with  either,  while  at  the 
same  time  they  appear  to  connect  them.  Owing  to  the  difference  in  geolog- 
ical position  of  V.  Ahhotti,  together  with  the  difference  in  form  mentioned 
above,  I  see  no  other  com-se  than  to  consider  them  as  three  distinct  species, 
especially  as  one  of  them  appears  to  be  from  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls. 
The  surface  characters  of  all  three  are  similar  as  far  as  can  be  observed 
from  the  slight  evidence  remaining  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  larger 
volutions  of  the  casts.  They  all  appear  to  have  been  marked  with  spiral 
lines  and  by  more  or  less  strongly  marked  vertical  folds.  Even  the  type 
of  V.  hiplicata  has  evidence  of  very  decided  vertical  folds,  shown  when 
looking  into  tlie  suture  between  the  volutions  of  the  cast.  There  is  also 
much  variation  in  the  number  and  strength  of  the  columellar  folds  on  most 
of  the  varieties. 

From  what  I  can  ascertain  from  these  casts,  I  see  no  reason  why  this, 
one  should  be  considered  as  generically  distinct  from  Volutoderma  hiplicata. 
There  may  be  reasons  why  that  one  should  be  separated  from  forms  like 
VoUitomorplia  hella  and  its  congeners,  but  there  certainly  can  be  no  generic 
distinction  between  these  ventricose  forms.  I  have  therefore  placed  this 
one  under  Volutoderma  instead  of  under  Volutomorpha,  as  was  done  by 
Mr.  Gabb. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  only  two  individuals  of  this  species  which 
I  have  seen  are  in  a  yellow  calcareous  marl,  or  impure  limestone,  and  I 
think  they  are  both  from  the  Timber  Creek  beds,  of  the  Middle  Marls, 
instead  of  the  lower  layers  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  intimated 
by  Mr.  Grabb. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  MIDDLE  GKEEN  MAELS.  175 

NATICIDtE. 

Natica  abyssina  Morton. 

Plate  XXI,  Figs.  12,  13. 

(For  synonyms  and  references,  see  page  123.) 

A  single  cast  only  of  what  appears  to  be  this  species  comes  from 
the  yellow  limestone  beds  at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey.  It  is  some- 
what weathered  and  eroded,  and  is  entirely  a  cast,  but  the  general  ex- 
pression is  so  near  that  of  the  species  as  it  occurs  in  the  Lower  Marls, 
that  I  see  no  sufficient  reason  for  separating  it.  The  form  is  perhaps  a 
little  less  patulose,  and  the  under  side  of  the  volution  at  the  edge  of  the 
umbihcus  somewhat  more  rounded,  while  the  umbilicus  itself  may  be 
somewhat  smaller  proportionally  than  in  the  normal  form.  In  its  de- 
pressed form  the  cast  might  perhaps  be  as  readily  taken  for  an  imperfect 
specimen  of  Gyrodes  petrosa,  but  the  volution  is  rather  more  erect,  less 
flattened  on  the  outer  surface,  and  does  not  possess  the  flattening  of  the 
upper  surface  bordering  the  suture,  as  in  that  shell.  The  specimen  has 
been  figured  and  given  on  PL  xxi,  that  it  may  be  the  more  readily  iden- 
tified should  other  specimens  be  found. 

LuNATiA  Halli  Gabb. 

Plate  XXI,  Figs.  10,11. 

(For  citations  and  synonomy,  see  ante  page  130.) 

Several  specimens  of  casts  of  this  species  have  been  obtained  from  the 
yellow  lime  sands  at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  and  are  in  the  collection  of 
the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City.  They  present  the  usual  features  of 
the  species,  being  much  more  erect  and  less  ventricose  than  casts  of  any 
other  species  of  the  Naticidae  known  from  the  State.  The  casts  are  very 
poor  and  rough  on  the  surface,  owing  to  the  material  of  which  they  are 
composed,  but  still  they  may  be  readily  recognized.  The  umbilical  open- 
ing is  small  and  the  top  of  the  volutions  quite  narrowly  rounded,  not  show- 
ing any  flattening  on  the  surface,  as  do  many  of  those  from  the  Lower  Marls. 


176  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

One  single  specimen  is  somewhat  shorter  than  common,  in  proportion  to  the 
height  of  the  spire,  but  this  may  only  be  an  individual  peculiarity;  at  least 
the  difference  is  not  sufficiently  marked  to  warrant  any  specific  separation. 
Figures  of  the  best  preserved  individual  have  been  given  on  PI.  xxi  of  the 
Middle  Marl  species  for  comparison  with  those  from  the  Lower  Marls. 


SCALARIID^. 

Genus  CAVOSCALA,  n.  gen. 

Shell  scalariform,  thin  in  substance,  with  numerous  round  contiguous 
volutions,  which  are  crossed  by  oblique,  raised  varices.  Surface  cancellated, 
axis  broadly  perforate,  the  umbilicus  wide,  angular  on  the  margin  and  show- 
ing the  inner  volutions.  Base  of  body  whorl  margined  by  a  broad  flattened 
band.  Aperture  subcircular  obliquely  straightened  on  the  inner  side.  Type 
C.  annulata,  Morton's  sp.  Upper  Cretaceous. 

The  species  upon  which  this  genus  is  based  is  the  only  one  known 
Externally  it  resembless  the  living  shell  Scalaria  pretiosa  Linn.,  except  in  the 
connected  volutions;  more  numerous  varices;  cancellated  surface  and  wide 
umbilicus;  the  latter  feature  being  Solarimn-\ike  in  character,  and  also  in 
the  broad  flattened  space  extending  from  the  margin  of  the  umbilical  cavity 
to  the  outer  basal  portion  of  the  whorl,  where  it  terminates  in  an  abrupt 
shoulder  which  limits  the  next  volution  and  forms  a  carinated  suture. 
The  oblique  varices  and  the  fine  transverse  striae  both  cross  this  space  and 
are  slightly  visible  in  the  umbilicus.  The  aperture  is  imperfect  in  all  the 
examples  seen  (seven),  but  of  course  the  margin  would  be  thickened  and 
bordered  at  each  varix,  so  that  it  would  present  the  appearance  of  a  thick- 
ened rim  or  peristome,  but  not  larger  or  heavier  than  the  other  varices,  as 
in  some  forms  of  Scalaria. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  MIDDLE  GEEEN  MAELS.  177 

Cavoscala  annulata. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  1-5. 

Scalaria  annulata  Morton  :  Synopsis,  p.  47,  PI.  iii,  Fig.  10. 

Scala  annulata  (Mort.)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  79  ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jiir. 

Foss.,  p.  30;  Gabb,  Proc.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  398. 
Scala  ( Opalia)  annulata  (Mort. )  Gabb :  Ibid. 

Shell  above  a  medium  size  for  shells  of  this  group,  the  largest  individ- 
ual, if  perfect  at  the  apex,  would  measure  fully  1|  inches  in  length,  with 
the  aperture  probably  yet  imperfect.  Volutions  about  seven  in  number  in 
the  largest  specimen,  very  ventricose  and  very  slightly  angular  in  the  mid- 
dle, closely  coiled  or  in  close  contact;  sutures  deeply  marked  and  charac- 
terized by  a  slightly  beaded  band  at  the  bottom,  formed  by  the  edge  of  a 
broad,  flattened,  raised,  or  thickened  space,  which  marks  the  base  of  the 
volutions  and  borders  the  umbilicus.  Umbilicus  very  large,  angular  on 
the  margin  and  rapidly  sloping  within,  showing  the  preceding  volutions  in 
the  cavity.  Aperture  broadly  ovate  or  subcircular,  the  inner  margin  straight- 
ened somewhat,  conforming  to  the  slope  of  the  umbilicus.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  a  series  of  moderately  close,  elevated,  lamellose,  transverse 
ridges  or  varices,  which  are  directed  rather  strongly  backward  in  their  pas- 
sage from  above  to  the  lower  margin,  and  are  less  conspicuous  on  the  flattened 
space  bordering  the  umbilicus,  within  the  umbilicus  they  are  faintly  shown. 
There  are  also  fine  transverse  rigid  lines  parallel  to  the  varices,  occupying 
the  ridges  and  intervening  spaces,  also  rather  strong,  rounded,  wiry  spiral 
lines  covering  the  entire  surface  of  the  shell,  which  are  perceptibly  directed 
upward  in  crossing  the  varices.  This  gives  the  surface  of  the  shell  a  very 
beautifully  cancellated  structure,  easily  perceptible  to  the  unaided  eye. 

This  is  the  most  beautiful  shell  I  have  yet  seen  from  the  New  Jersey 
formations,  and  is  far  more  attractive  in  its  appearance  than  Scalaria  pretiosa 
of  the  present  seas,  which  it  much  resembles,  although  the  more  closely 
arranged  varices,  contiguous  whorls,  and  cancellated  structure  readilv  dis- 
tinguishes it. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  yellow  sandy  limestones  of  the  Middle 
Marls  at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  and  a  single  small  one  from  the  green 
marls  of  the  same  bed  at  that  same  locality.  The  yellow  limestone  speci- 
MON  xviii 12 


178  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

mens  are  from  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  one  of  them  being 
Dr.  Morton's  type  of  the  species.  The  green  marl  specimen  is  from  Rutgers 
College,  and  was  collected  by  Dr.  Britton. 

PLEUROTOMARIID^. 
Genus  PLEUROTOMARIA  Defrance. 

PlEUEOTOMARIA  ?   TINTONENSIS,    11.  Sp. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  6-9. 

Shell  of  about  a  medium  size,  discoid,  the  spire  being  but  slightly 
elevated,  only  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  very  depressed  inner  volu- 
tions projecting  above  the  surface  of  the  outer  ones.  Volutions  about 
three  in  number,  quite  rapidly  increasing  in  lateral  dimensions  from  within 
outwardly,  as  broad  again  from  the  ventral  to  the  dorsal  margins  as  the 
height;  surface  depressed  near  the  suture,  convex  nearer  the  outer  margin, 
rounded  on  the  periphery  aiid  flattened  on  the  base  for  the  outer  half, 
while  the  inner  half  gradually  slopes  more  rapidly  to  tlie  sharp  inner 
margin  in  the  umbilicus.  This  latter  feature  presents  a  broad,  open,  fun- 
nel-shaped opening  extending  to  the  inner  volution,  and  presenting  scarcely 
any  evidence  of  suture-lines  between  the  whorls  in  the  cast.  The  surface 
of  the  volutions  is  marked  on  the  upper  side  by  a  row  of  broad,  but 
low,  rounded,  dome-like  elevations,  increasing  iii  breadth  as  the  shell  in- 
creases in  size;  fourteen  of  these  elevations  can  be  counted  on  the  body 
whorl.  The  lower  surface  of  the  volution  is  angular  at  the  junction  of 
the  base  with  the  periphery,  and  the  surface  near  or  at  the  angulation 
marked  by  nodes  similar  to  those  above,  but  smaller  and  more  numer- 
ous, and  not  extending  so  far  from  the  outer  margin.  Just  below  the 
median  line  of  the  periphery  there  is  a  very  slight  ridge  and  angulation 
which  indicates  a  very  narrow  slit  in  the  lip  of  the  shell  of  greater  or 
less  extent,  allying  it  with  the  genus  Pleurotomaria,  although  the  general 
appearance  is  quite  like  that  of  Straparollus.  Aperture  transversely  sub- 
ovate,  widest  at  the  outer  third,  angular  at  the  outer  basal  portion,  and 
rather  acute  at  the  inner  angle.  From  the  closeness  of  the  suture-line 
in  the  cast,  it  would  appear  that  the  shell  has  been  very  thin.  Surface 
of  the  shell  imknown. 


GASTBKOPODA  OF  THE  MIDDLE  GREEK  MARLS.  179 

The  species  is  rather  a  marked  one,  and  so  distinct  from  any  other 
shell  or  cast  known  from  the  American  Cretaceous  formations  that  it  will 
not  be  readily  mistaken.  In  form  and  size  it  distantly  resembles  Mar- 
garitella  Ahhotti  Gabb,  but  has  a  lower  spire,  more  rapidly  increasing  and 
less  numerous  volutions,  and  by  being  nodose  above  and  below  will  be 
readily  distinguished  from  that  shell.  I  am  greatly  in  doubt  as  to  the 
locality  of  this  specimen.  I  am  assured  that  it  is  from  the  locality  cited 
below,  but  it  so  closely  resembles  specimens  from  the  Rhone  in  France 
that  I  have  been  inclined  to  reject  it  altogether;  and  have  admitted  it  only 
with  the  hope  that  it  may  be  verified  by  the  discovery  of  additional 
specimens. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  a  rather  light  colored  marly  limestone,  with 
scattered  grains  of  glauconite.  It  is  said  to  have  come  from  the  Middle 
Marls  at  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,  and  is  from  the  collection  at  Colum- 
bia College.     Collected  by  Dr.  Britton. 

PLEUROTREMA,  n.  gen. 

Shell  solarium-like  in  general  form,  but  without  angulation  to  the 
inner  basal  margin  of  the  volutions  bordering  the  umbilical  cavity,  but 
somewhat  regularly  curving  from  the  middle  of  the  base  to  the  upper  inner 
margin,  giving  a  broad  funnel-formed  umbilical  cavity.  Periphery  marked 
in  the  place  of  the  notch  in  Pleiirotomaria  by  a  series  of  oval  perforations 
similar  to  those  of  Polytremaria  D'Orb.  Type  P.  solariformis  Whitf  Cre- 
taceous. 

I  know  but  a  single  species  of  this  genus,  that  described  below,  but 
the  combination  of  characters  are  so  peculiar  that  I  do  not  like  to  place  it 
under  any  known  genus.  The  general  from  is  like  that  of  Solarium  Lamarck 
(ArcMtectonica,  Bolt),  but  is  widely  distinctive  in  the  peculiar  form  of  the 
umbilicus  and  in  the  perforations  of  the  oiiter  portion  of  the  whorl.  In  this 
latter  feature  it  approaches  both  Pleurotomaria  and  Polytremaria.  From  the 
first  it  differs  in  having  the  slit  divided  into  a  series  of  oval  openings,  and 
from  the  last  materially  in  the  subrhomboidal  form  of  the  volutions  and  in 
the  form  of  the  broadly  open  and  funnel-shaped  umbilicus.  From  the 
appearance  of  the  nodes  and  ridge  left  on  the  internal  cast,  I  should  sup- 


180  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 

pose  that  this  feature  of  the  vokition  left  an  impressed  baud  on  the  inside 
of  the  shell  which  was  subsequently  filled,  partially  or  entirely,  by  the 
deposit  of  shelly  matter  on  the  inside  as  the  shell  increased  with  age  and 
size,  and  that  the  openings  were  closed  beyond  the  outer  half  of  the  last 
vokition. 

Plburotrbma  solarifoemis,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXII,  Figs.  10-14. 
Architectonica  Abbottii  in  part  of  Gabb:  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1861,  p.  331. 

Shell  of  more  than  moderate  size,  the  largest  example  before  me  meas- 
uring almost  2^  inches  in  its  greatest  diameter,  by  1^  inches  in  height,  and 
is  an  internal  cast  with  the  apical  volutions  absent.  Volutions  as  preserved 
in  this  specimen,  four  in  number,  and  probably  one  and  a  half  or  two 
absent;  spire  low,  conical,  the  sides  forming  an  angle  of  about  90°,  and 
the  volutions  flattened  on  their  upper  surfaces  in  a  line  with  the  apical 
angle;  sutures  well  marked  but  not  deep,  indicating  a  shell  of  only  mod- 
erate thickness ;  base  of  the  volutions  flattened-convex,  leaving  the  periph- 
eral angle  somewhat  acutely  rounded;  the  inner  part  of  the  base  of  the 
volution  rapidly  slopes  into  the  broad,  open  perspective  umbilicus,  forming 
a  rounded  funnel-shaped  cavity  in  which  all  tlie  volutions  are  seen,  but 
with  a  very  slightly  marked  suture  line  separating  them.  Section  of  the 
volution  rhombically  elongate-ovate,  the  umbilical  part  being  attenuated 
where  it  joins  the  preceding  volution;  along  the  middle  of  the  outer  volu- 
tion there  occurs  an  elevated  ridge,  which  presents  the  appearance  of  a 
series  of  interrupted  nodes  of  an  elongate-oval  shape,  as  if  the  shell  had 
been  provided  with  a  line  of  oval  openings  occupying  this  position,  but 
filling  up  beyond  the  outer  half  of  the  volution;  surface  of  the  shell 
unknown. 

This  shell  possesses  much  the  appearance  of  a  Solarium,  but  the  over- 
lapping of  the  outer  volution  upon  the  base  of  those  preceding  it  is  a 
marked  and  distinguishing  feature;  while  the  absence  of  angle  bounding 
the  umbilicus  at  once  separates  it  from  that  genus.  The  species  has  been 
confounded  in  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  with  Pleurotomaria 
Abbotti,  from  which  it  difi"ers  very  decidedly,  even  more  than  generically, 


GASTEROPODA  OE*  THE  MIDDLE  GREEN  MARLS.  181 

as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  figures.  Mr.  Gabb  also  seems  to 
have  considered  this  as  identical  with  those  from  Mullica  Hill,  as  he  men- 
tions imder  the  desription  of  that  species  "several  specimens  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Academy  from  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  with  the  surface 
entirely  obliterated."  But  he  describes,  imperfectly,  the  Mullica  Hill 
specimens. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  examples  figured  are  both  from  Timber 
Creek,  and  are  from  the  Middle  Marls.  Only  two  individuals  have  been 
noticed,  one  from  tlie  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  the  other  from  Rutgers 
College. 

Besides  the  species  here  given  as  pertaining  to  the  middle  marls  there 
are  very  many  very  imperfect  casts  of  gasteropods  among  collections 
made  at  the  marl  pits  of  J.  S.  Cook,  Esq.,  near  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey, 
which  are  too  unsatisfactory  for  use.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  a 
Pyropsis-like  cast,  resembling  P.  mrticalis,  but  more  elevated;  a  Twbinopsis 
resembling  the  young  of  T.  major  and  one  closely  resembling  T.  curta;  a 
Turritella,  possibly  T.  vertebroides  Morton,  a  Natica,  and  several  others. 


SECTION  III. 


CRETACEOUS  GASTEROPODA  FROM  THE  BASE  OF  THE  UPPER  MARIi 

BEDS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

TURBINELLID^. 

Genus  CARICELLA  Conrad. 

Caricella  plicata,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  small,  turbinate  or  pyriform,  with  a  short,  broadly  conical  spire 
having  an  apical  angle  of  about  85°.  Volutions  four  or  more,  not  exceeding 
five,  the  apical  one  mammillated;  upper  surface  sloping  in  the  direction  of 
the  spire,  slightly  angulated  at  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  aiad  the  lower 
extremity  slightly  attenuated;  body  of ,  the  volution  ventricose;  aperture 
large,  nearly  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  shell,  oblique  and  somewhat 
elliptical  in  general  form,  canaliculate  below.  Columella  slight,  as  shown  by 
the  cavity  left  by  its  removal,  marked  by  four  very  distinct,  oblique,  equi- 
distant folds,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  situated  neai'ly  at  the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  aperture.  Body  volution  marked  in  the  cast  by  about  twelve 
very  oblique  vertical  folds,  which  are  directed  very  strongly  forward  in  pass- 
ing from  above  downward,  but  are  confined  entirely  to  the  region  of  the 
angle  near  the  top  of  the  volution.  No  positive  evidence  of  other  surface 
markings  can  be  detected  on  the  casts. 

This  shell  differs  from  most  of  the  species  of  the  genus  as  they  occur 
in  the  Eocene  formations  in  having  vertical  folds  marking  the  largest  part 
of  the  body  volution.  In  shape  and  in  the  folds  of  the  columella  and  their 
relative  position  it  agrees  perfectly  well  with  the  characters  of  Caricella;  in 
the  vertical  folds  it  resembles  Vohita.  In  size  and  general  form  and  in  the 
vertical  folds  the  specimens  are  very  like  Conrad's  figure  of  PseudoKva 
tuberciilifera  (Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  series,  vol.  4,  p.  294,  PI.  47, 

182 


GASTEROPODA  FROM  BASE  OP  THE  UPPER  GREEN  MARLS.      1 83 

Fig.  27),  an  Eocene  species,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  correctness 
of  the  generic  reference  of  that  species,  and  the  form  of  the  cokimellar  folds 
and  canal  of  this  one  are  equally  satisfactory.  I  know  of  no  cretaceous 
shell  with  which  it  can  be  counfounded,  as  the  generic  characters  are  too 
well  pronounced  to  be  mistaken. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  green  sands  at  the  base  of  the  Upper 
Grreen  Marls  of  New  Jersey,  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  Collection  at 
Rutgers  College.     Collected  by  Dr.  Britton  in  1884. 

VOLUTID^. 

ROSTELLITES   BICONICUS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  10,  11. 

Shell  moderately  elongated,  as  seen  in  the  conditions  of  internal  casts, 
the  only  condition  in  which  it  is  at  present  known.  Spire  elevated,  consist- 
ing of  about  four  or  five  volutions,  the  aperture,  which  is  naiTow,  forming 
about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  entire  cast.  Volutions  moderately 
convex,  largest  at  or  near  the  upper  margin,  indicating  something  of  a 
square,  shotilder-like  upper  surface  for  the  perfect  shell;  below  this  angula- 
tion the  tipper  volutions  are  slightly  convex,  and  in  the  casts  leaving  very 
deep  and  strong  sutures  between  the  difi"erent  whorls  of  the  spire.  Lower 
volution  distinctly  largest  above  and  cone-like  in  shape,  with  a  short  col- 
umellar  projection  below;  the  lower  half  of  the  volution  being  more  rapidly 
tapering  than  the  upper,  forms  a  sHght  angulation  just  below  the  middle. 
Columella  strong  and  marked  by  four  nearly  equidistant  oblique  folds,  the 
lower  one  of  which  is  not  iiiore  than  once  and  a  half  as  far  from  the  base 
as  the  distance  between  each  fold.  Aperttire  very  narrow,  pointed  above 
and  below ;  surface,  as  far  as  can  be  seen  on  the  internal  casts,  showing  no 
evidence  of  longitudinal  folds  or  revolving  lines;  but  the  shell  having  been 
quite  thick  may  not  have  preserved  such  features  on  the  interior  surface. 

This  is  one  of  the  forms  usually  found  among  specimens  labeled 
B.  nasutus;  but  it  differs  very  strongly  from  that  one  in  the  proportional 
length  of  the  body  volution  and  in  the  form  of  the  lip  side  of  the  aperture. 
In  E.  nasutus,  as  shown  on  specimens  when  the  external  form  is  jjreserved, 


184  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

the  spire  is  quite  low  in  comparison  with  the  entire  length  of  the  shell, 
being  not  more  and  probably  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  length;  while  in 
this  one  it  would  appear  to  have  formed  nearly  one-half  of  the  whole  length. 
It  also  pertains  to  a  different  geological  horizon,  as  all  the  authenticated 
specimens  show. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  figured  is  from  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Marls  at  Squankum,  New  Jersey,  and  belongs  to  the  collection  at 
Columbia  College;  several  others  from  the  same  position  geologically  are 
from  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  Other  specimens  are  from  the  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  but  are  without  locality,  and  are  associated  with  specimens  of 
B.  nasutus.  From  their  lithological  features  I  should  refer  them  to  the 
same  horizon  as  the  one  figured  here,  viz,  base  of  the  Upper  Marls,  or  the 
uppermost  bed  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous. 

VOLUTODERMA  INTERMEDIA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  14,  15. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate  ovate  in  outline,  with  a  moderately 
elevated  spire  and  ventricose  volutions,  the  last  one  of  which  forms  the 
greater  bulk  of  the  shell  and  is  most  ventricose  above  the  middle.  Volu- 
tions three  to  four  in  number  and  rapidly  increasing  in  size.  Aperture 
semilunate,  oblique,  nearly  straight  on  the  inner  side,  forming  a  little  more 
than  half  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell  as  shown  in  the  cast.  Columella 
marked  by  two  or  three  strong,  oblique,  nearly  equidistant  plications; 
outer  surface  of  the  shell  unknown.  The  inner  surface  of  the  volutions 
in  one  of  the  casts,  which  would  preserve  the  markings  of  the  volu- 
tion within  it  where  any  existed,  is  entirely  smooth,  indicating  a  smooth 
shell;  but  another  fragment,  which  appears  to  belong  to  the  species,  has 
the  surface  closely  lirated  with  markings  of  numerous  vertical  folds  which 
have  formed  nodes  at  the  junction  of  the  two  sets  (see  outline  figure  PI. 
XXIII,  Fig.  15).  It  also  shows  three  columellar  folds,  as  does  the  smooth 
one.  The  last  one  has  been  an  old  shell,  much  thickened,  as  indicated 
by  the  great  space  between  the  coils  of  the  cast,  while  the  other  which 
bears  the  markings  has  been  smaller  and  very  much  thinner  in  substance- 


GASTEROPODA  PEOM  BASE  OF  THE  UPPER  GREEN  MARLS.      185 

So  we  may  readily  suppose  that  the  shell  possessed  both  sets  of  mark- 
ings in  its  perfect  condition. 

This  species  is  intermediate  in  form  and  characters  between  V.  Abhottii 
of  the  Middle  Marls  and  V.  biplicata  of  the  Lower  Marls,  and  may  be 
readily  distinguished  from  either  by  the  length  of  the  spire  and  the  ventri- 
cosity  of  the  volutions;  this  latter  feature  bringing  it  nearer  to  V.  biplicata; 
while  in  the  height  of  the  spire  it  exceeds  either  of  them. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  figured  examples  are  from  the  Academy's 
collection,  and  are  labeled  as  from  Vincentown,  New  Jersey,  which  would 
most  likely  indicate  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marls.  They  are  also  credited, 
on  the  label,  to  "T.  M.  Bryan,"  probably  as  the  donor. 

PLEUROTOMID^. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMA  Lamarck. 

Fleurotoma  farmingdalensis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  with  an  elongated,  turreted  spire,  composed  of 
numerous  angularly  ventricose  volutions,  which  ascend  rapidly,  the  entire 
number  unknown;  apical  angle  about  30°;  body  volutions  proportionally 
larger  than  those  above,  contracted  below  and  rapidly  decreasing  in  diame- 
ter, terminating  in  a  short  anterior  beak,  the  length  of  which  is  not  known; 
periphery  biangular  on  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  body  whorl,  as  seen  on 
the  cast;  columella  slender,  smooth;  aperture  moderately  large;  outer  lip 
straightened  along  the  middle;  volutions  marked  on  the  angle  by  short, 
oblique,  vertical  plications  or  elongated  nodes,  which  are  directed  slightly 
forward  below,  and  are  confined  to  the  larger  part  of  the  volution  on  all 
above  the  last  one,  where  they  are  slightly  visible  on  the  lower  angle. 
About  twelve  of  the  vertical  nodes  may  be  counted  on  a  single  volu- 
tion. The  upper  side  of  the  last  volution  is  slightly  concave  between 
the  angle  and  the  suture  line,  marking  the  probable  position  of  the  notch  of 
the  outer  lip,  although  on  the  cast  this  feature  itself  can  not  be  positively 
traced. 


186  iPALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  casts  of  this  species  are  so  imperfect  that  most  of  the  specific  fea- 
tures are  very  obscm-e.  The  generic  relations  are,  however,  quite  distinctly 
marked,  allying  it  to  a  group  of  this  genus  quite  abundant  in  the  Lower 
Tertiary  beds.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  volution  is  imperfect,  even  in 
the  best  specimen,  so  that  it  is  not  possible  to  refer  it  with  certainty  to  any 
of  the  subdivisions  of  the  genus.  It  would,  however,  appear  to  resemble 
very  nearly  the  forms  usually  referred  to  Surcula.  Species  of  this  genus 
appear  to  be  quite  rare  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  although  not  uncom- 
mon in  some  other  parts  of  the  country,  only  a  very  few  individuals  which 
can  be  referred  to  it  having  been  recognized  among  the  many  casts  exam- 
ined. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  sandy  marls  at  the  base  of  the  Upper  Green 
Marls  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  Collected  by  Dr.  Britton,  and  to  be 
fouiid  in  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


STROMBID^. 
Genus  ROSTELLAEIA  Lamarck. 

ROSTELLARIA   NOBILIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  16,  17. 

Shell,  as  indicated  by  the  cast  only,  large  and  robust,  with  an  elevated 
spire  which  presents  an  apical  angle  of  between  35°  and  40°,  and  consists 
in  the  cast  of  five  volutions,  with  some  two  or  three  of  the  apical  ones 
absent.  The  volutions  are  strong,  moderately  and  very  evenly  convex  on 
their  outer  surface,  with  strongly  marked  and  abrupt  sutures,  which  are 
very  compact  and  evenly  coiled;  the  body  volution  is  somewhat  extended 
below  at  the  base  of  the  aperture,  which  has  been  obliquely  elongate-ellip- 
tical in  outline,  and  pointed  above  and  below;  the  axis  has  been  very 
strong,  as  is  shown  by  the  large  umbilical  perforation  of  the  cast;  the  sur- 
face of  the  cast  is  entirely  smooth,  not  showing  the  least  indications  of  any 
markings,  folds,  or  other  surface  feature. 

The  general  form  of  this  cast  indicates  a  species  of  Rostellaria  very 
closely  resembling  the  living  species  B.  curvirostris  Lam.,  and  has  probably 


GASTEROPODA  FROM  BASE  OP  THE  UPPER  GREEN  MARLS.      187 

been  smooth  on  the  exterior  surface.  It  is  by  far  the  largest  form  of  this 
gxoup  of  shells  which  I  have  seen  from  the  American  formations,  the  imper- 
fect cast  measuring  3^  inches  long  by  If  in  diameter  across  the  body  whorl. 
The  beak  of  the  shell  is  entirely  absent,  only  the  internal  cast  of  the  shell 
being  present,  but  it  would  indicate  a  shell  of  unusual  dimensions  for  this 
group. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  cast  appears  to  be  from  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Grreen  Marls,  but  the  specimen  is  without  definite  locality.  The 
lithological  features  would  indicate  it  as  coming  from  that  position  from 
near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 

TURRITELLID^. 

Genus  TURRITELLA  Lamarck. 

TURRITELLA  PUMILA?. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Turritella  pumila  Gabb :  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  voL  4,  p.  393,  PL  LXVlii, 
Fig.  14;  Synopsis,  p.  91;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.  and  Jur.  Foss.,  p.  19. 

Shell,  as  seen  in  casts,  of  medium  size,  rather  rapidly  tapering,  the 
apical  angle  being  about  30°.  Volutions  nearly  round,  the  outer  surface 
between  the  sutures  being  depressed  convex  to  near  the  lower  third,  from 
which  point  they  are  more  rapidly  rounded  to  the  suture;  the  number  of 
whorls  in  a  specimen  which  would,  if  perfect,  measure  1^  inches  in  length, 
have  been  about  seven.  Sutures  strongly  marked,  but  the  whorls  in  the 
cast  are  close,  indicating  a  thin  shell.  Surface,  as  indicated  by  the  casts, 
marked  by  several  spiral  ridges. 

There  is  much  doubt  as  to  the  proper  identification  of  this  species. 
The  rapid  increase  in  diameter  of  the  volutions,  and  their  rounded  form, 
together  with  the  numerous  spiral  ridges,  would  ally  it  with  the  Tennessee 
species,  but  its  much  greater  size  is  against  it.  It  is,  however,  quite  distinct 
from  any  other  species  found  in  New  Jersey,  and  equally  so  from  any 
other  species  found  in  the  Cretaceous  deposits  of  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  cast  figured  is  from  the  collection  of  the 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  and  was  found  in  a  tray  with  others  marked  "Vin- 
centown,  N.  J." 


188  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Order  SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder  PODOPHTHALMA. 

PLEUROTOMARIID^. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMARIA  De  France. 

Pleukotomaria  Brittoni,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  7-9. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  broadly  conical  in  form,  rising  from  a 
flattened  base;  the  apical  angle  being  about  80°.  Volutions  four,  or  from 
four  to  five  in  number,  slighty  scaliform  in  character;  the  outer  face  being 
flattened  or  very  slightly  convex,  nearly  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  the 
upper  surface  of  any  individual  volution  being  a  very  little  larger  than  the 
basal  edge  of  the  next  above  it,  and  very  slightly  rounded  on  the  angle; 
suture  lines  distinct  in  the  casts.  -  Base  flattened  or  scarcely  convex  for 
two-thirds  the  width  from  the  outer  edge,  which  is  moderately  sharp,  and 
then  rapidly  rounding  into  the  moderately  sized  iimbilicus.  Aperture  ob- 
liquely quadrangular,  the  inner  basal  or  umbilical  angle  rounded.  Slit  of 
the  outer  lip  not  definitely  ascertained  in  any  of  the  specimens,  which  are 
all  internal  casts,  but  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained  has  been  narrow  and 
placed  at  the  outer  basal  angle,  and  not  extending  backward  for  more 
than  one-third  of  the  outer  volution.     Surface  features  vanknown. 

The  casts  of  this  species  bear  considerable  resemblance,  in  miniature, 
to  those  of  Pleurotrema  solanformis  herein  described  from  the  Middle  Marls 
at  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  but  the  slit  in  the  aperture  has  been  contin- 
uous (i.  e.,  not  composed  of  a  series  of  oval  perforations),  and  placed  in  the 
lower  angle  of  the  volution  instead  of  midway  between  that  point  and  the 
upper  edge,  as  in  that  one.     It  is  also  more  highly  conical  in  form. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  Grreen  Marls  at  the  base  of  the  Upper  Marl 
Bed,  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.     Collected  by  Dr.  Britton. 


GASTEROPODA  FROM  BASE  OF  THE  UPPER  GREEN  MARLS.      189 


BULLION. 

Genus  BULLA  Lamarck. 

Bulla  conica,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIII,  Figs.  12,  13. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  ovate  in  general  outline,  smallest  above  and  regu- 
larly expanding  to  below  the  middle,  or  for  about  two-thirds  of  the  length 
of  the  shell,  giving  a  somewhat  conical  aspect.  Spire  concealed,  the  upper 
end  of  the  shell  appearing  as  subtruncate.  Base  of  the  shell  more  rapidly 
contracted  for  the  lower  third.  Aperture  elongate,  narrow  above,  widening 
below  and  somewhat  pointed  at  the  base.  Columellar  lip  somewhat  twisted 
in  the  lower  part  as  shown  on  the  cast,  but  destitute  of  any  fold  or  tooth- 
like ridge.  Axis  apparently  imperforate.  Surface,  as  shown  by  the  cast, 
marked  by  fine  spiral  or  revolving  depressed  lines,  and  by  obscure  trans- 
verse lines  of  growth  crossing  them.  The  revolving  lines  appear  to  have 
been  rather  finer  near  the  upper  end  of  the  shell,  and  on  the  basal  slope  of 
the  volution  two  or  three  of  them  are  perceptibly  more  distant  than  those 
immediately  above  them. 

This  shell  differs  from  B.  Mortoni  L.  &  F.,  from  the  lower  beds,  in  its 
more  conical  outline,  the  upper  end  being  small  and  gradually  expanding 
to  below  the  lower  third  of  the  length.  The  summit  also  is  more  broadly 
truncate. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  Blackish  Green  Marls,  at  the  base  of  the 
Upper  Green  Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collection  at  Columbia 
College.     Collected  by  Dr.  Britton. 


SECTION  IV. 


EOCENE  GASTEROPODA  FKOM  THE  UPPER  LAYER  OF  THE  UPPER 

MARIi  BED  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Class  GASTEEOPODA. 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

MURICID^. 

Genus  MUREX  Linnaeus. 

MuREX  (Pteronotus)  l^vavaricosus,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  small,  ovate,  spire  elevated,  number  of  volutions  unkown,  apical 
angle  about  45°.  Volutions  subglobular  between  the  deeply  impressed 
sutures,  the  body  whorl  appearing  globular  when  considered  alone.  Aper- 
ture semicircular,  beak  long,  strongly  curved  and  very  slender.  Volutions 
crossed  by  low  rounded  varices,  which  in  the  cast  readily  slough  from  the 
surface,  showing  that  the  inner  layers  of  the  shell  were  built  up  independ- 
ently of  the  exterior  form,  as  the  shell  was  continued  beyond  the  line  of  the 
varix;  lip  reflected  only  in  the  degree  of  a  varix.  Shell  marked  by  fine 
spiral  lines,  which  are  more  distinctly  indicated  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
whorl  than  above;  also  by  very  fine  transverse  lines  indicating  growth. 

Only  a  single  individual  of  this  species  has  been  observed,  and  that 
imperfect  above  the  middle  of  the  second  volution.  The  specimen  has  been 
studied  by  Mr.  Com-ad  in  past  years,  and  marked  by  him  as  being  nearly 
related  to  Fusus  rugosus  Lamarck,  as  figured  by  Sowerby.  The  form  of  the 
varices,  however,  and  their  condition  of  preservation  show  that  they  were 
not  formed  as  are  those  of  Fusus,  Fasciolaria,  and  allied  genera,  but  like  those 
of  the  true  Murex.  The  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  any  known 
form  in  our  American  Eocene,  and  need  not  be  mistaken, 

190 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAliLS.  191 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  stony  marls  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Kutgers  College  collection. 

MuRBX  ?  sp.  -undetermined. 
Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  3. 
A  fragment  of  the  matrix  of  a  species  of  peculiar  character,  probably 
of  Murex,  occurs  among  the  Shark  River  specimens.  The  specimen  had 
passed  through  Mr.  Conrad's  hands  and  had  been  marked  by  him  as  Murex 
previous  to  his  death.  It  represents  a  specimen  somewhat  below  a  medium 
size,  with  sharp,  angular  volutions,  few  in  number,  and  marked  by  sharp, 
supspinose  varices  or  vertical  folds.  The  spire  has  been  rather  short,  in 
fact  not  longer  than  the  body  volution  below  the  angulation.  I  have  given 
a  figure  of  the  specimen  as  it  shows  on  a  gutta-percha  cast  taken  from  the 
matrix,  and  presenting  all  that  is  left  of  it  at  the  present  time.  It  is  possi- 
ble that  when  Mr.  Conrad  used  it  there  was  much  more  of  the  matrix  show- 
ing than  now,  as  it  is  very  friable  and  rapidly  crumbles.  The  specimen 
presents  to  me  much  more  the  appearance  of  a  species  of  Cuma  Humph, 
than  of  an  ordinary  Murex,  although  there  is  not  enough  of  it  remaining  to 
definitely  determine  its  generic  relations.  The  specimen  is  from  the  upper 
layers  of  the  Shark  River  Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  may  be 
found  in  the  cabinet  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  RHINOCANTHA  H.  &  A.  Adams. 

RhINOCANTHA  (?)   CONRADI,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  8-11. 

Priscoficus  Smithii  ?  (Sow.)  Conrad:  Meek,  Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  16;  Meek, 

Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  733. 
Not  3furex  Smithii  Sow.  :  Mineral  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  151,  tab.  578,  Figs.  1-3. 
Pyrula  Smithii  (Sow.)  Conrad:  Meek  and  others,  when  referred  to  as  occurring 
in  New  Jersey. 

Shell,  as  known  from  internal  casts,  short-pyriform,  or  shortly  turbi- 
nate, with  a  rather  low  spire  somewhat  rapidly  contracted  below,  forming  a 
slender  anterior  beak  of  unknown  length.  Volutions  in  the  cast  not 
exceeding  four  in  any  of  the  specimens  known,  rather  rapidly  increasing 
in  size  and  very  ventricose,  the  upper  surface  flattened  nearly  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  very  low  spire,  and  seldom  showing  more  than  the  slightest 


192  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

convexity  between  the  sutures ;  below  the  periphery,  which  is  more  or  less 
flattened,  or  but  little  convex,  the  volutions  are  rapidly  and  abruptly  con- 
stricted to  the  moderately  slender  and  somewhat  lengthened  anterior  beak. 
Aperture  large,  as  wide  as  high  when  not  compressed,  contracted  below 
into  a  narrow  canal,  as  shown  by  the  casts,  and  directed  upward  at  the 
upper  angle  upon  the  preceeding  volution;  periphery  of  the  volutions 
marked  by  a  double  row  of  tubercular  or  rounded  nodes,  those  on  the 
upper  edge  largest  and  most  distinct;  those  below,  situated  at  the  point  of 
contraction,  being  very  much  smaller  and  sometimes  almost  obsolete.  On 
two  of  the  casts  there  are  slight  indications  of  periodic  varices  at  the  dis- 
tance of  one-third  of  the  volution  apart;  these  indications  are  not  very 
marked  and  may  be  deceptive.  The  surface  is  marked  very  distinctly  by 
transverse  lines  of  growth,  but  no  indications  of  spiral  lines,  ridges,  or 
striae  exist  upon  any  of  them. 

This  is  the  species  which  Mr.  Conrad  referred  to  Pyrula  Sniithii; 
=  Murex  Smithii  Sowerby;  Mineral  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  151,  PI.  dlxxviii.  Figs. 
1,  2;  Fig.  3  being  also  referred  to  the  same  species,  being  a  high  spired 
variety.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  our  shell  bears  very  little 
resemblance  to  the  European  one,  not  even  belonging  to  the  same  generic 
group,  as  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  best  examples,  one  of  which  is  that 
used  by  Mr.  Conrad,  and  having  his  number  written  on  the  cast  in  ink. 
This  specimen  (PI.  xxiv.  Fig.  9)  shows  it  to  have  had  an  entirely  different 
anterior  beak,  and  to  have  been  differently  constructed  throughout  as  com- 
pared with  P.  Smithii  Sow.,  as  he  figures  it,  and  probably  belongs  to  a  dif- 
ferent section  of  the  Muricidce. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Marl  Beds  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collection  at  Rutgers  College,  and  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  History. 

TRITONID^. 

Genus  TRITON  Montfort. 

Triton  eocenense,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  4,  5. 

Shell,  as  known  from  the  internal  cast,  small  or  below  a  medium  size'' 
spire  elevated,  with  rounded  volutions  separated  by  distinct  sutures ;  volu- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  193 

tions  probably  five  or  more ;  only  tlii'ee  and  a  half  are  preserved  in  the  most 
perfect  specimen;  aperture  round,  moderately  large;  principal  varices 
aligned  on  the  different  volutions,  and  showing  distinct  evidences  of  the 
expanded  periodic  lips;  intermediate  varices  one  only  in  each  space,  much 
less  conspicuous  than  the  others ;  beak  and  canal  not  preserved  beyond  the 
base  of  the  last  voiutioii,  but  at  that  point  showing  evidence  of  having  been 
moderately  strong;  surface  covered  with  elevated  spiral  lines  which  have 
been  rounded  and  gradually  increasing  in  strength  and  distance  from  each 
other  from  the  upper  margin  of  the  volution  to  near  its  base,  or  as  far  as 
they  can  be  distinguished  on  this  part  of  the  cast. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  this  genus  of  shells  detected  in  the  Eocene 
Marls  of  the  State,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  It  is  a  well  marked  species  of 
Triton  when  closely  and  understandingly  examined,  but  still  not  easily  dis- 
tinguished on  cursory  examination  from  some  of  the  forms  of  Fusus  and 
Fasciolaria  present  in  the  marls  with  it. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  beds  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  in  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

PURPURID^. 

Genus  PSEUDOLIVA  Swainson. 

PSEUDOLIVA   VETUSTA  ?  . 

Plate  xxiv,  Fig.  20. 

Monoceras  vetusta  Conrad:  Foss.  Shells  Tert.,  p.  44,  2d  ed.  p.  37,  PI.  xv.  Fig.  3. 
Monoceras  pyruloides  and  M.  fusiformis  Lea:  Cont.  to  GeoL,  p.  161  and  167,  PL 

5,  Figs.  166  and  167. 
fBuccinorhis  vetusta  Conrad:  Am.  Jem-.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  22;  Meek,  Check  List 

Eocene  Foss.,  p.  17. 
Pseudoliva  [Biiccinorhis)  vetusta  (Con.)  Meek,  Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  17. 

Internal  casts  of  a  species  of  Pseudoliva,  apparently  of  the  above  species, 
so  far  as  general  form  and  character  of  a  cast  can  determine,  occurs  in  the 
Eocene  green  sands  at  Shark  River.  The  specimens  are  of  about  the  size 
of  adult  individuals  from  Claiborne,  but  appear  from  the  general  condition 
of  preservation  to  have  been  a  worn  specimen  when  imbedded,  and  so  poorly 
MOi^  xvni-^^X3 


194  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

are  the  features  preserved  that  it  has  been  difficult  to  obtain  a  figure.  The 
groove  formed  by  the  advance  of  the  tooth  along  the  volution,  as  the  shell 
increased  in  size,  is  preserved  on  the  cast,  but  it  is  not  possible  to  determine 
whether  the  shell  was  umbilicated  or  had  a  solid  axis,  so  there  is  some 
slight  uncertainty  as  to  the  specific  identification.  The  best  cast  is  imbed- 
ded in  the  rock  so  firmly  that  it  can  not  be  cleared  to  get  the  dorsal  side, 
and  the  filling  of  the  aperture  forms  so  much  of  the  exposed  portion  that 
the  figure  gives  little  more  than  an  outline  of  the  aperture  and  a  small  por- 
tion of  the  preceding  volution. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

FUSID^. 

Genus  FUSUS  Lamarck. 

FUSUS   ANGULARIS,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  15-19. 

Shell  of  medium  size  or  smaller,  only  moderately  slender,  with  four  or 
five  volutions  in  the  cast,  the  last  one  proportionally  larger  than  the  others; 
volutions  angular,  rather  elongated,  the  angulation  being  at  the  upper  third 
of  the  exposed  length  on  those  above  the  body  .vhorl,  and  the  space  above 
the  angle  flattened  or  slightly  concave;  suture  lines  strong,  and  in  the  cast 
bordered  above  by  a  narrow  raised  band,  probably  caused  by  the  thickness 
of  the  shell  above  on  the  inside  of  the  whorl,  and  consequently  not  a  feature 
of  the  shell  itself;  aperture  large,  angular  near  the  iipper  third  and  pro- 
longed below  into  a  gradually  narrowing  canal;  not  suddenly  constricted; 
beak  moderately  long  and  bent;  volutions  crossed  by  numerous  oblique, 
rather  sharply  elevated  costae,  which  are  confined  to  the  upper  portion,  those 
on  the  body  whorl  being  irregular  and  inclined  to  form  fasciculse  of  less 
elevation  than  those  on  the  others;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  raised 
spu'al  lines,  those  above  the  angle  of  the  whorls  being  even  and  fine,  and 
those  below  that  point  coarser,  more  widely  separated,  and  on  the  beak 
showing  a  tendency  to  alternation  in  size. 

This  shell  presents  somewhat  the  features  of  a  Fasciolaria,  but  the  col- 
umella, which  is  well  shown  by  its  impression,  presents  no  evidence  what- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  195 

ever  of  any  folds  or  ridges.  Its  angular  whorls  with  the  oblique  folds  dis- 
tinguish it  from  any  of  the  species  associated  with  it  in  the  same  bed. 
The  cast,  when  deprived  of  the  principal  whorl,  or  even  the  aperture  and 
beak,  present  some  resemblances  to  those  of  Surcula  perobesa  herein  de- 
scribed; but  the  volutions  are  more  angular  and  the  vertical  folds  more 
numerous  on  the  upper  whorls,  while  those  of  the  principal  one  become 
broken  up,  and  thereby  rendered  indistinct,  while  on  that  one  they  are  more 
distinct  and  stronger  on  the  body  volution  than  on  those  above.  The  spiral 
striae  are  also  much  stronger  and  less  numerous  on  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

FUSUS  PLURICOSTATUS,   n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Fis:s.  12-14. 

Shell  fusiform,  rather  robust,  spire  moderately  elevated,  turreted.  Vo- 
lutions about  six  in  number,  ventricose,  with  strongly  marked  sutures, 
subangular  above  and  the  body  volution  obscurely  flattened  in  the  middle, 
giving  an  obscurely  biangular  appearance  to  the  body  volution,  which  is 
augmented  by  a  rapid  constriction  in  the  lower  part  and  toward  the  beak. 
Aperture  large  in  proportion;  beak  slender,  shorter  than  the  spire,  straight 
and  pointed  at  the  extremity  in  the  only  example  which  preserves  its  out- 
line entire.  Columella  destitute  of  any  markings.  Surface  marked  by 
about  nine  strong,  prominent  vertical  folds  on  each  volution,  which  are  not 
aligned  one  with  the  other  on  the  several  volutions.  On  the  principal  volu- 
tion they  become  strongly  rounded  and  tuberculiform  on  the  upper  part, 
but  are  less  distinct  below  or  on  the  flattened  part,  and  are  entirely  obso- 
lete on  the  under  surface.  The  shell  is  also  marked  by  fine,  raised,  spiral 
lines  over  the  entire  surface. 

This  shell  is  smaller  than  F.  paucicostata  herein  described,  is  proportion- 
ally more  robust  and  is  marked  by  a  greater  number  of  vertical  folds;  the 
body  volution  differs  in  the  obscure  flattening  on  the  middle  and  in  the 
angularity  of  the  lower  part,  while  the  beak  is  proportionally  more  slender, 
straight  and  pointed.  It  somewhat  resembles  F.  tortilis  Whitf.  from  the 
Lower  Eocene  beds  on  the  Alabama  River,  but  is  more  robust  and  has  more 
vertical  folds, 


196  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

FUSUS  PAUCICOSTATUS,  n.  sp. 
Plate  xxvi.  Figs.  1-6. 

Shell  elongate-fusiform,  and  ttirreted,  spire  modei-ately  robust.  Volu- 
tions strongly  ventricose,  the  last  one  proportionally  larger  than  the  others; 
number  unknown,  but  apparently  about  seven,  judging  from  those  on  indi- 
viduals of  various  sizes,  longitudinally  costate;  costa  six  on  each  volution, 
strong,  sometimes  resembling  longitudinal  tubercles  with  broad  concave 
interspaces  and  forming  vertical  hues  along  the  spire,  obsolete  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  volution  and  scarcely  extending  to  the  suture  line  above.  Aper- 
ture large,  inflated  on  the  larger  specimens.  Beak  slender,  slightly  twisted, 
shorter  from  the  middle  of  the  aperture  than  the  length  of  the  shell  above, 
and  with  a  narrow  canal.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine,  but  distinct, 
raised  spiral  lines,  those  on  the  lower  half  of  the  body  volution  and  on  the 
beak  somewhat  alternating  in  size. 

This  shell  appears  to  have  been  a  true  Fusus  and  to  have  resembled 
Fmus  colus  except  in  the  number  of  costa  and  the  shortness  of  the  beak. 
The  species  appears  to  have  attained  a  fair  size,  the  largest  specimen  in  the 
collection  before  me  having  measured  about  2^  inches  in  length.  The 
different  specimens  (all  casts)  show  considerable  variation  in  the  strength 
of  the  spiral  lines  and  in  their  relative  distance. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  uppermost  layers  of  the  Upper  Green 
Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  at  Rutgers 
College. 

Fusus   PEROBESUS,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  8,  9. 

Shell  proportionally  short  and  obese,  the  volutions  being  very  ventri- 
cose and  round  in  proportion  to  their  height,  and  also  very  rapidly  increasing 
in  size  transversely.  Spire  short,  the  apical  angle  having  been  not  far  from 
70°  to  75°.  Volutions  five  or  more,  very  full  and  gibbous  between  the  suture 
lines,  the  body  whorl  extended  below  into  a  short  and  slender  beak.  Aper- 
ture round-ovate,  rapidly  narrowed  below,  forming  the  canal.     Columella, 


GASTEE'JPODA  OP  THE  EOCENE  MAKLS.  197 

slender,  no  indications  of  markings  of  any  kind  are  seen  on  the  cast.  Upper 
volutions  marked  by  strong  vertical  folds  on  the  periphery,  with  broad, 
shallow,  rounded  interspaces.  Nine  of  the  folds  can  be  counted  in  the  space 
of  one  volution.  The  body  volution,  both  on  the  cast  and  in  the  matrix, 
is  entirely  destitute  of  all  remains  of  these  folds.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  strong,  raised,  rounded  spiral  lines,  which  are  obsolete  on  the 
body  whorl,  while  the  transverse  lines  of  growth  remain  faintly  visible. 

The  only  respectably  well  preserved  cast  and  partial  matrix  of  this 
species  has  been  subject  to  some  distortion  by  compression,  and  is  also 
slightly  coated  with  a  deposit  of  iron,  so  as  to  obscure  the  finer  markings; 
but  the  form  of  the  shell  has  been  so  entirely  distinct  from  any  other  in  the 
Eocene  formation  that  there  is  but  little  chance  of  confounding  it.  There 
may  be  some  slight  doiibt  as  to  the  correct  reference  of  the  shell  to  the 
genus  Fusus,  but  there  is  no  evidence  present  of  features  pertaining  to  any 
other. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College.    . 

Fxjsus  (Neptunea?)  staminea. 

Plate  XXV,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Fusus  stamineus  Conrad:  Foss.  Shells  of  the  Tert.,  p.  43;  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol. 
1,  p.  14. 

A  single  cast  of  small  size,  possessing  all  the  essential  features  of  the 
above  species  is  foimd  among  the  collections.  It  is  pyriform  in  general 
outline,  with  a  depressed  conical  spire,  having  three  and  a  half  whorls, 
which  are  slightly  exsert,  distinctly  angular  on  the  periphery  and  moderately 
convex  below  the  angulation.  The  periphery  is  marked  by  from  nine  to 
twelve  transverse  nodes,  only  slightly  indicated  by  the  undulation  of  the 
surface,  either  above  or  below  the  angulation,  but  are  quite  strong  on  the 
edge  with  concave  interspaces.  The  aperture  is  transverse,  angular  in  the 
middle,  and  terminates  below  in  a  slender  canal,  the  beak  being  very  slen- 
der and  nearly  as  long  in  the  cast  as  the  height  of  the  shell  above  it,  and 
is  still  imperfect  at  the  end.  The  surface  of  the  cast  is  marked  by  com- 
paratively strong,  spiral  strise,  which  are  arranged  in  groups  on  the  lower 


198  tALEOI^TOLOGY  OF  KBW  JERSEY. 

side  of  the  whorl,  consisting  of  large  ones  with  several  smaller  ones  between. 
On  the  upper  surface  they  appear  to  be  more  even. 

The  cast  presents  every  indication  of  being  of  the  same  species  as  the 
shells  from  Claiborne,  Alabama,  except  that  it  is  smaller  in  size.  I  see  no 
reason,  therefore,  for  separating  it  under  a  distinct  name. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     In  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

FtJSUS  (NePTUNBA  ?)   EOCENICtrS,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  10-13. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  depressed-biturbinate  in  form,  exclusive  of  the 
anterior  beak;  spire  depressed-conical,  probably  somewhat  changed  in  the 
casts  by  compression;  apical  angle  about  90^  or  even  more;  volutions  four 
in  number,  rapidly  increasing  in  size,  and  sharply  carinate  on  the  periphery; 
flattened  or  slightly  convex  on  the  upper  surface  and  rather  strongly  convex 
below ;  coiled  so  as  to  leave  the  inner  ones  exposed  for  only  a  little  distance 
below  the  carination;  aperture  large,  transverse,  angular  in  the  middle  and 
extended  below  in  a  narrow  canal;  anterior  beak  rather  slender,  its  length 
unknown,  but  being  at  least  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  shell  above;  volu- 
tions marked  on  the  periphery  by  a  series  of  slight  angular,  transverse 
nodes,  which  do  not  appear  below  the  angulation  of  the  volution  and  are 
but  slightly  seen  above,  being  confined  principally  to  the  periphery.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  spiral  striae,  those  below  the  angle  of  the 
whorls  being  obscurely  alternate  in  size,  as  seen  on  the  casts. 

This  species,  as  represented  in  the  collection,  does  not  appear  to  have 
reached  a  \ei-j  large  size,  the  largest  cast  scarcely  exceeding  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  its  greatest  diameter,  and  the  height,  exclusive  of  the  beak,  has  not 
been  much  greater.  The  nodes  on  the  periphery  are  proportionally  more 
distinct  on  the  smaller  volutions,  and  much  more  closely  arranged  than  are 
those  on  the  principal  ones.  None  of  the  specimens  preserve  the  beak  to 
its  full  extent;  the  species  somewhat  resemble  Fusus  stamineus  Conrad,  from 
the  Claiborne  sands,  but  the  spire  has  been  somewhat  more  elevated  and 
the  volution  below  the  carina  rounder  and  shorter,  and  the  nodes  smaller 
but  more  numerous,  while  the  striae  are  very  much  finer. 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  199 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shai'k  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Fusus  (Neptunba  ?)  Hector,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXV,  Figs.  3-6. 

Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size,  having  attained  a  length  of  nearly 
2  inches,  exclusive  of  the  anterior  beak,  the  length  of  which  is,  in  the 
only  specimen  preserving  it,  equal  to  the  height  of  the  two  lower  volutions. 
Spire  elevated,  consisting  of  but  few  volutions,  five  or  six  apparent  in  the 
cast;  apical  angle  about  45°.  Volutions  strongly  angular  when  not  com- 
pressed, the  angulation  being  at  about  the  middle  of  the  exposed  portion  of 
those  above  the  principal  one.  Above  and  below  the  angulation  the  sur- 
face is  very  moderately  convex.  Principal  volution  rapidly  contracted 
below  the  middle  to  the  slender,  twisted  anterior  beak,  which  is  slightly 
flattened  and  excavated  near  the  lower  end;  aperture  large  and  angular  in 
the  middle  of  the  outer  lip;  columella  slender;  volutions  crossed  by  about 
twelve  strong,  angular,  vertical  folds,  which  are  traceable  to  near  the  suture 
on  the  upper  surface  and  nearly  to  the  commencement  of  the  beak  below, 
but  are  much  more  distinct  on  the  angulation.  The  shell  is  also  marked 
by  strong,  distant,  spiral  lines,  commencing  on  the  carination  and  continu- 
ing below,  the  four  first  nearly  equidistant,  with  two  or  three  more  distantly 
arranged  farther  down,  the  interspaces  being  flat  or  very  moderately  con- 
cave. No  spiral  lines  appear  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  volutions.  Fine 
concentric  or  transverse  lines  of  growth  cross  the  shell  throughout. 

This  is  a  very  well  marked  species,  and  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  the  strong  markings  and  by  the  absence  of  spiral  lines  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  volution. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls,  at 
Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  Rutgers  College  collection. 

Fusus  (Neptunea  ?)  Hector  var.  multilineatus,  n.  var. 
Plate  XXV,  Fig.  7. 

A  single  crushed  and  imperfect  specimen,  which  presents  much  the 
aspects  of  F.  (N.)  Hector,  herein  described,  occurs  in  the  collection  of  Rut- 


200  Paleontology  of  new  jeesey. 

gers  College,  but  is  of  still  larger  size  and  so  characteristic  in  some  of  its 
features  in  winch  it  differs  from  that  one  that  I  have  concluded  to  notice  it 
under  a  separate  head,  hoping  that  other  specimens  may  be  found  to  verify 
it.  The  fragment  consists  of  the  principal  vohxtion  and  a  portion  of  the 
next  above,  the  anterior  beak  having  been  broken  near  its  upper  part.  The 
volutions  are  somewhat  rounder  than  are  those  of  F.  Hector,  the  angu- 
lations being  less  distinct  and  the  vertical  folds  more  subdued.  Both  of 
these  features,  however,  might  result,  at  least  in  part,  from  the  excessive 
flattening  of  the  cast.  The  spiral  lines,  however,  although  the  normal 
number  possessed  by  the  typical  form  are  present  and  retain  very  nearly 
their  relative  position,  are  continued  over  the  entire  surface,  both  above  and 
below  the  angulation  of  the  whorl,  with  two  intermediate  finer  ones  between 
each  of  the  principal  lines ;  the  finer  lines  are  also  continued  below  and 
upon  the  anterior  beak  as  far  as  that  portion  is  preserved.  In  the  prelimi- 
nary examination  of  the  species  I  had  grouped  this  with  the  specimens  of  F. 
(-AT.)  Hector,  considering  it  only  as  a  crushed  specimen  of  that  species  pre- 
serving the  markings  in  a  more  perfect  condition.  But  on  separating  the 
largest  individual  of  that  one  from  the  matrix,  I  find  the  fine  transverse 
lines  of  growth  perfectly  preserved,  without  a  vestige  of  spiral  lines  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  volutions,  convincing  me  that  this  can  scarcely  be  the 
same  species.  I  therefore  indicate  it  as  above.  The  locality  and  geological 
position  is  the  same  as  in  that  case. 

FUSUS   (UrOSALPINX  ?)   MULTICOSTAtUS,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV,  Figs.  6,  7. 

Shell  small,  elongate-oval,  or  short-fusiform  in  general  outline,  spire 
forming  one-half  of  the  entire  length,  the  body  whorl  large  and  termi- 
nating in  a  short  beak.  Volutions  extremely  ventricose,  almost  inflated, 
with  deef)ly  marked  suture  lines  between  them.  Apical  angle  about  45°. 
Aperture  large,  broadly  ovate  and  terminating  below  in  a  short,  narrow 
canal.  Volutions  crossed  by  closely  arranged,  rounded,  vertical  folds, 
which  are  confined  to  the  upper  two-thirds  of  their  surface,  becoming 
obsolete  a  little  below  the  largest  part,  and  are  separated  by- narrow  con- 
cave interspaces;  twelve  to  fourteen  of  the  folds  may  be  counted  on  each 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  201 

of  the  principal  volutions.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  numerous  raised 
spiral  lines,  separated  by  slightly  broader  interspaces.  Length  of  the  shell 
about  one  and  a  quarter  inches. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  say  to  which  of  several  genera  this  shell 
properly  belongs.  It  might  be  classed  with  Tritonidea  Swainson,  except  that 
the  folds  are  equal  and  the  beak  too  slender.  Its  close  general  resemblance 
to  the  common  Oyster  drill,  Urosalpinx  cenereus  Say  is  so  great  that  one 
would  naturally  be  incHned  to  associate  it  with  that  one.  It  is,  however, 
somewhat  larger  and  the  volutions  more  rounded  or  inflated  between  the 
suture  lines,  but  these  are  the  only  observable  differences  between  this  cast 
and  the  recent  shells  of  that  species.  The  cast  of  the  beak  and  anterior  por- 
tion of  the  shell  is  very  shghtly  imperfect  and  prevents  a  positive  determi- 
nation of  its  relationship. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  CLAVELLA  Swauison. 

Clavella  raphanoides?. 

Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Fusus  raphanoides  Conrad:  Jonr.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  7,  1st  ser.,  p.  144. 
Clavella  raphanoides  Conrad:  Am.  Jour,  of  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  18;  Meek,  Check  List 
Eocene  Foss.,  p.  19. 

A  single  imperfect  cast  of  a  species  of  Clavella,  resembling  C.  rajplia- 
noides  Conrad,  occurs  in  the  collection,  but  is  too  imperfect  to  aff"ord  positive 
means  of  specific  identification.  The  spire  is  rather  higher  than  that  of 
the  Claiborne  shell,  but  so  httle  that  the  difference  between  conditions  of 
preservation  might  easily  account  for  it.  The  most  pronounced  feature  of 
the  cast  is  the  very  strong  and  broad  anterior  beak,  being  so  much  stronger 
than  would  be  the  case  with  an  ordinary  species  of  Fusus  or  Fasciolaria  that 
it  is  thereby  readily  distinguished  by  this  feature.  The  spire  is  high  and 
the  volutions  strong,  and  the  cast  presents  no  evidence  of  vertical  folds,  or 
scarcely  of  spiral  strise.  The  anterior  beak  is  preserved  in  the  matrix  for 
perhaps  more  than  half  of  its  original  length,  and  is  still  more  than  three- 


202  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

sixteenths  of  an  inch  broad  where  broken.     Figures  of  the  specimen  are 
given  to  aid  in  its  identification,  although  so  highly  imperfect. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


FASCIOLARIID^. 

Genus  FASCIOLARIA  Lamarck. 

Fasciolaria  Hercules. 

Plate  XXVI,  Figs.  9-11;  Plate  xxvil,  Figs.  1,  3. 

Shell  large,  heavy,  and  apparently  ponderous.  Spire  elevated  and 
strong,  the  apical  angle  on  uncompressed  specimens  being  about  45°  or 
50°;  volutions  about  seven,  strong,  subangular  above  the  last  one,  which 
is  biangular,  the  lower  angle  being  concealed  on  the  others  by  the  volu- 
tion below;  each  volution  marked  by  a  series  of  twelve  strong,  rounded, 
node-like  vertical  ridges  along  the  angle,  and  dying  out  below  at  the  suture 
line;  periphery  of  the  last  volution  vertical  between  the  angles,  and  rap- 
idly contracted  in  the  lower  part  to  form  the  long,  comparatively  strong 
anterior  beak,  which  is  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  spire 
above  the  middle  of  the  last  volution;  columella  straight  to  near  its  extrem- 
ity. Only  a  single,  rather  slender,  oblique  fold  has  been  observed  on  any 
of  the  many  specimens  examined.  Aperture  comparatively  small,  wider 
than  high,  subangular  at  the  upper  outer  part  and  rapidly  rounded  inward 
to  the  beak  and  narrow  canal  below;  surface,  as  indicated  both  by  the  casts 
and  matrix,  covered  by  low  spiral  striae,  those  crossing  the  tops  of  the 
nodes  being  the  strongest  and  most  distant;  those  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
body  volution  are  not  distinct  enough  on  any  of  the  casts  to  reveal  their 
true  character. 

This  shell  has  been  very  closely  related  to  some  forms  of  the  living 
shells  referred  to  Fasciolaria  trapezium  Linn.,  and  very  closely  resembles 
that  known  as  F.  Audouini  Jonas,  usually  found  in  collections  under  the 
first  named  species.  The  spire  is,  however,  somewhat  more  elcA'ated  than 
in  that  one,  and  the  anterior  beak  somewhat  more  slender.     The  single 


Gasteropoda  of  the  eocene  maels.  203 

slender  columellar  fold  replaces  the  two  or  three  of  that  shell,  and  is  also 
placed  higher  on  the  columella.  I  know  of  no  other  Eocene  shell  in  this 
country  which  closely  resembles  this  one,  especially  in  its  great  size  and 
robust  character,  coupled  with  its  form  and  strongly  nodose  spire ;  some  of 
the  casts  are  nearly  6  inches  in  length  when  deprived  of  the  anterior  beak, 
which  has  been,  with  the  aperture,  as  long  as  the  entire  shell  besides. 
Many  of  the  casts  which  I  have  observed  appear  to  be  nearly  or  quite  des- 
titute of  the  nodes  and  would  be  readily  taken  for  a  distinct  species.  This 
feature,  or  absence  of  feature,  I  presume  arises  from  a  thickening  of  the 
shell  on  the  inside  in  old  examples,  filling  up  the  depressions  of  the  nodes 
on  the  inside  of  the  whorls. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River  and  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  I  believe  it  also  occurs  at 
Monmouth  and  Squankum,  New  Jersey.  Collections  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  His- 
tory and  Rutgers  College. 

Fasciolaria  propinqxja,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  3. 

Shell  above  a  medium  size,  fusiform;  spire  moderately  elevated;  beak 
long,  proportionally  strong,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  spire,  measuring 
from  the  middle  of  the  body  whorl;  apical  angle  of  the  spire  less  than  45°; 
volutions  about  six,  rather  strong,  with  moderately  marked  sutures,  the 
upper  ones  marked  by  strong  vertical  nodes,  which  are  obsolete  on  the 
lower  two  or  two  and  a  half;  these  latter  are  rounded  or  very  slightly 
angular,  the  last  one  being  imperceptible,  flattened  on  the  periphery  for 
nearly  one-third  of  its  height  and  marked  only  by  transverse  lines  of 
growth.  Aperture  moderately  large;  beak  long  and  the  channel  narrow; 
columella  marked  by  one  single,  very  slender  and  very  oblique  fold,  which 
is  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  its  length  when  looking  directly  into  the 
aperture  of  the  shell. 

This  species  is  smaller  than  either  of  the  two  associated  species.  It 
was  at  first  thought  to  be  the  young  of  F.  Hercules,  but  on  critical  study  I 
find  characters  revealed  which  prevent  its  alliance  with  that  one.  It  resem- 
bles it  particularly  in  the  upper  volutions,  in  their  being  nodose  in  the  same 


204  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

manner,  but  without  the  distinctive  angulations.  Young  specimens  of  that 
species  show  the  nodes  increasing  in  size  and  becoming  more  rounded  as 
the  vohitions  increase  in  size,  while  on  this  one  they  gradually  disappear. 
It  differs  from  F.  Samsoni  in  the  less  compact  and  more  slender  spire  and 
less  ventricose  volutions,  these  differences  being  very  pronounced  when  the 
specimens  are  viewed  side  by  side.  The  general  resemblance  to  the  other 
two  species  is  very  marked. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  G-reen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  History. 

Fasciolaria  Samsoni,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  4  ;  Plate  xxvili,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  large  and  ponderous,  as  indicated  by  the  cast,  with  an  elevated 
spire,  sti-ong,  extended  beak,  and  strong,  heavy,  rounded  volutions;  apical 
angle,  when  the  specimens  are  uncompressed,  measuring  about  45°  or  50°; 
volutions  numbering  six  to  seven  in  the  entire  cast,  with  strongly  marked 
suture  lines,  their  full,  rounded  and  ventricose  forms  relieving  the  sutures, 
but  without  any  marked  space  between  the  volutions;  aperture  large,  semi- 
lunar in  outline,  more  strongly  rounded  in  the  lower  part  than  above,  but 
terminating  in  a  narrow  canal  below;  columella  strong,  its  entire  length 
unknown,  and  the  plications  of  folds  unknown,  as  they  are  not  visible  on 
any  of  the  casts  examined,  the  extension  not  being  preserved;  surface  of 
the  volutions  smooth  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  cast,  these  being 
marked  only  by  transverse  lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the  apertural  margin. 

This  species  is  foimd  associated  with  T.  Hercules,  and  is  often  consid- 
ered as  a  smooth  variety  of  that  shell.  They  are,  however,  very  distinct, 
and  evidently  belong  to  two  distinct  sections  of  the  genus,  F.  Hercules  be- 
longing to  the  group  typified  by  F.  trapesitim  Linn.,  while  this  one  is  related 
to  F.  tulipa  of  our  own  southern  coast;  although  much  larger,  more  ventri- 
cose, and  having  a  proportionally  shorter  spire  than  any  specimens  or  species 
of  that  type  known  to  me.  It  is  barely  possible  there  may  have  been  re- 
volving depressed  lines  on  the  surface,  as  in  some  lights  there  are  faint 
indications  of  such  a  feature  on  the  best  preserved  example,  that  figured; 
but  they  are  altogether  too  indistinct  and  evanescent  to  be  given  as  a  posi- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  205 

tive  feature.     Specimens  indicating  a  length  of  6   inches  above  the  beak 

and  canal  are  not  uncommon,  the  diameter,  in  such  cases,  being  nearly  3J 

inches. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 

at  Shark  River,  Farmingdale,  and  Monmouth,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at 

Rutgers  College  and  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

TURBINID^. 

Genus  CARICELLA  Conrad. 

Caeicella  pyruloides. 

Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  1-6. 

Turbinella  pyruloides  Conrad:  Foss.  Shells  of  Ter.,  p.  34;  PL  x,  Fig.  1. 
Caricella  pyruloides  Conrad:   Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  24;  Meek,  Check  List 
Eocene  Foss.,  p.  10. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  pyriform,  swollen  or  inflated  above  and  attenuate 
below,  with  a  short  obtuse  spire.  Volutions  four  or  more,  very  rapidly 
increasing  in  size,  the  last  one  forming  almost  the  entire  bulk  of  the  shell, 
as  the  inner  ones  are  almost  enveloped  by  the  outer.  Aperture  very  large, 
semi-lunate,  but  prolonged  and  pointed  below.  Columella  slender,  especi- 
ally in  the  lower  part,  somewhat  bent  and  marked  by  three  or  four  strong 
plications  or  ridges.  Surface  as  shown  on  the  casts,  marked  by  lines  of 
growth  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture. 

The  casts  of  this  species  are  not  uncommon  and  attain  a  very  fair  size  as 
compared  with  the  shells  as  found  in  Claiborne  sands  at  Claiborne,  Alabama, 
from  whence  it  was  originally  described  and  where  it  is  quite  abundant.  The 
New  Jersey  specimens  are  usually  much  compressed  or  distorted,  and  the 
columellar  folds  not  often  seen,  as  they  show  only  as  grooves  in  the  marl 
against  the  side  of  the  cast  of  the  columella,  or  are  obtained  by  breaking 
away  a  portion  of  the  volution.  There  are  seldom  more  than  three  of  them 
visible,  and  often  only  two  can  be  detected,  which,  together  with  the  absence 
of  the  raised  spiral  stria;  of  the  lower  slender  part  of  the  volution  on  the 
Alabama  specimens,  may  induce  some  to  consider  them  as  distinct  species. 
I  think,  however,  these  slight  differences  are  only  the  result  of  the  conditions 


206  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

of  preservation.  The  most  marked  difference  between  these  casts  and  the 
Alabama  specimens  will  be  fomid  in  the  shorter  spire  and  in  the  proportion- 
ally larger  upper  part  of  the  volution.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  these  features  are  regularly  and  constantly  increased  with  the  increase 
in  size  of  this  and  all  closely  allied  forms.  There  are  several  other  species 
of  the  Eocene  formations  that  are  closely  related  to  this  one,  of  which  the 
casts  would  be  scarcely,  if  at  all,  distinguishable  from  these,  but  I  think  a 
close  comparison  of  both  casts  and  the  shells  of  these  forms  will  prove  the 
New  Jersey  and  Alabama  specimens  identical. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark*  River,  Farmingdale,  and  Squankum,  New  Jersey. 

Caricella  pondekosa,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Shell  rather  large  for  the  genus,  and,  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from 
the  cast,  has  been  thick  and  heavy.  Form  obovate  or  pyriform  in  outline, 
largest  above,  giving  the  greatest  convexity  near  the  upper  part  of  the  volu- 
tion, and  becoming  very  attenuate  in  front  to  form  the  anterior  beak  and 
canal.  Spire  very  short  in  the  cast,  being  only  very  slightly  convex  or  low- 
dome-shaped.  Volutions  four  or  five  probably  in  the  shell,  scarcely  four 
in  the  cast;  sutures  strongly  marked  and  the  inner  whorls  scarcely  rising 
above  the  outer  ones.  Aperture  large,  obtuse  above  and  pointed  below. 
Columella  strong  and  heavy,  marked  by  three  very  heavy  folds  which 
increase  rapidly  in  size  from  above  downward.  Surface  of  the  shell  un- 
known. 

This  species  rather  closely  resembles  C.  pyruloides  Conrad  in  general 
form,  but  has  a  shorter  spire  and  a  somewhat  more  clavate  form,  the  great- 
est diameter  of  the  volution  being  higher  in  proportion  than  in  that  one. 
The  columella  is  also  much  stronger  and  the  folds  entirely  different  in 
strength,  and  the  entire  shell  much  thicker.  This  latter  character  has 
been  so  marked  as  to  give  room  for  the  shell  to  be  perforated  by  some 
boring  sponge,  or  similar  body,  over  nearly  the  entire  extent  of  the  outer 
volution,  and  to  transmit  its  markings  to  the  cast.     The  entire  length  and 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  207 

form  of  the  columella  and  canal  can  not  be  determined,  as  this  part  of 
the  cast  is  imperfect;  but  the  length  as  preserved  is  over  4  inches,  with 
a  diameter  of  the  body  volution  of  nearly  2f  inches;  but  the  imprint  of 
the  oblique  folds  is  very  strong,  and  for  the  size  of  the  shell  have  been 
proportionally  very  large  and  heavy,  broad  and  rounded.  The  specimen 
has  been  compressed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  contract  the  aperture  and  pre- 
vent a  satisfactory  view  of  it  being  given  in  a  figure;  but  the  general 
form  is  so  characteristic  that  there  can  be  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

VOLUTID^. 

Genus  VOLUTA  Linneeus. 

VOLUTA  LELIA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  1-3. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  attaining  a  length  of  2 J  inches  or  more;  ovate 
in  general  outline,  with  a  low  spire,  moderately  ventricose  volutions  and 
rather  slender  anterior  beak  and  not  strongly  marked  suture  lines;  body 
volution  forming  nearly  or  quite  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length,  largest 
near  the  upper  end  and  rapidly  contracted  below  the  middle,  becoming 
somewhat  attenuated  in  front;  aperture  large,  expanded  above  and  nar- 
rowed below ;  columella  of  only  moderate  size  and  marked  by  at  least  three 
distinct  and  very  oblique  folds,  enlarging  from  above  downward;  canal 
shallow;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  fine  lines  of  growth  jDarallel 
to  the  margin  of  the  outer  lip. 

This  shell  is  of  the  same  general  form  as  V.  Netvcombiana,  but  is  smaller 
and  with  a  much  lower  spire,  and  is  also  more  attenuated  in  front,  while 
the  body  volution  is  not  angular  in  the  upper  part  like  that  one.  It  diff'ers 
also  from  any  of  the  others  herein  described  in  the  comparative  height  of 
the  spire  and  attenuation  of  the  anterior  end.  It  is  a  very  neat  and  grace- 
ful species. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College, 


208  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

VOLUTA  PERELEVATA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  4-6. 

Imperfect  and  fragmentary  specimens  of  a  very  slender  volute  are 
found  in  the  Shark  River  collections,  but  are  all  imperfect,  both  as  to  the 
spire  and  base  of  the  shell;  but  still  enough  is  preserved  to  show  that  they 
belong  to  a  species  which  is  entirely  distinct  from  any  of  those  hitherto  de- 
scribed from  those  beds,  or  from  any  of  the  Eocene  layers  in  any  other 
section.  The  form  of  the  shell  is  highly  elevated  and  proportionally  slen- 
der, the  spire  being  composed  of  volutions  which  are  nearly  straight  on  the 
sides  of  the  exposed  portion,  this  part  being  unusually  long  as  compared 
with  any  of  the  known  species.  The  last  volution  has  been  quite  long, 
largest  near  the  shoulder  and  gradually  narrowing  downward  to  a  narrow 
base,  so  that  the  shell  has  been  four  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide;  the 
aperture  is  long  and  narrow  and  the  columella  strong,  and  marked  by  three 
or  more  strong  folds.  The  surface  has  been  smooth  with  the  exception  of 
transverse  lines  of  growth,  which  are  strong  and  somewhat  regularly 
arranged,  but  not  sufficiently  so  to  form  a  surface  pattern.  The  species 
will  be  easily  distinguished  from  any  of  the  others  by  its  slender  elongated 
form.  All  the  specimens  observed  are  from  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper 
Grreen  Marls  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  are  in  the  collection  at  Rut- 
gers College,  and  that  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

VOLUTA  PAEVULA,   n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXI,  Figs.  1-4  and  5  (?). 

Shell  small,  seldom  exceeding  1^  inches  in  length,  elongate-ovate  or 
elongate-suboval  in  general  outline,  consisting  of  four  to  four  and  a  half 
volutions  in  the  cast,  the  last  one  forming  fully  three-fourths  of  the  entire 
length ;  apex  mammillated  (!).  Volutions  of  the  spire  low  convex,  not  angu- 
lated,  but  with  distinct  sutures.  Body  volution  largest  near  the  upper  end, 
abruptly  rounded  to  the  suture  on  the  shoulder  and  gently  convex  below 
or  over  the  body  portion,  more  rapidly  constricted  toward  the  lower  part 
and  again  becoming  slightly  patulose  at  the  base.  Aperture  long  and  mod- 
erately open,  with  a  wide  canal  and  notch  at  the  base,  so  far  as  can  be 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  209 

determined  from  the  casts,  and  also  slightly  extended  upward  at  the  upper 
angle.  Columella  proportionally  strong  and  marked  by  four  or  more  very 
oblique  folds,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  thread-like,  and  the  others  much 
stronger.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  on  the  upper  volutions  by  fine  spiral 
striae;  also  similar  striae  can  be  observed  near  the  base  of  the  principal  volu- 
lution,  while  the  body  of  this  volution  seems  to  be  destitute  of  such  mark- 
ings. The  entire  shell  is  also  marked  by  somewhat  distinct  transverse  striae 
parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture. 

This  shell  is  the  most  abundant  of  any  of  the  VolutidcB  in  the  Eocene 
layers  of  marls,  as  well  as  the  smallest.  The  prevailing  length  is  about 
1^  inches.  It  is  a  neat  and  rather  pretty  form,  and  differs  in  its  size  and 
shape  from  the  other  associated  species.  A  single  individual  referred  to  the 
same  species  with  some  doubt,  on  account  of  its  immature  appearance  and 
smaller  number  of  volutions,  preserves  the  mammillated  apex  or  nucleus 
which  is  turned  on  one  side  but  not  reversed.  On  account  of  the  above 
mentioned  peculiarities  of  this  specimen  and  a  difference  in  the  form  of  the 
volution,  I  have  thought  it  might  possibly  be  the  young  of  V.  Newcombiana, 
but  do  not  feel  certain. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collections  Rutgers  College  and  Am.  Miis. 
Nat.  Hist. 

VOLUTA   SCAPHOIDES,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXI,  Figs.  6-8. 

Shell  large,  rather  above  a  medium  size,  and,  judging  from  the  cast, 
has  probably  been  heavy  in  substance.  Volutions  five  or  six  in  number,  the 
last  one  large  and  obconical  in  form  below  the  shoulder,  where  it  is  obtusely 
angular  and  concave  on  the  upper  surface,  while  below  the  angulation  it  is 
gently  convex;  spire  short,  probably  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  entire 
length,  but  in  the  only  specimen  examined  is  obliquely  compressed  and  dis- 
torted, destroying  the  proportions  to  so  great  an  extent  that  they  can  not  be 
positively  determined;  upper  volutions  very  distinct,  slightly  subangular  and 
ivith  distinct  sutures;  aperture  large,  considerably  more  than  half  as  long 
as  the  entire  shell,  broadly  channeled  below;  columella  strong,  marked  by 
four  or  more  strong,  distant  folds,  the  second  one  from  above  being  near 

MON  xvm 14 


210  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  aperture.  Surface  of  the  shell  smooth,  or 
marked  only  by  Hnes  of  growth. 

The  species  very  closely  resembles  the  living  V.  scapha  in  size,  form, 
and  proportions.  The  folds  on  the  columella  are  similar  in  distance  and 
probably  the  same  in  number.  The  specimen  showing  them  is  too  imper- 
fect to  determine  their  exact  number  positively,  but  four  only  are  satisfac- 
torily shown.  It  differs  from  V.  vesta  herein  described  in  its  more  angular 
and  obconical  form,  and  can  not  be  easily  mistaken  for  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  uppermost  layers  of  the  Upper  Green 
Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

VoLUTA  (Amoria)  vesta,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXII,  Figs.  4-6. 

Shell  large  and  somewhat  cone-shaped,  being  largest  at  the  base  of  the 
spire  and  irregularly  decreasing  in  size  below,  with  a  very  little  swell  or 
convexity  on  the  sides  of  the  body  volution,  relieving  the  otherwise  strictly 
conoidal  form.  Spire  low-conical,  the  apical  angle  being  about  90°,  and 
the  volutions  of  the  spire  barely  convex  between  the  sutures,  which  are 
only  moderately  indicated  in  the  cast,  but  which  appear  to  have  been 
slightly  callus  in  the  shell.  Aperture  large,  apparently  contracted  below. 
Columella  moderately  strong,  but  little  if  at  all  callus  and  marked  by  four 
rather  strong  and  very  distant  folds,  with  flattened  spaces  between,  which 
in  the  specimen  figured  is  fully  three-eighths  of  an  inch  wide  between  the 
upper  ones.  The  upper  fold  is  nearly  horizontal  and  the  lower  very 
oblique,  being  nearly  vertical  and  nearly  at  the  base  of  the  columella. 
Surface  of  the  shell  smooth  or  marked  only  by  fine  lines  of  growth  parallel 
to  the  margin  of  the  aperture. 

This  species  is  peculiar  for  its  conoidal  form  and  peculiar  columellar 
folds,  these  latter  being  very  unusually  distant  and  isolated  in  their  posi- 
tion. The  sui-face  of  the  shell  is  entirely  destitute  of  any  longitudinal  or 
vertical  folds  or  undulations  of  the  surface,  and  I  do  not  think  there  has 
been  any  markings  of  any  kind  other  than  the  lines  of  growth.  The 
shell  has  apparently  attained  a  very  fair  size,  the  specimen  figured  having 
measured  fully  5  inches  in  length  when  perfect.     The  shell  has  had  the 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  21 1 

form  of  species  referred  by  Try  on  to  the  section  Amoria  Gray,  typified  by 
V.  undidata  Lamarck;  or  by  Paetel  in  his  catalogue,  to  Scaphella  Swain.,  but 
there  appears  to  be  so  much  confusion  about  the  sections  of  Voluta  among 
authors  that  it  is  unsafe  to  refer  a  species  to  any  one  of  the  subdivisions. 
The  present  species  would  undoubtedly  afford  ample  grounds  for  a  distinct 
division  under  the  hands  of  many,  but  I  prefer  not  to  divide  where  there 
has  been  so  much  already  done,  unless  on  the  most  pronounced  features. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

VoLUTA  (Scaphella)  Newcombiana. 

Plate  XXXII,  Figs.  1-3. 

Voluta  Newcombiana  Whitf.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  363,  PI.  xxvii,  Fig.  13. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate-elliptical  in  general  outline,  longer  below 
than  above  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  but  somewhat  variable  in  pro- 
portions in  different  individuals.  Spire  elevated,  the  apical  angle  varying 
from  45°  to  60°  in  different  individuals,  partly  owing,  probably,  to  the 
degree  of  distortion  by  compression  of  the  casts.  Volutions  five  or  six,  the 
apex  not  preserved  in  any  of  the  specimens  present.  Volutions  gently  con- 
vex, the  body  whorl  often  decidedly  angular  at  the  shoulder,  gently  convex 
over  the  principal  part  and  again  more  rapidly  constricted  at  about  the 
lower  third.  Aperture  large,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  entire  shell. 
Columella  strong,  marked  by  four  strong  oblique  plications  or  folds  in  the 
lower  part.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  irregular  concentric  lines 
parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture. 

The  shell  is  known  from  New  Jersey  only  in  the  conditions  of  internal 
casts,  and  these  more  or  less  distorted  by  compression,  so  that  the  characters 
are  more  obscurely  shown  than  on  the  examples  from  Alabama,  where  the 
shells  are  beautifully  preserved.  These  casts  vary  greatly  in  the  height  of 
the  spire  and  in  the  angularity  of  the  body  volution,  those  having  higher 
spires  always  bein  g  less  angular  than  the  short  spired  specimens.  It  is  pos- 
sible there  may  be  two  distinct  species  among  the  casts  which  I  have 
referred  to  this  one,  but  as  most  of  these  yariations  are  observable  in  the 
Alabama  examples,  I  have  preferred  to  class  them  as  one  for  the  present. 


212  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upjaer  layer  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.    Collections  at  Rutgers  College  and  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist. 

Genus  VOLUTILITHES  Swainson. 

VOLUTILITHES  SaYANA. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  11-15. 

Valuta  Sayana  Conrad:  Foss.  Shells  of  Tert.,  p.  29,  PI.  xvi,  Fig.  1;  Morton's 

Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  Appendix,  p.  5. 
Valuta  Defrancii,   V.  gracilis  and    V.  parva  (Lea)  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 

vol.  1,  p.  24,  and  Morton's  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  Appendix,  p.  5. 
Volutilithes  Sayanus  Conrad:  Meek,  Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  16;  Am.  Jour. 

Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  24. 
Volutilithes  mutata?  (Desh.)  Meek:  Geol.    N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  732;  Meek, 

Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  16 ;  Heilprin,  Tert.  Format.  N.  A.,  p.  8  ?. 

Among  the  casts  from  Shark  River  in  the  State  collections  at  Rut- 
gers College,  and  also  at  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  are  many  specimens  of 
a  Volutilithes,  so  exactly  like  the  shells  of  the  above  species  as  it  occurs 
at  Claiborne,  Alabama,  that  there  certainly  can  be  no  reason  whatever  for 
doubting  their  specific  identity.  They  occur  of  all  sizes  from  less  than 
1  inch  in  length  to  those  of  nearly  3  inches.  They  also  represent  nearly 
all  the  variations  in  proportions  of  rotundity  and  height  of  spire  possessed 
by  those  shells;  the  variation  of  the  surface  markings,  however,  can  not 
be  so  readily  detected,  as  it  is  preserved  to  a  much  less  degree  of  dis- 
tinctness on  these  casts.     The  casts  may  be  characterized  as  follows: 

Volutions  ventricose,  flattened  or  obliquely  sloping  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  attenuate  below,  spire  moderately  elevated,  but  variable  in  dif- 
ferent individuals,  somewhat  turreted,  the  volutions  rapidly  increasing  in 
size;  surface  vertically  plicated,  the  plications  being  confined  to  near  the 
upper  part  of  the  body  volution  and  extending  upon  the  upper  sloping 
surface ;  also  marked  by  spiral  lines,  most  distinct  towai-d  the  base  and 
sometimes  only  visible  on  this  part.  Columella  marked  by  several  (three 
to  five)  oblique  folds  of  variable  strength.  Aperture  large,  wide  at  the 
top  and  narrowed  below,  forming  a  narrow  canal. 

I  suppose  this  to  be  the  species  referred  to  by  Mr.  Meek  in  his  list 
of  Eocene  fossils  given  in  the  appendix  to  the  Greol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868, 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  213 

as  V.  mutata?  Deshayes.  Mr.  Meek  may  have  considered  V.  Sayana  as 
identical  with  the  Paris  Basin  species,  but  they  are  very  generally  con- 
sidered as  being  distinct,  and  there  is  certainly  as  much  difference  between 
them  and  any  one  of  the  French  species  as  there  is  among  those  from  that 
locality  described  and  given  as  distinct  by  Deshayes  himself;  consequently 
I  see  no  reason  for  suppressing  the  name  V.  Sayana.  The  species  of  Lea, 
given  above  as  synonyms,  were  described  from  young  specimens. 

Formation  and  locality:  This  species  was  originally  described  from 
specimens  from  the  ferruginous  sands  at  Claiborne,  Alabama,  but  it  has 
been  found  at  several  other  localities  in  that  and  the  adjoining  States.  In 
New  Jersey  I  know  it  only  from  the  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper  Marls,  at 
Shark  River. 

VOLUTILITHES   CANCELLATUS,    II.  Sp. 

Plate  XXX,  Figs.  7-10. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate-ovate  in  general  outline,  with  a  moder- 
ately elevated  spire  consisting  of  three  or  more  volutions  in  the  cast ;  volutions 
gently  convex,  rounded  on  the  shoulder,  largest  above  the  middle,  and  the 
body  volution  making  the  greater  bulk  of  the  specimen,  forming  fully  two- 
thirds  of  the  height ;  aperture  long  and  rather  narrow,  somewhat  contracted 
below;  columella  slender,  curved,  marked  by  three,  or  perhaps  in  the  larger 
.individuals  four  slender,  oblique  plicae  or  folds,  the  lower  one  the  larger,  and 
situated  rather  below  the  middle  of  its  length;  entire  surface  of  the  casts 
marked  by  closely  arranged  spiral  ridges,  and  also  by  transverse  ridges  of 
growth,  which  are  more  or  less  fasciculate,  which  by  crossing  give  a  coarsely 
cancellated  texture  over  the  body  volution  and  over  the  exposed  portions 
of  the  others.  The  spiral  ridges  have  their  upper  sides  narrower  than  the 
lower,  giving  a  long  and  short  side  to  each  ridge,  as  have  the  ridges  on 
nearly  all  shells  of  this  genus.  The  vertical  ridges  sometimes,  on  the  older 
individuals,  form  low  vertical  folds  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  body  volu- 
tion, but  this  is  not  always  the  case. 

Tlrese  casts  might  possibly  be  mistaken  for  those  of  V.  Sayana,  as  the  lat- 
ter occur  in  the  same  beds,  but  not  readily,  as  they  differ  much  in  form,  being 
more  slender  and  more  distinctly  oval  in  outline ;  also  in  the  greater  height 
of  the  exposed  part  of  the  upper  volutions;  in  the  almost  total  absence  of 


214  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JBESETT. 

nodes  on  the  largest  part  of  the  volutions,  but  notably  in  the  much  greater 
strength  of  the  spiral  ridges  which  cover  the  entire  surface  of  the  body 
whorl  in  almost  equal  strength,  which  is  not  the  case  in  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  I  have  not  observed  it  from  any  other  local- 
ity.    Collections  at  Rutgers  College  and  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

CANCELLARIID^. 

Genus  CANCELLARIA  Lamarck. 

Cancellaria  rudis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  of  medium,  or  below  a  medium  size,  broadly  biturbinate,  of 
nearly  equal  proportion  above  and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter 
exclusive  of  the  anterior  beak.  Whorls  four  in  the  cast,  the  apical  volutions 
not  represented,  not  having  been  filled  with  sediment,  probably  having  been 
filled  with  calcareous  deposit  during  life,  as  the  cast  appears  to  be  perfect. 
Volutions  sharply  angular,  the  angulation  being  near  the  top  of  the  prin- 
cipal one ;  aperture  large,  subtriangular,  higher  than  wide,  acute  above  and 
below;  columella  strong,  no  markings  preserved  on  the  cast,  but  an  indica- 
tion in  its  breadth,  as  shown  on  the  inner  lip  of  the  aperture,  of  that  lip 
having  been  somewhat  extended  or  perhaps  having  overlapped  the  colu- 
mella; volutions  crossed  by  a  few  strong,  angular,  vertical  folds,  not  more 
than  six  to  the  volution,  but  showing  on  the  last  one  nearly  to  the  base  of 
the  shell ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  spiral  lines  with  depressed  spaces 
between  them. 

This  cast  seems  to  belong  to  that  section  of  the  genus  Cancellaria 
described  under  the  name  Trigonostoma  by  Blainville,  in  which  the  aperture 
is  triangular,  the  volutions  sharply  angular,  and  the  folds  of  the  columella 
obsolete.  The  umbilicus  in  this  species  is  not  as  large  as  is  commonly  the 
case  in  this  group. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  215 

PLEUROTOMID^. 
Genus  PLEUROTOMA  Lamarck. 

Pleurotoma  surculitiformis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Shell  elongate  and  slender,  spire  elevated,  turreted,  containing  five 
or  six  volutions,  and  forming,  above  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  of  the 
body  Avhorl,  about  three-fifths  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell.  Body 
volution  rather  large  in  proportion  to  those  above.  Volutions  concave 
above  bu.t  rapidly  sloping,  ventricose,  and  rounded  below  the  angle,  the 
last  one  extended  below,  forming  a  short  beak.  Aperture  moderately 
large.  Shell  marked  by  fine,  even,  spiral  lines  over  its  entire  surface; 
also  by  finer  transverse  lines  which  are  broadly  curved  backward  on  the 
upper  concave  portion  and  forward  on  the  body  of  the  whorl. 

This  species  is  somewhat  related  in  its  form  and  surface  striae  to 
P.  elaborata  Conrad,  from  the  Claiborne  beds  (Foss.  shells  Tert.  Forma- 
tions, p.  52,  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  19),  but  differs  in  the  smaller  number  and  higher 
volutions  and  in  the  somewhat  longer  beak.  It  also  resembles  P.  alternata 
Conrad,  from  the  same  beds  figured  on  the  same  plate,  in  the  form  of  the 
volutions  and  surface  markings  but  is  a  less  robust  and  smaller  shell  and 
the  anterior  beak  is  proportionally  shorter. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     From  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Pleurotoma  regularicostata,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  7-9. 

Shell  small,  very  slender,  spire  elevated,  forming  less  than  half  of  the 
entire  length  of  the  shell ;  the  volutions  rather  high  between  sutures,  num- 
ber unknown.  Body  volution  and  beak  forming  rather  more  than  half  of 
the  entire  length;  moderately  ventricose  in  the  middle  without  perceptible 
angle,  but  with  a  slightly  concave  depressed  sulcus  below  the  sutui'e.  Su- 
tures distinct,  bounded  below  by  an  elevated  ridge.  Anterior  beak  long, 
slender,  and  bent.     Aperture  apparently  of  medium  size.     Surface  of  the 


216  PALEOISTTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

shell  marked,  especially  on  the  body  volution,  by  regular,  even,  flattened, 
longitudinal  or  vertical  costae,  which  are  formed  by  the  fasciculation  of  the 
growth  lines  and  which  are  scarcely  recurved  on  the  sulcus  below  the  suture, 
but  are  carried  forward  in  a  broad  sweeping  curve  across  the  body  of  the 
principal  volution,  nearly  to  the  slender  beak,  before  they  are  again  bent 
backward. 

This  shell  is  more  slender  than  P.  altispira  herein  described,  and  has 
a  longer  anterior  beak.  The  volutions  differ  very  materially  in  form  and 
also  in  proportion.  On  a  gutta-percha  cast  made  in  a  natural  mold  of  one 
specimen  showing  the  exterior  features  the  upper  volutions  appear  to  have 
possessed  stronger  vertical  folds;  but  the  feature  is  problematical,  and  may 
be  the  result  of  accident. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collections  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  and  Rutgers  College,  New  Jersey. 

PlEUROTOMA  (SuRCULA  ?)  ALTISPIRA,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  10-13. 

Shell  much  elongated,  spire  much  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the 
shell,  very  much  elevated,  consisting  of  six  or  more  volutions  in  the  cast. 
Volutions  moderately  convex,  not  angulated,  but  in  the  cast  marked  by  a 
rather  broad  elevated  band  at  the  base  of  each,  except,  perhaps,  the  outer 
or  dorsal  portion  of  the  last  one.  Body  volution  and  beak  forming  fully 
half  the  entire  length.  Aperture  only  moderately  large,  pointed  below  and 
rounded  on  the  outer  side.  Columella  slender  and  pointed  at  the  base. 
Beak  short.  Surface  of  the  shell,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  marked  only 
by  fine  lines  of  growth,  which  are  strongly  curved  forward  in  crossing  the 
body  volution,  being  retm-ned  again,  gently,  after  passing  the  largest  part. 

This  species  differs  in  the  form  of  the  volution  from  any  other  form  in 
the  New  Jersey  beds.  It  corresponds  in  shape  with  P.  elaborata  Coni'ad 
from  the  Claiborne  sands,  but  is  three  times  the  bulk  of  the  largest  specimen 
of  that  species  yet  observed  in  the  many  collections  which  I  have  seen  from 
that  locality. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


dASTEEOPODA  OP  THE  EOCENE  MAEL8.  217 

Genus  SURCULA  (H.  &  A.)  Adams. 

SURCULA   PEROBESA,  U.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figsr  o,  fi. 

Shell,  as  known  from  internal  casts  and  external  imprints,  rather  above 
a  medium  size,  indicating  a  length  of  2  inches  or  over  and  proportionally 
robust,  the  diameter  of  the  body  whorl  being  equal  to  considerable  more 
than  one-third  of  the  entire  length;  volutions  about  five  in  number,  dis- 
tinctly angular  in  the  middle,  the  principal  one  being  concave  above  the 
angulation  and  gently  convex  below  that  point,  and  terminating  in  a  short, 
strong,  anterior  beak;  aperture  proportionally  large;  columella  strong;  vo- 
lutions crossed  by  numerous  oblique  folds,  twelve  of  which  can  be  counted 
on  the  principal  one;  shell  marked  by  very  fine  spiral  lines,  sharjDly  ele- 
vated and  with  finer  lines  between  them,  and  also  by  finer  and  closer  raised, 
almost  lamellose  lines  of  growth  which  cancellate  the  surface  by  crossing 
the  spiral  lines.  On  the  concave  upper  surface  of  the  principal  volution 
the  transverse  lines  present  a  broad,  sweeping,  backward  curvature,  indica- 
ting a  broad  sinus  in  the  lip  of  the  shell  at  this  point,  and  below  the  angu- 
lation are  as  strongly  directed  forward  over  the  central  part  of  the  volution. 

This  shell  is  of  the  type  of  S.  tahulata  Conrad,  from  the  Claiborne  sands, 
but  is  of  much  larger  size,  much  more  robust,  apparently  fewer  volutions, 
and  stronger  folds. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  from  the  collection  at  Rutgers  College; 
some  fragments,  too  poor  for  illustration,  indicate  a  much  greater  size  than 
those  given  in  the  figures. 

Genus  SURCULITES  Conrad. 
Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  vol.  1,  p.  213. 

Mr.  Conrad  proposed  this  as  a  subgenus  under  Surcula  Adams,  but 
did  not  characterize  it  either  at  the  time  or  subsequently.  Mr.  Tryon 
describes  the  genus  in  his  "Structural  and  Systematic  Conchology,"  vol.  2, 
p.  183,  as  follows:   "Shell  with  spire  and  body  volution  nearly  equal;  the 


218  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

latter  obconical,  rectangular  near  the  top,  and  flattened  or  concave  above 
from  tlie  angle  to  tlie  suture;  sinus  of  lip  above  tlie  angle  of  the  whorls 
shallow  and  broad."  The  type  is  Surculites  annosa  Conrad,  a  New  Jersey 
Eocene  species. 

The  type  specimen  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  in  his  description  and  figured 
on  Plate  20,  Fig.  9,  of  the  volume  cited  above,  is  now  in  my  hands,  together 
with  several  other  specimens  of  the  same,  and  another  much  more  slender 
species.  They  differ  but  little  generically  from  Surcula  proper  as  typified 
by  S.  nodifera  Lam.,  except  in  the  notch  in  the  lip,  and  straighter  anferior 
beak,  which,  from  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  specimens  before  me,  does 
not  appear  to  be  bent  or  twisted  to  any  extent.  The  form  in  both  of  these 
species  is  subequally  biconical,  the  spire  elevated  and  nearly  or  quite  equal 
to  the  length  below  the  angle  of  the  principal  volution.  Below  the  angle 
the  body  volution  is  nearly  straight  obconical,  giving  a  somewhat  regularly 
tapering  beak  of  moderate  length  and  narrow  canal.  The  upper  surface 
of  the  volutions  is  nearly  rectangular  and  the  sinus  scarcely  marked;  in 
fact,  in  most  specimens  the  lines  of  growth  indicating  it  are  nearly  direct, 
but  below  the  angle  the  line  is  directed  forward  in  a  broad  curved  extension, 
occupying  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  aperture.  The  surface  features 
are  rather  fine  and  subdued,  consisting  of  spiral  lines  on  the  entire  surface, 
and  not  very  distinct  lines  of  growth.  Another  of  Conrad's  Eocene  genera 
Coclilespira,  cited  by  Tryon  as  a  sjmonym  of  Pleurotoma,  is  so  nearly  like 
this  one  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  point  out  differences.  The  following 
are  the  only  sjpecies  yet  referred  to  Surculites. 

SUKCULITES  ANNOSUS. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  14. 

Surculites  annosa  Conrad :  Am.  Jour.  Concti.,  vol.  1,  p.  313,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  9. 

Shell  of  comparatively  large  size,  having  been  about  2J  inches  long, 
with  a  transverse  diameter  of  the  body  whorl  of  IJ  inches  when  entire; 
form  subequally  biconical,  the  length  above  and  below  the  point  of  great- 
est diameter  nearly  equal;  volutions  five  or  more,  sharply  angular  on  the 
periphery,  the  upper  surface  flattened  and  nearly  rectangular  to  the  axis ; 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  EUGENE  MABLS.  219 

sutures  distinctly  marked  and  limited  above  by  a  narrow  ridge ;  volutions 
below  the  angle  almost  obconical,  regularly  tapering  to  near  the  end  of  the 
short,  rather  obtuse  beak;  aperture  narrow,  widest  at  the  angle  of  the  body 
whorl  and  almost  gradually  narrowing  below,  the  outer  lip  thin  and  extended 
in  the  middle,  as  shown  by  the  growth  lines,  forming  a  broad  rounded 
extension;  columella  smooth;  sinus  in  the  outer  lip  situated  above  the 
angle  of  the  volution,  very  shallow,  and  extending  from  that  point  to  the 
suture,  occupying  the  entire  upper  surface  of  the  volution;  surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  fine  spiral  striae  both  above  and  below  the  angle  of  the 
volution,  becoming  slightly  coarser  and  somewhat  alternate  below  the 
middle  of  the  whorl  and  on  the  beak;  transverse  strise  of  growth  also 
marks  the  surface,  and  are  sometimes  grouped  on  the  angle  of  the  volution 
so  as  to  produce  slight  undulations  or  incipient  nodes. 

Formation  ancllocality :  In  the  upper  or  Eocene  layers  of  the  Upper 
Green  Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

SURCULITES  CADAVEROSUS,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  15,  16. 

Shell  elongated,  slender,  and  fusiform;  spire  elevated,  as  long  as  the 
shell  below  the  angle  of  the  principal  volution;  whorls  probably  six  or  more, 
very  angular  in  the  upper  part,  the  upper  surface  flattened  between  the 
angle  and  the  suture,  and  sloping  but  little,  but  never  horizontal;  below 
the  angle  they  rapidly  decrease  in  size  downward,  are  but  very  slightly 
convex  and  extended  in  front,  forming  a  rather  long,  slender,  pointed  ante- 
rior beak;  aperture  narrow  and  elongated,  the  sinus  in  the  lip  scarcely 
marked,  and  the  margin  of  the  lip  extended  forward  below  the  angle;  sur- 
face of  the  cast  marked  by  proportionally  coarse  spiral  striee  of  nearly 
equal  size  above  and  below  the  angle ;  also  by  obscure  transverse  lines  of 
growth. 

This  species  differs  from  S.  annosa  in  its  more  slender  and  gaunt  look- 
ino-  form,  the  volutions  looking  angular  and  uncouth  in  their  proportions  from 
their  great  contractions  between  the  angle  and  the  suture  below,  arising 
from  the  great  proportional  exposed  length  of  each  volution.     It  also  differs 


220  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

in  its  greater  leiigth  of  beak,  which  is  slender  and  somewhat  curved.  None 
of  the  specimens  is  perfect  at  either  extremity,  so  the  entire  length  or 
number  of  volutions  can  not  be  determined.  The  greater  exposed  length 
of  the  volutions  in  the  spire  will  readily  distinguish  it. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  and  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  Collection  at  Rutgers 
College. 

SURCULITES   CUETUS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  17-19. 

Shell  small,  short  biconical,  about  equally  long  above  and  below  the 
point  of  greatest  diameter,  or  above  and  below  the  angulation  of  the  body 
volution,  and  the  greatest  transverse  diameter  of  the  body  whorl  about 
equaling  the  height  of  the  spire  above  that  point.  These  features  give 
the  body  volution  a  short  obconical  form  below  the  angulation,  exclusive 
of  the  beak,  which  is  not  present  in  any  specimens  under  examination. 
Above  the  angulation  the  whorls  are  abruptly  sloping  and  almost  without 
convexity,  and  the  exposed  portion  of  each  upper  volution  is  scarcely 
greater  than  the  width  of  the  upper  sloping  surface  of  the  same  volution. 
Volutions  only  four  in  number  in  the  most  perfect  individual  seen.  Surface 
marked  by  moderately  fine  spiral  lines,  strongest  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
body  whorl;  and  also  by  fine,  unequal,  transverse  lines  of  growth,  which 
are  strongly  arched  forward  below  the  angle  on  the  body  whorl,  and  again 
recede  below,  indicating  a  very  short  beak.  The  transverse  strise  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  whorls  scarcely  indicate  a  sinuosity  in  this  part  of 
the  lip. 

This  species  is  very  much  shorter,  proportionally,  than  S.  annosa  Con- 
rad, and  will  be  recognized  by  this  feature;  while  of  course  it  is  still  further 
removed  from  S.  cadaverosus. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper,  stony,  layer  of  the  Upper  Green 
Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


GASTLEOPODA  OF  THE  EUGENE  MAELS.  221 

CONID^. 

Genus  CONUS  Liiinseus. 

CONUS  SUBSAURIDBUS. 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  16, 17. 

Conus  suhsaurideus  Conrad  :  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  148,  PI.  ii.  Fig.  9;  ibid., 
p.  30. 

Casts  of  a  species  of  cone,  always  of  small  size  and  with  a  rather  ele- 
vated spu-e,  are  in  the  collections  in  use.     They  present  the  appearance,  as 
nearly  as  casts  can,  of  shells  of  the  above  species,  obtained  from  the  Buhr- 
stone  beds  of  the  Eocene,  from  near  Orangeburg,  South  Carolina,  which  I 
have  identified  with  Com-ad's  species.     The  shells  are  usually  small  and 
of  medium  conical  form,  the  spire  is  more  or  less  elevated,  with  an  elevated 
carina  on  the  outer  edge  of  each  volution,   and  the  intermediate   surface 
spirally  striated.     The  elevation  of  the  spire  varies  in  different  individuals 
from  90°  to  120°  or  more.     The  shells  are  all  silicified  and  are  from  the 
collection  at  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  among  those  obtained  from  Dr.  Holmes,  of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.     The  New  Jersey  casts  have  the  same  general 
shape,  the  volutions  of  the  spire  being  exsert  and  the  apical  angle  90°  or 
more.     None  of  the  matrices  have  been  preserved,   so  that  the  carinate 
character  and  striations  of  the  surface  are  not  known;  still  there   can  be 
no  reasonable  doubt  of  the  specific  identity  of  these  casts  with  the  silicified 
shells  above  mentioned.     Mr.  Conrad  says  under  his  description  that  the 
shell  he  used  is  silicified,  and  is  "from  the  Buhrstone,  probably,  of  Ala- 
bama."    So  it  would  appear  that  he  did  not  know  the  locality,  and  I 
have  no   dovibt  the  specimen  which  he  used  was  from  the  same  locality 
as  those  in  the   Holmes   collection,  namely,  near  Orangeburg,  South  Car- 
olina.    Casts    resembling   these,   but  of  much  greater   size,    also  occur  in 
Marls    of  the_  Eocene,  supposed  to  have    come  from  some    locality  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  also  from  the  lower  bed  at   Claiborne, 
Alabama.     These  I  have  identified  without  question  as  casts  of  the  above 
species,  after  making  internal  casts  artificially  from  authentic  specimens  of 
C.  siibsauridens. 


222  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Mai'ls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

STROMBID^. 

Genus  CALYPTRAPHORUS  Conrad. 

Calyptraphorus  velatus. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  23-27. 

Eostellaria  velata  GoTivshd :  Foss.  Shells  Tert.  Form.,  p.  31;  2d  ed.,  p.  38,  PI.  xv, 

Fig.  4. 
Eostellaria  Lamarckii  Lea:  Contrib.  to  Am.  Geol.,  p.  158,  PI.  v.  Fig.  164. 
Mippocrenes  columbaria  ?  (Defrance)  Conrad :  Check  List  Eocene,  p.  13 ;  Meek, 

GeoL  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  732. 
Calyptraiiliorus  velatus  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  31;  Meek,  Check 

List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  13. 

Casts,  which  are  unquestionably  of  this  species,  are  not  uncommon 
among  the  Eocene  fossils  from  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  present  in  the 
internal  casts  and  impressions  of  the  exterior  all  the  features  recognized  on 
or  presented  by  the  Claiborne  examples,  and  have  the  same  size  and  relative 
proportions  of  those  shells;  so  that  there  can  be  no  reasonable  question 
of  their  specific  identity.  The  spire  is  elevated  and  presents  an  apical 
angle  of  from  25°  to  30'',  and  consists  of  about  eight  volutions.  This  will 
not  include  some  two  or  three  of  the  extreme  upper  whorls  of  the  apex  of 
the  shell  which  would  not  be  preserved  in  the  cast.  The  whorls  are  flat- 
tened in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  and  although  the  sutures  are  distinctly 
marked,  they  are  not  deep  or  conspicuous.  The  anterior  beak  is  not  shown 
to  its  full  extent  in  any  of  the  impressions,  nor  is  the  margin  of  the  lip  fully 
represented;  but  enough  of  both  remains  to  show  their  similarity  to  the 
Claiborne  specimens.  The  spire  has  been  coated  to  near  if  not  quite  to  the 
apex  in  one  of  the  examples  examined;  while  the  posterior  canal  has  ex- 
tended at  least  to  the  top  of  the  fourth  volution,  if  it  has  not  extended  to 
the  fifth ;  and  has  left  a  broad  cicatrix  marking  the  width  of  the  callus  bor- 
dering the  channel.  On  one  or  two  of  the  fragments  of  the  casts  of  the 
spire  the  longitudinal  or  vertical  folds  of  the  upper  volutions  which  charac- 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAKLS.  223 

terize  the  immature  shell,  or  others  where  the  coating  has  been  removed,  is 
distinctly  shown.  Quite  a  number  of  examples  have  been  studied,  and  no 
feature  appears  by  which  to  distinguish  it  from  the  typical  specimens  of  the 
species. 

Formation  and  localitij :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

CYPR^ID^. 

Genus  CYPR^A  Linnsetis. 

Cyprjsa  sabuloviridis,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXIII,  Figs.  30-22. 

Casts  of  a  species  of  Gyprcea  occur  in  the  collection  in  use,  but  not 
numerously.  The  species  has  been  a  small  one  with  but  few  pronounced 
features,  and  of  these  of  course  only  the  general  form  will  be  retained  on 
the  internal  casts.  These  remains  are  small,  being  but  little  more  than  1 
inch  in  length;  the  form  is  strongly  ovate  and  somewhat  "humped"  near 
the  anterior  end  of  the  dorsal  surface;  anterior  end  of  the  cast  distinctly 
but  not  largely  umbilicated,  and  the  posterior  end  obtusely  pointed  and 
sulcated  at  the  extremity;  outer  lip  somewhat  longer  than  the  body  of  the 
cast,  enrolled  but  not  deeply  so;  a  few  rather  strong  crenulations  can  be 
distinguished  upon  it  indicating  teeth,  and  the  entire  surface  of  the  cast  is 
smooth;  aperture  quite  narrow. 

Only  one  of  the  casts  present  shows  the  enrolling  of  the  outer  lip  and 
the  size  and  form  of  the  aperture  entire.  The  specimen  has  been  shghtly 
compressed  laterally,  which  may  have  somewhat  exaggerated  the  "humped" 
appearance  of  the  dorsal  surface,  though  I  think  not  to  any  great  extent. 
Its  form  and  size  appear  to  have  been  somewhat  like  that  of  C.  spheroides 
Conrad,  from  the  Jackson  group,  of  Mississippi,  described  and  figured  in 
Waile's  Geol.  of  Mississippi,  but  not  near  enough  to  be  classed  under  the 
same  specific  name,  considering  the  difference  in  position,  while  it  is  still 
further  removed  from  C.  Mortoni  Gabb,  of  the  Cretaceous  Beds  in  New 
Jersey. 


224  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  and  at  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  From  the  collection  of 
Dr.  Kneiskern,  now  at  Rutgers  College,  and  from  that  of  Dr.  Lawrence 
Johnson,  of  New  York  City. 

CASSIDID^. 

Genus  CASSIDARIA. 

Cassidaria  caeinata  Lam.  ? 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  18-23. 

Cassidaria  carinata  Lam.  :  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  217,  of  Deshayes  and  various  authors. 

Shell  below  a  medium  size,  subglobose  in  general  outline,  but  higher 
than  broad;  whorls  from  four  to  five  in  number,  the  principal  one  large  and 
bordered  by  a  broad  reflected  lip ;  spire  moderately  elevated,  the  volutions 
distinctly  but  not  largely  exsert,  but  sharply  carinated;  body  volution 
marked  by  from  three  to  five  spiral  carinations,  three  of  which  are  dorsal 
and  strong,  the  other  two  being  on  the  lower  slope  of  the  volution  and  not 
always  distinct;  carinations  nodose,  the  superior  one  having  fewer  and 
stronger  nodes  than  the  next  two,  while  on  the  two  inferior  carinas  the 
nodes  are  seldom  shown.  The  volutions  of  the  spire  are  also  nodose  on  the 
carination,  the  nodes  being  small  and  very  numerous;  aperture  large,  the 
outer  lip  reflected,  forming  a  wide,  flange-like  border;  base  of  the  shell 
extended  into  a  rather  long,  recurved,  twisted  beak  and  canal;  surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  fine  spiral  raised  lines. 

This  shell  is  exceeding  like  Cassidaria  carinata  Lam.,  from  the  Paris 
Basin  Eocene,  and  imitates  all  the  variations  through  which  that  one  passes. 
In  fact,  it  is  very  difficult  to  say  why  it  is  not  the  same  species,  and  I  have 
therefore  placed  it  under  the  same  specific  name.  It  corresponds  in  nearly 
all  points  with  P.  hrevidenta  Aldrich,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  July,  1885,  p. 
152,  PL  3,  Figs.  19ffi  and  20,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  single  varix  on 
the  whorls  as  in  that  one,  although  I  have  not  seen  quite  enough  of  the 
matrix  to  ascertain  positively  if  it  may  not  have  been  provided  with  this  dis- 
tinctive mark. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collections  of  Rutgers  College  and  Am. 
Mus,  Nat.  Hist. 


GASTEKOPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAULS.  225 


DOLIID^. 

Genus  PICUS  Rosseau. 

FiCUS  PENITUS  ? 

Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  5. 

Pyrula  penitios  Conrad:  Foss.  Shells  Tert.,  1st  ed.,  p.  32. 

Pyrula  tricarinata  Con.:  Foss.  Shells  Tert.,  2ded.,  p.  38,  PI.  xv.  Fig.  6. 

Pyrula  cancellata  and  P.  elegantissima  Lea:   Cont.  to  Geol.,  pp.   154,  165,  PI.  v, 

Figs.  160,  161. 
Sycotypus penitus  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  26. 
Priscoficus  Smithii?  (Sowerby)  Conrad:  Meek,  Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  16. 
Pyrificus  Smithii  (Sow.)  Meek  :  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  732. 

A  single  cast  of  a  specimen,  probably  of  this  species,  has  been  ob- 
tained from  the  upper  beds  at  Shark  River.  It  presents  the  general  fea- 
tures of  the  species  in  all  respects  as  to  form  and  proportions,  differing  only 
in  the  surface  characters  which  here  consist  of  revolving  lines  placed  at 
somewhat  regular  distances  and  are  sharply  elevated  with  concave  spaces 
between,  being  evidently  only  the  stronger  lines  of  the  shell,  while  the 
finer  intermediate  ones  have  not  been  visibly  retained  on  the  cast.  Biit,  on 
examination  with  a  strong  glass,  remains  of  the  finer  ones  are  seen.  The 
transverse  lines,  those  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  aperture,  are  strong,  irreg- 
ular lines,  although  placed  at  nearly  equal  distances  from  each  other.  The 
spire  of  the  specimen  is  somewhat  unusually  elevated  for  the  species,  and 
the  top  of  the  body  volution  flattened,  with  an  angle  separating  it  from  the 
general  surface  of  the  volution.  This,  however,  is  principally  the  effect  of 
compression,  and  in  the  shells  as  they  occur  at  Claiborne,  Alabama,  there 
is  frequently  a  marked  angle  at  this  point.  The  species,  as  it  occurs  at 
Claiborne,  is  extremely  variable  in  surface  markings;  some  examples  being 
finely  and  evenly  cancellated  over  the  entire  surface  by  the  transverse  and 
longitudinal  lines,  while  others  will  have  a  few  of  the  spiral  or  longitudinal 
lines  elevated  into  sharp  carinae  forming  deeply  concave  spaces  between 
marked  by  finer  lines.     Others  are  found  which  present  all  the  gradations 

MON  xviii 15 


226  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEKSBY. 

between  these  two  extremes.  Cousideviiig  tliat  these  variations  occur  in  the 
shells,  when  the  substance  is  preserved,  among  those  recognized  as  of  the 
same  species,  I  conclude  this  may  easily  represent  one  of  them,  more 
especially  as  only  a  single  individual  has  been  seen  for  comparison. 

Formation  ancllocality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

NATICIDtE. 

Genus  NATICA  Lamarck. 

Natica  globulella  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  1-4. 

Shell  small,  not  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter,  and 
depressed  globular  in  form,  being  somewhat  broader  than  high,  as  seen  in 
internal  casts,  with  a  moderately  rounded  spire;  volutions  rotund,  with 
strongly  marked  sutures  and  apparently  about  four  in  number,  only  three 
to  thi-ee  and  a  half  showing  in  the  cast;  umbilicus  open  and  of  moderate 
size,  no  evidence  existing  of  a  callus  or  thickened  columellar  lip;  aperture 
semilunate,  rounded  below  and  apparently  narrowly  rounded  above;  sur- 
face destitute  of  markings,  so  far  as  can  be  detected  on  the  casts,  though 
the  matrix  has  not  been  examined. 

^  This  species,  in  its  general  form  and  proportions,  resembles  N.  (Luna- 
tia)  semilunata  Lea,  but  the  umbilicus  appears  to  have  been  entirely  open 
and  too  lai-ge  for  that  species,  and  its  form,  as  revealed  by  the  casts,  would 
not  indicate  it  as  a  Limatia.  It  is  possible  it  may  have  been  identical  with 
some  one  of  the  several  species  of  naticoid  shells  known  from  the  Claiborne 
or  lower  beds  of  the  southern  Eocene,  but  as  far  as  its  characters  are 
revealed,  I  should  greatly  doubt  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  In  the  collections  at  Rtitgers  College  and 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 


GASTEROrODA  OF  THE  EUGENE  MARLS,  227 


ONUSTID^. 

Genus  XENOPHORA  Fischer  de  Wald. 

Xenophora  lapiferens,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  6-9. 

Onustus  extensus  (Sow.  ?)  Conrad :  Labels  on  specimens  in  collection  at  Rutgers 

College;  Meek,  Check  List  Eocene  Foss.,  p.  11. 
Onustus  ,  resembles  O.  extensus  (Sowerby)  Meek:  Geol.   N.   J.,  Newark, 

1868,  p.  732. 
Not  Trochus  extensus  Sowerby:  Mineral  Conch.,  vol.  3,  p.  140,  PL  278,  Figs.  2  a,  b, 

and  3. 

Shell  attaining  a  very  fair  size  for  the  genus,  depressed  trochiform  in 
outline,  the  apical  angle  being  nearly  120°  in  most  specimens.  Volutions 
four  to  five  in  number,  flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  showing  but 
little  depression  at  the  suture  lines,  even  on  the  internal  casts;  outer  mar- 
gin thin  and  acute,  apparently  bordered  by  a  thin  expansion,  as  in  some  of 
the  living  forms.  Base  slightly  convex,  flattened,  or  in  some  instances 
very  moderately  concave ;  axis  solid  in  the  shell,  the  casts  scarcely  show- 
ing a  perforation  at  this  point.  Aperture  acutely  triangular,  the  lip  reced- 
ing on  the  lower  side,  but  extended  forward  along  the  margin  of  the  pre- 
ceding volution  on  the  upper  side.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  shown  on  the 
matrix,  and  often  even  on  the  internal  casts,  marked  by  diverging  thread- 
like lines,  which  are  strongly  directed  forward  in  their  passage  from  the 
suture  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  volution  and  are  irregular,  corrugated,  and 
often  interrupted.  The  surface  of  the  volutions  has  been  further  orna- 
mented by  the  somewhat  regular  periodical  attachment  of  small  stones,  and 
rarely  of  shells,  which  were  almost  invariably  attached  to  the  middle  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  volution,  and  usually  quite  close  to  each  other,  their 
size  being  usually  graduated  according  to  the  width  of  the  shell,  the  cica- 
trices of  attachment  marking  the  casts  usually,  even  quite  to  the  apex. 

This  species  seems  to  have  been  generally  referred  to  Trochus  extensus 
Sowerby,  which  comes  from  the  London  clay  of  England.     It  is,  however 
quite  distinct,  as  seen  when  compared  with  one,  as  figured  and  described 


228  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

in  the  Mineral  Conchology,  being  less  elevated  above  and  less  convex 
below,  and  never  umbilicated;  while  that  one  is  only  covered  at  the  um- 
bilicus when  very  old.  Sowerby  also  distinctly  states  that  that  shell  never 
attaches  foreign  substances  to  its  surface,  while  this  one  is  quite  covered, 
and  principally  by  small  stones,  even  where  shells  appear  to  have  been 
abundant.  In  this  respect  it  differs  quite  notably  from  Tliorus  leprosus 
Morton,  as  that  one  principally  used  shells,  and  those  frequently  of  large 
size  enough  to  quite  disfigure  the  casts,  while  those  of  this  species  are 
quite  regular  in  outline. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
common  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  I  have  also  seen  it  from  Farm- 
ingdale. 

SOLARIID^. 

Genus  ARCHITECTONICA  Bolton. 
Architectonica  annosa. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  23-27. 

Onustus  annosus  Conrad  :  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  42,  PI.  I,  Fig.  4. 
Comp.  A.  (Solarium)  elaborata  Con.:  Tert.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Fl.  xvii.  Fig.  4. 

Mr.  Conrad  figures  in  the  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  loc.  cit.,  under  the  name 
Onustus  annosus  a  specimen  which  I  judge  to  be  the  cast  of  a  species  of 
Architectonica,  which  is  rather  common  in  the  Shark  River  Eocene  Marls. 
The  specimens  which  I  have  figured  under  the  above  name  were  at  one 
time  studied  by  him,  and  I  presume  the  figure  in  the  Journal  was  drawn 
from  one  of  them.  External  casts,  or  imprints  of  the  exterior,  however, 
show  quite  distinctly  that  the  shells  were  of  the  nature  of  the  genus  Arch- 
itectonica 'Bolton= Solarium  Lamarck.  Mr.  Com-ad's  description  of  his 
Onustus  annosus  is  as  follows:  "Rather  elevated;  volutions  five,  roimded, 
slightly  channeled  at  top,  and  sculptured  with  revolving  lines,  which  are 
obliquely  crossed  by  others,  giving  the  cast  a  rugoso-tuberculated  aspect; 
lines  on  the  last  volutions  five  or  six  in  number;  periphery  acute." 

There  is  nothing  embraced  in  this  description  that  might  not  apply 
equally  well  to  a  species  of  either  of  these  genera,  unless  it  be  the  feature  of 


GASTEROPODA  OP  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  229 

spiral  strise,  which  is  uot  one  of  Onustus,  but  a  common  one  of  the  other 
genus,  while  the  figure  given  by  the  author  most  nearly  resembles  a  speci- 
men of  Architectonica.  The  species  as  known  from  the  casts  may  be  char- 
acterized as  follows:  Broad  conical,  the  surface  of  the  volutions  flattened 
in  the  direction  of  the  spire,-  about  five  in  number,  flattened  below  and 
acutely  angular  on  the  edge.  Under  surface  of  the  shell  very  broadly 
umbilicate,  apparently  exposing  all  the  volutions  in  the  cavity,  their  inner 
margin  rapidly  sloping  and  giving  to  the  whorl  an  irregular  quadrangular 
section.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  several  spiral  lines,  and  in  some 
cases  the  outer  one  bordered  by  a  distinct  elevated  marginal  band ;  under 
surface  marked  by  distinct  transverse  lines  which  combine  near  the  inner 
edge  to  form  a  series  of  somewhat  transverse  nodes  along  the  margin. 

The  upper  surface  appears  to  have  been  granulose,  judging  from  many 
of  the  casts  and  imprints  of  the  surface,  which  leaves  one  strongly  impressed 
with  the  feeling  that  the  shells  which  made  them  were  specifically  identical 
with  Architectonica  (^Solarium)  elaborata  Conrad,  from  the  sands  of  Clai- 
borne, Alabama.  I  can  not,  however,  find  any  evidence  of  spiral  lines  on 
the  base  of  the  volutions,  and  the  umbilicus  has  been  very  much  larger  in 
proportion,  being  about  half  the  width  of  the  shell,  whereas  in  that  one  it 
is  only  about  one-third  of  the  whole  width. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  and  Farmingdale,  New  Jersey.  Collections  at  Rutgers 
College  and  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

SCALARIID^. 

Genus  SCALARIA  Lamarck. 

SCAIiARIA   TENUILIRATA,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  10-12. 

Shell  above  a  medium  size,  reaching  If  inches  in  length  in  the  best 
preserved  matrix  examined.  Spire  elevated,  the  apical  angle  measuring  less 
than  30°.    Whorls  ten  or  more  in  the  perfect  shell,  eight  showing  in  the  matrix 


230  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 

and  the  apex  still  imperfect,  leaving  room  for  at  least  two  others  above 
what  is  shown.  Form  of  the  volution  circular,  extremely  ventricose  with 
deep  strong  suture  lines.  Aperture  apparently  circular  except  on  the  inner 
side,  where  it  seems  to  have  been  very  slightly  constricted,  as  seen  on  the 
internal  cast.  Volutions  crossed  by  very  strong,  elevated,  and  slightly 
recurved  vertical,  lamellose  folds,  which  have  been  extended  on  the  top  of 
each  volution  in  a  short  spire,  as  shown  by  the  matrix  (but  which  can  not 
be  obtained  by  gutta-percha  from  the  natural  mold).  Base  of  the  principal 
volution  unknown.  The  shell  is  further  marked  by  spiral  striae,  which  are 
exceedingly  fine  and  are  gathered  into  somewhat  regular  folds  on  the  back 
of  the  vertical  ribs,  and  also  on  the  intermediate  surfaces. 

This  species  is  an  exceedingly  beautiful  one,  and  has  apparently  attained 
a  rather  large  size.  The  base  of  the  shell  in  the  matrix  used  is  destroyed 
to  a  great  extent,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  have  possessed  the  spiral  ridges 
common  to  a  large  group  of  these  shells,  consequently  we  may  safely  sup- 
pose the  axis  to  have  been  imperforate.  In  general  appearance  it  is  much 
like  S.  octolirata  Conrad  (Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p. 
294),  as  identified  and  figured  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Aldrich  in  his  "Notes  on 
Tert.  Foss."  in  the  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  July,  1 885,  p.  153,  PI.  iii.  Fig. 
22,  but  the  apical  angle  is  much  greater,  the  shell  having  been  more  robust 
than  that  one;  while  in  the  matter  of  varices  and  surface  striae,  as  well  as 
in  the  form  of  the  volutions,  it  is  quite  dissimilar. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

TURRITELLID^. 

Genus  MESALIA  Gray. 

Mesalia  elongata,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  13-15. 

Shell  attaining  a  very  respectable  size,  slender,  elongated,  many 
whorled,  the  number  unknown,  but  certainly  twelve  or  more,  the  rate  of 
increase  in  lateral  dimensions  very  moderate;  volutions  rounded,  with  only 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  231 

moderately  marked  suture  lines  dividing  them,  but  usually  wider  than  high; 
shell  quite  thin,  judging  from  the  spaces  left  by  its  removal  from  between 
the  volutions  on  the  casts;  surface  on  the  shell  marked  by  eight  or  nine 
sharply  elevated,  salient  spiral  ridges  on  each  volution  between  the  sutures, 
the  number  on  the  last  volution  not  ascertained;  these  ridges  are  divided 
by  concave  interspaces,  and  are  moderately  regular,  though  in  several  cases 
the  two  next  above  the  suture  are  somewhat  more  distant  than  those  above ; 
this  feature,  however,  does  not  hold  good  in  all  cases.  There  are  also  faint 
indications  in  the  matrices  of  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth  crossing  the 
ridges,  and  stronglj^  directed  backward  in  passing  from  the  suture  down- 
ward on  the  matrix,  indicating  a  broad  sinuous  lip  in  the  shell.  Form  of 
the  aperture,  columella,  and  base  of  lip  unknown. 

The  species  is  represented  by  numerous  examples,  both  of  internal 
casts  and  matrices,  but  always  flattened  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  Some  of 
these  indicate  specimens  of  not  less  than  2^  inches  in  length,  probably  con- 
siderably more,  and  have  a  breadth  across  the  lower  volution  of  over  half 
an  inch,  with  probably  half  the  number  of  volutions  absent.  It  is  just 
possible  that  these  casts  represent  a  thin-shelled  TurriteUa  with  rounded 
volutions;  still  the  surface  striae  or  ridges  are  miTch  more  like  those  of 
Mesalia,  but  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  lip  being  unknown,  the  final 
determination  of  their  true  generic  relations  must  be  left  for  future  discov- 
ery. The  spire  differs  so  totally  in  its  great  elevation  and  A^ery  moderate 
increase  in  diameter  from  that  of  any  other  species  I  know,  that  there 
seems  no  difficuly  in  distinguishing  it. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Collections  at  Riitgers  College  and  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist. 


'232  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Order  SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder  PODOPHTHALMA. 

PLEUROTOMARIID^. 

Genus  LEPTOMARIA  Deslonchamps. 

LePTOMARIA  (?)  PERLATA. 

Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  1-4. 

Pleiirotomaria  perlata  Conrad :  Am.  Jour.  Conch..,  vol.  1,  p.  213,  PI.  xxi,  Fig.  7; 
Meek,  Geol.  N.  J.,  Newark,  1808,  p.  733. 

Shell  very  large,  depressed  conical  and  rapidly  spreading,  wliorls  three 
to  four  in  number,  broader  than  high,  flattened  on  the  top,  angular  or  car- 
inate  on  the  periphery,  and  subangular  on  the  upper  lateral  margin,  with  the 
intermediate  surface  rapidly  sloping  to  the  periphery.  Base  very  broadly 
and  gently  convex  for  a  little  more  than  half  its  width  from  the  edge,  then 
more  rapidly  roiinding  without  any  angulation  into  the  deep,  broad  umbil- 
icus in  which  all  the  volutions  are  visible,  with  a  scarcely  perceptible  suture 
line  separating  them ;  aperture  wider  than  high,  angular  on  the  outer  lower 
edge,  flattened  above,  and  curved  from  the  outer  angle  on  the  base  to  the 
upper  coluraellar  margin;  surface  of  the  cast  as  seen  on  the  best  preserved 
specimens  very  finely  striated  longitudinally,  and  showing  evidence  of  a 
very  narrow  slit  in  the  aperture  at  the  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
outer  sloping  surface  with  the  flattened  upper  surface  of  the  volution.  In 
one  example  the  slit  extends  for  more  than  one-third  of  the  length  of  the 
volution. 

Among  specimens  presenting  the  general  features  of  this  species  in  the 
Shark  River  beds  I  find  two  well  marked  species  which  appear  to  have  been 
considered  as  one.  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad  described  this  form  in  1865  as  a 
Pleiirotomaria,  and  says:  "This  is  the  only  Tertiary  species  known  to  occur 
in  the  eastern  beds  of  this  country.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  genus 
and  approxiiuates  P.  supracretacea  of  D'Orbigny,  Pal.  France."  His  descrip- 
tion of  the  species  is  as  follows:  "Conical,  depressed,  rapidly  widening  to 
the  base;  periphery  slightly  carlnated;  body  whorl  very  wide,  flattened 


GASTEKOPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  233 

above;  ba«e  convex-depressed,  slightly  indented  on  the  margin;  umbilicus 
profound."  The  specimen  which  he  used  I  suppose  to  be  cue  of  these  now 
before  me,  but  it  is  a  very  trifle  larger  than  his  figure,  while  the  umbilical 
portion  has  been  restored,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  comparison  of  the  two 
figures  of  liis  plate.  The  specimen  is  marked  with  ink  on  the  base,  which 
fact  helps  in  its  identification.  I  do  not,  however,  understand  the  meaning 
of  his  statement  that  the  base  is  "  slightly  indented  on  the  submargin,"  as  no 
such  feature  is  visible  on  any  specimen  examined.  This  one  differs  from 
the  other  associated  forms  in  being  more  depressed,  which  may  be  partially 
the  result  of  compression  in  the  rock,  but  it  differs  principally  in  the  form 
of  the  volution,  being  flattened  on  the  top,  and  sloping  on  the  outer  mar- 
gin, while  the  other,  L.  gigantea,  is  sloping  from  suture  to  suture  without 
any  flattening  on  the  top,  and  it  has  a  much  more  elevated  spire  and  truly 
conical  form. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layer  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  is  usually  represented  in  collections  by 
detached  fragments  of  the  volutions.  Collections  at  Rutgers  College  and 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Lbptomaria  gigantea,  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXVII,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Shell  very  large,  conical  in  form,  with  an  apical  angle  of  75°  to  80°; 
volutions  probably  five  or  six  in  number,  nearly  as  high  as  wide,  with  the 
surface  obliquely  flattened  between  the  sutures  in  the  direction  of  the  spire, 
or  very  slightly  convex  in  the  upper  half,  but  without  any  flattening  on  the 
top  below  the  suture;  base  broadly  and  deeply  concave,  with  a  large  per- 
spective umbilicus,  in  which  all  the  volutions  would  be  shown  in  a  perfect 
specimen,  and  in  the  cast  with  a  scarcely  perceptible  suture  line  between 
them.  From  the  outer  basal  angle,  which  is  somewhat  acute,  the  base  is 
very  gently  convex  for  a  short  distance  within  the  margin,  whence  it  curves 
rapidly  into  the  umbilical  cavity;  aperture  large,  rather  higher  than  wide, 
obliquely  rhombic  or  trapezoidal  in  outline,  with  the  basal  line  and  innei 
margin  forming  a  continuous  but  increasing'  curve  from  the  outer  basal 
angle  to  the  upper  inner  angle;  surface  of  the  shell  unknown,  but  that  of  the 


234  PALEOKTOLOGY  OP  HEW  JERSEY. 

cast  sliowing  irregular  undulations  transversely,  and  very  strong  indications 
of  an  apertural  slit  of  undetermiiaed  extent  near  the  middle  of  the  volutions 
by  the  existence  of  a  broad  undefined  elevation  with  a  median  impression 
on  the  cast. 

This  species  differs  from  L.  perlata  Con.  in  wanting  the  flattening  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  volution  in  its  greater  elevation,  stronger  volutions, 
and  in  the  position  of  the  slit.  It  is  perhaps  the  most  bulky  gasteropod  shell 
in  the  New  Jersey  Tertiary  Marls,  having  a  diameter  at  the  base  of  nearly 
5^  inches  in  its  slightly  flattened  condition,  and  would  have  a  height,  if 
complete  at  the  apex,  of  fully  4  inches.  I  can  not  conceive  of  any  distor- 
tion or  comjjression  which  would  produce  from  this  one  the  form  of  volu- 
lution  which  characterizes  L.  perlata. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls 
at  Mrs.  Haight's  pits,  Bayley's  Corners,  Wall  Township,  New  Jersey.  Col- 
lection at  Rutgers  College. 

Leptomaeia  peegranulosa,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  3-6. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  very  broadly  conical  in  form,  having  an  apical 
angle  of  about  125°,  and  apparently  uncompressed;  volutions  five  or  more, 
flattened  on  the  surface  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  or  with  but  a  very 
slight  convexity  between  the  suture  lines;  sutures  very  distinct  but  not  at 
all  marked;  base  concave,  the  lower  surface  of  the  volution  very  gently 
convex  between  the  acutely  angular  periphery  and  the  margin  of  the  um- 
bilical cavity,  the  latter  feature  being  of  moderate  width  and  open  to  the 
apex  of  the  spire,  showing  all  the  volutions  within  it ;  aperture  transversely 
lenticular  in  form,  being  acute  at  the  outer  and  inner  margins,  and  twice  as 
wide  as  high;  slit  in  the  aperture  narrow,  thread-like,  situated  nearly  mid- 
way between  the  upper  and  lower  margins  of  the  volution,  or  a  very  little 
above  the  middle  of  the  width;  surface  of  the  shell,  as  obtained  from  an 
external  imprint,  entirely  granulose  or  cancellate-granulose,  formed  by 
fine,  deep,  longitudinal  lines  and  nearly  equally  strong  transverse  lines. 
These  latter  arch  gently  backward  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  volution  to 
the  line  of  the  slit,  and  below  it  are  directed  forward  to  nearly  the  same 


aASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  235 

extent  as  above.  The  position  of  the  extremely  narrow  sHt  is  marked  by 
an  elevated  line  on  each  margin. 

This  shell  differs  from  L.  perlata  in  the  form  of  the  volution,  wanting 
the  flattening  of  the  upper  surface,  and  from  L.  gigantea  in  its  more  spread- 
ing form  and  greater  apical  angle. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Grreen  Marls, 
at  Shai-k  River,  New  Jersey.     Collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

TREMATOFUSUS,  n.  gen. 

Shell  short  fusiform,  with  rounded,  ventricose  body  volution,  and 
slender,  straight  anterior  beak  and  narrow  canal,  and  smooth  columella. 
Volutions  ornamented  by  fine  spiral  lines,  and  on  the  upper  part  with  a 
series  of  small  tubular  nodes,  which  appear  to  have  formed  a  series  of  per- 
forations around  the  periphery  of  the  volution  similar  to  those  oi  Polytremaria 
D'Orb.  from  the  Carboniferous  formation.     Type  T.  venustus. 

I  propose  the  above  generic  name  for  a  species  of  shell  for  which  I  can 
find  no  established  generic  group.  The  specimens  of  the  only  species  known 
are  internal  casts,  and  their  matrices  in  green  marl ;  but  all  the  features 
of  the  shell  are  easily  obtainable  from  those  in  hand.  The  shell  quite 
closely  resembles  a  high  spired  form  of  Polytremaria,  provided  with  a  mod- 
erately long,  straight,  and  slender  beak,  which  in  the  typical  species  is  about 
equal  to  the  height  of  the  spire.  Except  for  the  perforated  nodes  or  sub- 
spines,  which  rise  quite  abruptly  from  the  body  volution,  the  shell  would 
form  a  rather  short,  wide-bodied  Fusus,  with  a  rounded  and  abruptly  spread- 
ing body  volution.  Of  course,  as  I  have  only  the  casts  and  matrix  to  judge 
from,  I  can  not  positively  affirm  that  these  nodes  or  spines  were  really  per- 
forated during  life — still  they  present  every  reasonable  evidence  of  having 
been  so  formed.     The  shells  have  been  extremely  thin  in  texkire. 

Trematofusus  venustus,  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  5-7. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  with  an  elevated,  rather  slender  spire  and  very 
rapidly  increasing  body  volution,  and  with  a  slender,  straight  anterior  canal, 
equaling  in  length  the  height  of  the  spire.     Upper  volutions  four  in  num- 


236  PALEONTOLOGir  OF  NEW  JBESEY. 

ber,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  periphery  and  rapidly  sloping  on  the  upper 
surface,  ornamented  by  fine  spiral  lines  and  on  the  angle  by  a  series  of 
transverse  nodes,  and  by  a  second  line  of  inferior  nodes  below.  The  body 
volution  increases  much  more  rapidly  in  diameter  than  do  those  above,  and 
is  rounded  and  ventricose  ;  presenting  a  scarcely  perceptible  angulation  at 
the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  but  with  a  single  stronger  raised  line  in  place 
of  the  angle,  with  sharply  elevated,  rounded,  and  apparently  perforated 
nodes,  representing  the  upper  line  of  nodes  of  the  spire,  and  gradually 
increasing  in  distance  with  the  growth  of  the  shell.  Aperture  rather  large, 
subcircular,  contracted  below  into  a  narrow  canal.  Columella  slender, 
straight,  and  smooth.  Surface  marked  by  fine,  raised  sj)iral  lines  which  are 
even,  rounded,  and  contiguous,  except  on  the  lower  side  of  the  volution  and 
beak,  where  they  slightly  alternate  in  size. 

This  species  is  peculiar  for  the  large  size  of  the  body  whorl  in  pro- 
portion to  the  diameter  of  the  whorls  of  the  spire,  presenting  thereby  a 
peculiar  wheel-like  character  midway  between  the  extremities  of  the  spire 
and  anterior  beak.  The  species  is  quite  an  abundant  one  in  the  Shark  River 
marls,  being  represented  in  the  collection  by  individuals  of  all  sizes  up  to 
that  of  the  figured  specimen,  and  showing  the  nodes  in  all  degrees  of  devel- 
opment, only  the  larger  ones  showing  them  to  have  been  perforated. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Collections  at  Rutgers  College. 

Subclass  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 

TECTIBRANCHIATA. 
TORNATELLID^. 

Genus  ACT^ONEMA  Conrad. 
Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  vol.  1,  p.  147  =  Ccelatura  Con.;  ibid.,  pp.  38  and  35. 

There  seems  to  have  been  at  difi^erent  times  when  dealing  with  it 
some  strange  misunderstanding  or  misconception  in  Mr.  Conrad's  mind  as 
to  what  shell  he  intended  to  found  this  genus  upon.     In  his  first  reference 


GASTEROPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  237 

of  species  to  the  geuus  Gcelatura,  on  page  28  of  the  work  cited  above,  he 
includes  forms  evidently  belonging  to  the  Pyramiclellidce,  and  places  them 
next  to  Ohelisciis,  where  they  certainly  belong.  Then  on  page  35,  in  the  same 
list  of  species,  under  Actmonidm,  he  groups  it  again,  but  includes  only  one 
of  the  two  previously  included  species.  Subsequently  in  the  same  vokime, 
on  page  147,  he  changes  the  name  from  Gcelatura  to  Ackeonema  without  stating 
why  .the  change  is  made,  and  gives  a  generic  description,  citing  Pasithea 
striata  of  Lea  as  the  type,  referring  to  a  figure  on  PI.  ii.  Fig.  3,  which  is  so 
entu-ely  different  and  unlike  Mr.  Lea's  figure  and  species  that  there  can  be 
no  relation  whatever  between  them,  and  which  might  readily  be  mistaken 
for  a  poor  figure  of  Tuba  striata  Lea,  which  I  rather  suspect  it  was  originally 
intended  for.  Further  on,  on  page  213  of  the  same  volume,  he  describes  a 
species  from  New  Jersey  under  the  name  Admonema  prisca,  figuring  it  on 
PI.  XXI,  Fig.  3,  which,  in  the  condition  in  which  he  studied  and  figured  it, 
might  very  readily  be  mistaken  for  a  specimen  of  Tuba  striata  Lea,  but 
which  on  closer  examination  proves  to  be  an  Actceon.  Mr.  Com-ad's  figure 
of  Pasithea  striata  Lea  we  are  left  to  infer  is  of  natural  size,  and  is  over 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  with  strongly  rounded  volutions,  but  Mr.  Lea's 
figure  is  pi  a  shell  seldom  more  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long;  has  volu- 
tions flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  and  presents  a  distinct  fold  on 
the  columella.  Considering  the  above  facts  I  infer  that  Mr.  Conrad  orig- 
inally intended  to  base  his  genus  upon  Pasithea  striata  Lea,  and  subsequently, 
when  he  wrote  the  description,  confound-ed  his  originally  intended  generic 
type  with  Tuba  striata  Lea,  and  still  held  that  idea  when  describing  the  New 
Jersey  species  given  below.  Owing  to  this  confusion  in  regard  to  the  genus, 
I  have  not  recognized  it  as  valid  for  either  group,  and  especially  as  in  either 
case  it  would  be  a  synonym. 

Action  peisca. 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  7,  8. 

Adoe^neria  prisca  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  313,  PI.  xxi,  Fig.  3; 
Meek,  Geol.  K  J.,  Newark,  1868,  p.  732. 

Shell  of  about  the  medium  size  for  the  genus,  the  type  specimen  used 
by  Mr.  Conrad  in  his  description  and  figure  measuring  tlu-ee-fourths  of  an 


238  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

inch  in  length,  with  a  transverse  diameter  at  its  widest  point  equal  to  about 
one-half  the  length,  the  specimen  being  very  slightly  compressed.  Spire 
elevated,  three  volutions  being  preserved  in  the  cast  above  the  body  whorl ; 
volutions  ventricose,  rounded,  the  last  one  measuring  about  three-fifths  of 
the  entire  length;  aperture  elongated,  elliptical  in  outline;  columella  mod- 
erately long,  curved,  marked  by  a  single  fold  in  its  lower  part.  Surface  of 
the  cast  marked  by  proportionally  strong  impressed  lines,  leaving  rounded 
ridges  between;  no  evidence  of  punctse  in  the  lines  can  be  detected,  either 
on  the  cast  or  in  the  matrix,  although  they  may  have  existed  on  the  shell. 

This  species  is  rather  uncommon  in  the  marls  of  New  Jersey,  for 
among  all  the  shells  and  casts  of  this  formation  which  have  come  under 
my  observation  only  a  •single  specimen,  and  that  the  type  used  by  Mr. 
Conrad,  has  been  observed.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  any  of  the 
Cretaceous  species  by  its  general  form  and  height  of  spire.  Mr.  Conrad 
did  not  remove  the  specimen  from  the  matrix,  consequently  did  not  find  the 
fold  on  the  columella,  and  referred  it  to  his  genus  Actceonema.  (See  obser- 
vations on  that  geniis.) 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  stony  layers  at  the  top  of  the  Upper 
Green  Marls  (Eocene),  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.  Rutgers  College  col- 
lection. 

Genus  TORNATELL^A  Conrad. 

TORNATELL^A   LATA. 

Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  9,  10. 
Tornatellcea  lata  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Concli.,  vol.  1.  p.  212,  PI.  xx,  Fig.  13. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  ventricose  or  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  spire 
short,  the  outer  volution  forming  the  principal  part  of  the  shell;  volutions 
about  four  in  the  cast,  rounded,  with  distinct  sutures ;  aperture  rather  large, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  entire  shell;  columella  short,  apparently 
straight  and  marked  by  two  distinct  and  rather  distant  folds,  one  at  the 
base,  the  other  near  its  upper  part;  surface  of  the  shell  and  cast  marked  by 
strong,  impressed,  spiral  strise,  with  rounded  ridges  between.  There  appears 
to  have,  been  punctse  in  the  depressed  lines,  but  the  evidence  of  this  is  not 
quite  satisfactory. 


GASTBliOPODA  OF  THE    EOCENE  MARLS.  239 

This  shell  differs  from  T.  ijnscu  Con.,  Ibuud  associated  with  it,  in  its 
shorter  and  more  ventricose  form,  shorter  spire,  and  in  the  possession  of  two 
distinct  columellar  folds,  instead  of  only  one  as  in. that  species.  The  spiral 
lines  are  also  somewhat  more  distant  on  the  only  specimens  seen.  The 
specimens  agree  very  closely  with  Mr.  Conrad's  figure  cited  above,  differ- 
ing only  in  the  very  slightly  greater  elevation  of  the  s^^vcq  in  the  casts 
This,  however,  would  naturally  occur  in  the  cast,  although  the  number  of 
volutions  is  usually  less,  as  they  are  generally  slightly  longer.  Mr.  Con- 
rad's specimen  was  doubtfully  from  Alabama,  and  preserved  the  shell  sub- 
stance. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  stony  Eocene  layer  of  the  Upper  Green 
Marls,  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey.     Rutgers  College  collection. 

Genus  TORNATINA  Adams. 

TOKNATINA    WeTHEEELLI. 

Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  11. 

Actceon  Wetherelli  Lea:  Cont.  to  Geol.,  PMla.,  1833,  p;  313,  PI.  vi.  Fig.  224. 
Tornatina  Wetherelli  (Lea)  Conrad:  In  Am.  Jour.  Conch..,  vol.  1,  p.  35. 

I  have  not  seen  this  shell,  nor  any  representative  of  it,  so  give  Mr- 
Lea's  description  below,  and  copy  his  figure.     The  description  is  as  follows: 

"Shell  cylindrical,  truncate  above,  smooth;  substance  of  the  shell 
somewhat  tluck ;  spire  short  and  truncate ;  suture  impressed ;  columella  with 
one  fold;  whorls  four;  mouth  narrow,  about  four-fifths  the  length  of  the 
shell ;  outer  lip  simple ;  length  nearly  0.2,  breadth  0.1,  of  an  inch."  The  local- 
ity assigned  to  the  specimen  is  "Deal,  New  Jersey."  In  Mr.  Conrad's  list 
he  gives  it  as  from  "Claiborne,"  Alabama,  but  I  presume  Mr.  Lea  under- 
stood full  as  well  whence  he  obtained  it,  though  no  shells  in  that  condition 
have  been  obtained  from  Deal  so  far  as  I  know. 


CEPHALOPODA. 


241 
MON   XVIII^ 1() 


SECTION   V, 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Class  CEPHALOPODA. 

Order  TETRABRANCHIATA. 

Family  NAUTILID^. 

Genus  NAUTILUS  Breyn. 

Nautilus  Dekayi. 

Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  1-6;  and  Plate  xxxviii,  Figs.  1-4. 

Nautilus  Dekayi  Morton:  Synopsis,  p.  33,  PI.  viii,  Fig.  4,  and  PI.  xiii.  Fig.  4; 
Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  30;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  277;  Meek, 
Check  List,  p.  25;  Geol.  Sur.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731;  Invert.  Paleont.,  vol.  9, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  p.  496;  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  280;  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  Boston, 
vol.  5,  new  ser.,  p.  406;  Conrad,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  4,  new 
ser.,  p.  276. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  strongly  subglobose  in  general  form.  In  the 
condition  of  casts,  that  in  which  it  is  usually  found  in  New  Jersey,  it  is 
slightly  umbilicate,  but  in  the  shell  the  axis  is  solid  and  somewhat  extended 
laterally  from  the  body  of  the  volution,  so  that  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
aperture  is  straightened  on  each  side  of  the  involved  inner  whorl,  and  as 
seen  from  the  back  of  the  shell  presents  a  strongly  auriculate  feature,  like 
that  of  a  globular  Bellerophon.  Section  of  the  volution  from  the  umbilicus 
outward  more  than  semicircular,  and  the  umbilical  region  impressed  in  the 
shell,  or  somewhat  funnel-formed  in  the  cast;  aperture  large,  transverse, 
nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long  measured  from  the  involved  volution,  which 

243 


244  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

strongly  modifies  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  gives  it  a  strongly  reniform 
character;  septa  distant  and  very  deeply  concave,  the  sutures  very  nearly 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  on  the  main  portion  of  the  volution,  but  form- 
ing a  very  slight  backward  sinus  on  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  also 
slightly  bent  backward  within  the  umbilical  depression  as  seen  on  the  casts; 
siphon  subcentral,  a  little  nearer  to  the  ventral  than  to  the  dorsal  margin. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth  which  are 
arched  strongly  backward  in  crossing  the  middle  of  the  shell,  and  forward 
on  the  sides. 

I  have  seen  but  few  specimens  of  the  casts  of  this  species,  and  none 
showing  remains  of  the  substance  except  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimens,  so 
the  species  does  not  appear  to  be  common  in  New  Jersey,  although  exten- 
sively identified  from  other  parts  of  the  country,  usually,  however,  without 
direct  comparison  with  New  Jersey  specimens.  I  have  seen  but  few  casts 
from  other  parts  of  the  country  which  I  should  feel  warranted  in  consider- 
ing as  undoubtedly  identical  with  the  New  Jersey  shells ;  even  those  from 
the  Black  Hills,  which  are  perhaps  the  nearest  like  it  of  any  I  have 
studied,  differ  very  materially  in  general  form.  Dr.  Morton's  type  speci- 
men, which  consists  only  of  the  outer  chamber  and  forms  but  little  more 
than  half  of  a  volution,  shows  the  umbilical  auriculations,  and  retains  the 
shell  in  part,  shows  it  to  have  had  a  solid  axis  and  very  broad  aperture,  in 
which  it  differs  from  any  other  which  I  have  seen.  The  figures  of  this 
specimen  given  I  think  will  present  a  somewhat  different  idea  of  the  species 
from  that  which  appears  to  have  been  usually  entertained. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Burlington  and 
MuUica  Hill,  and  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  the  latter  being  the 
type  specimen  of  Dr.  Morton,  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Phila.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci. 

Nautilus  Bryani. 

Plate  XXXVIII,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Nautilus  Bryani  Gabb :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  277. 

Shell  large  and  strong,  somewhat  compressed  on  the  sides;  giving  a 
section  to  the  volution,  from  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus  to  the  dorsum, 
greater  than  the  width  from   side   to    side.     Umbilicus   small,   but  open 


CEPHALOPODA  OP  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  245 

in  the  shell.  Dorsum  sharply  rounded.  Septa  distant,  rather  deeply  con- 
cave; arched  forward  on  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus  and  slightly  backward 
on  the  sides,  but  strongly  arched  forward  on  the  dorsum.  Siphon  rather 
large,  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  entire  distance  of  the  length  of  the 
septum  from  the  inner  border.  Aperture  as  shown  by  the  section  of  the 
volution,  longer  than  wide  and  deeply  emarginate  on  the  inner  border  by 
the  intrusion  of  the  inner  volution,  giving  it  a  compressed  reniform  outline. 
Surface  of  the  shell  unknown. 

The  type  specimens  of  this  species,  which  are  before  me,  consist  of 
two  fragments  of  casts,  one  consisting  of  about  half  of  an  inner  volution 
preserving  seven  chamber  fillings ;  and  parts  of  four  chambers  of  a  much 
larger  specimen  show  it  to  have  been  a  rather  large  shell  of  a  form  much 
like  the  living  Nautilus  umbilicus,  but  with  the  umbilical  cavity  less  angular 
on  the  margin  and  rounded  within;  the  outer  volutions  embracing  the  inner 
ones  to  nearly  the  same  extent.  The  sides  of  the  volutions  are  not  quite 
so  much  flattened  near  the  umbihcal  region,  giving  a  little  greater  propor- 
tional thickness  to  this  part  of  the  shell.  It  is  so  distinct  from  N.  Dekayi  of 
the  Lower  Grreen  Marls  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  compare  it  with  that  species. 
It  is  less  unlike  the  forms  of  Nautilus  found  as  casts  at  Prairie  Bluff,  Ala- 
bama, and  in  many  parts  of  Texas  known  asiV.  perlatus  Morton,  but  so  far 
as  I  know  those  are  not  umbilicated,  consequently  it  presents  a  radical  differ- 
ence in  this  respect.  There  are  some  discrepancies  between  Mr.  Gabb's 
description  and  the  specimens  which  it  may  be  well  to  note.  For  instance, 
he  states  that  the  sides  are  flattened  and  "nearly  parallel,"  which  I  find  to 
be  very  far  from  the  case,  especially  in  the  larger  specimen.  He  also  states 
that  the  siphon  is  "small"  and  "central."  It  is  considei-ably  nearer  the 
inner  margin  than  the  center  in  both  specimens,  and  in  the  larger  one  is  fully 
three-sixteentlis  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  being  very  much  larger  than  in  the 
liviner  form  of  Nautilus. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  yellow  Hme  sands  of  the  Middle  Marl 
Beds  at  Vincentown,  New  Jersey,  having  been  collected  by  the  late  Col. 
Bryan,  and  is  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Pliila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 


246  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  JSfEW  JERSEY. 

Genus  HERCOGLOSSA  Conrad. 

Hekcoglossa  paucifex. 

Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  1. 

Aturia  paueifex  Cope  :  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1866,  pp.  3,  4. 

Hercoglossa  paueifex  (Cope)  Meek :  Geol.  Siirv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  731. 

? Nautilus  orbiculatus  Tuomey :  1854,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  167,  vol.  7. 

In  1866  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  presented  before  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  in 
Philadelphia  a  specimen  of  Aturia-like  shell,  which  he  described  as  fol- 
lows, under  the  name  Aturia  paueifex:  "Uncovered  chambers,  nine;  sep- 
tary  processes  elongate,  acuminate,  shallow,  diverging  outward  from  a  spiral 
line  joining  their  bases;  well  separated  from  the  succeeding  septa;  dorsal 
portions  of  the  septa  short,  very  eccentric  as  regards  each  other;  ventral 
portions  opposite  them,  forming  nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  ventral  oiit- 
line.  Siphuncle  small,  more  dorsal  than  the  end  of  the  dorsal  fourth  of 
the  diameter.  Ventral  surface  broad  rounded;  septal  processes  scarcely 
visible  on  the  ventral  view."  Diameter  of  the  last  chamber  3  in.  11  lines; 
of  first  visible  (at  siphuncle),  22  1.  Median  diameter  (from  penultimate 
chamber)  8  inches. 

Among  the  New  Jersey  cephalopoda  received  from  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  I  find  a  large  internal  cast  of  an  Aturia- 
like  species  under  the  name  Nautilus  orbiculatus,  with  the  locality  "Glou- 
cester, N.  J."  On  the  cast  is  pasted  a  label,  bearing  the  name  "Aturia 
paueifex;  Cope's  type,  Hercoglossa,"  then  one  or  two  words  obliterated,  after 
which  follows  "Grlassboro,  Grloucester  Co.,  N.  J."  The  words  Aturia  pau- 
eifex Cope's  type,  and  the  obliterated  words,  have  been  crossed  out  with 
pencil  and  "N.  orbiculatus  f^^  appears  in  ink  above  the  original  name.  The 
specimen  I  believe  to  be  the  type  of  Prof  Cope's  species,  as  it  agrees 
with  his  description  and  also  with  the  measurements  given,  but  does  not 
agree  with  Prof.  Tuomey's  description  of  N.  orbiculatus ;  at  least  not  as  1 
understand  some  parts  of  his  very  short  and  obscure  diagnosis,  which  is 
as  follows:  "Shell  somewhat  discoid,  thick  in  the  center  and  gradiially 
thinner  toward  the  circumference;  last  chamber  very  large,  spreading  at 
the  umbilicus;  siphunculus  nearly  central;  septa  profoundly  undulated, 
showmg  on  the  back  a  recurved  lip."     Prof.  Cope  appears  to  have  con- 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRBTACEODS  MARLS.  247 

sidered  the  inner  face  of  the  volution  as  the  dorsal,  which  is  perhaps 
correct  enough  in  speaking  of  the  animal,  but  Dr.  Tuomey  says  the  septa 
shows  on  the  back  a  recurved  lip,  which,  if  we  consider  the  back  the  outer 
surface  or  edge  of  the  volution,  as  is  usually  done,  this  is  entirely  wrong 
for  this  cast,  as  the  septa  extend  directly  across  the  back  and  over  to  the 
septal  process  in  an  almost  straight  line.  Therefore,  if  Dr.  Tuomey's  de- 
scription is  correct  for  his  species,  which  I  have  never  seen,  this  one  must 
be  an  entirely  distinct  species.  I  shall  at  any  rate  consider  it  as  A.  pau- 
cifex  of  Cope,  a,nd  disregard  Dr.  Tuomey's  name  until  further  evidence  is 
obtained.  If  they  prove  identical  Dr.  Tuomey's  name  has  precedence,  as 
it  was  given  in  1854,  while  Di-.  Cope's  name  dates  only  from  1866.  The 
present  shell  may  be  more  fully  described  as  follows: 

Shell  large,  somewhat  ponderous,  ventricose,  with  a  broadly  rounded 
back  and  convex  sides;  umbilicus  slightly  impressed,  but  not  open,  the 
inner  edge  of  the  lip  rather  overlapping  the  one  within,  and  the  outer  volu- 
tion embracing  the  inner  to  that  extent;  aperture  large,  forming  half  of  a 
long  ellipse,  being  rounded  on  the  outer  margin  and  gradually  expanding 
to  the  edge  of  the  umbilical  depression  or  for  nearly  four-fifths  of  the  entire 
length  of  the  opening.  On  the  inner  side  it  is  strongly  modified  by  the 
projection  of  the  inner  volution;  entire  length  of  the  apertural  opening  5 J 
inches  on  the  specimen;  greatest  width  across  nearly  4  inches.  Septa 
strong,  deeply  concave  and  distant,  being  nearly  3  inches  apart  on  the  back 
of  the  specimen  described  at  the  third  chamber,  and  nine  chambers  only 
visible  to  the  volution;  lateral  septal  processes  situated  nearer  to  the  outer- 
margin  than  to  the  umbilicus,  and  are  large,  strong,  slightly  directed  out- 
ward from  a  circular  line  half  as  wide  across  the  origin  as  long,  that  of  the 
second  septum  shown  on  the  specimen  being  2  inches  long  from  the  curve 
of  the  inner  portion  of  the  septum  and  I4  inches  on  the  outer  side.  Inner 
portion  of  the  septal  line  moderately  arched  forward  between  the  umbilical 
line  and  the  septal  process  (or  lateral  lobe)  and  reaching  slightly  in  advance 
of  the  outer  division,  which  from  the  base  of  the  process  or  lobe  extends 
almost  directly  across  the  back  of  the  shell ;  siphon  rather  large,  measuring 
more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  outer  chamber,  cylindi'ical 
as  far  as  can  be  seen;  situated  at  about  one-fifth  or  a  little  more  than  one- 


ti4S  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

fifth  of  the  distance  from  the  margin  of  the  inclosed  volution  to  the  back 
of  the  shell  from  the  inner  edge.  Prof  Cope  states  at  the  edge  of  the  imier 
fourth. 

The  shell  substance,  some  of  which  remains  on  the  inside  of  the  cast 
and  between  two  of  the  chambers,  has  been  very  thick,  more  than  a  six- 
teenth of  an  inch,  and  presents  an  imperfect  columnar  or  prismatic  structure 
on  the  edge.  The  sides  of  the  cast  also  show  it  to  have  been  very  heavy 
where  the  septa  have  joined  the  outer  shell,  as  the  cast  shows  the  ridges 
and  chamfering  of  the  edges  when  the  shell  has  been  removed.  Some  of 
the  cavities  left  between  the  filling  of  chambers  also  are  nearly  or  quite  a 
line  in  thickness.  Longitudinal  lines  also  mark  the  cast,  showing  evidence 
of  muscular  attachment  along  the  sides  of  the  chambers  between  the 
umbilical  cavity  and  the  septal  processes  or  lateral  lobes  of  the  septa. 

Mr.  Meek  refers  this  species  to  Conrad's  genus  Hercoglossa,  which  was 
founded  upon  Nautilus  orUculatus  Tuomey.  Conrad's  description  of  the 
genus  in  the  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  2,  p.  101,  is  as  follows:  "Nautiloid; 
septa  angular  and  linguiform;  apex  of  the  angle,  or  tongue-shaped  lobe, 
not  contiguous  with  the  adjacent  septum;  siphon  large  or  moderate,  situated 
within  the  center,  or  between  the  middle  and  inner  margin,  and  not  dorsal 
or  funnel-shaped,  but  tubular  and  gradually  tapering."  Aturia  should  have 
a  funnel-shaped,  dorsal  siphon,  which  this  species  has  not,  consequently 
can  not  be  a  true  Aturia.  Dr.  Tuomey's  N.  orUculatus,  which  was  Conrad's 
type  of  Helicocjlossus,  is  probably  at  least  generically  if  not  specifically 
identical  with  this,  so  that  this  will  at  least  fall  under  that  genus. 

Formation  and  locality:  I  think  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  of 
the  authenticity  of  the  locality  of  the  specimen  used  and  figured,  being  as 
marked  on  the  label  attached:  Griassboro,  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey. 
Prof.  Cope  states  under  his  description  that  it  was  found  at  Heritage's  marl 
pits  associated  with  Terebrattda  Harlani  and  Teredo  tibialis,  which  would 
place  it  in  the  Middle  Marls.  There  is  also  in  the  Academy's  collection  parts 
of  two  chambers  of  the  same  species  from  Vincentown,  New  Jersey,  collected 
by  T.  M.  Bryan,  Esq.,  which  would  also  most  probably  be  from  the  Middle 
Marls,  as  both  these  and  the  Upper  Marls  are  near  together  at  that  point. 
Another  fragment  in  dark  brown  material  occurs  in  the  tray  with  the  frag- 
ments of  Am.  telifer,  marked  simply  "N.  J." 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  (JEETACEOUS  MARLS.  249 


AMMONITID^. 

Genus  AMMONITES  Brug. 

Ammonites  complexus. 

Plate  XLi,  Figs.  5-7. 

Ammonites  complexus  Hall  and  Meek:  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  Boston,  ■ 
new  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  394,  PI.  iv,  Fig.  1;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  9;  Meek,  Check 
List,  p.  24;  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730;  Invert.  Paleont.,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol,  9,  p.  447,  PI.  xxi-v,  Fig.  1. 

A  single  fi'agment  only  of  this  species  has  so  far  been  recognized  from 
New  Jersey.  It  consists  of  less  than  an  inch  in  length  of  a  volution  having 
a  less  diameter  than  the  original  specimen  figured  by  Messrs.  Hall  and  Meek ; 
but  it  appears  to  have  had  a  somewhat  greater  curvature,  and  consequently 
has  the  appearance  of  having  been  a  somewhat  larger  shell,  though  from 
this  imperfect  fragment  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  positively  that  such  was 
the  case.  The  volutions  were  nearly  circular  in  section  and  strongly  em- 
bracing, nearly  one-third  of  the  outer  one  having  overlapped  the  imier  one. 
It  has  been  crossed  by  low,  rounded,  transverse  ridges,  and  broad,  shallow 
furrows,  without  nodes ;  the  ridges  becoming  almost  obsolete  on  the  central 
line  of  the  back.  Septa  extremely  complex  and  very  closely  arranged;  so 
closely  that  the  branches  of  one  septum  interferes  with  and  overlajis  the  one 
behind  it,  so  as  to  make  it  extremely  difficult  to  trace  the  division  of  any 
one  septum  even  as  far  as  the  fragment  preserves  them.  The  extremities 
of  the  digitations  are  slender  and- quite  mucronate,  presenting  almost  the 
same  features  as  those  of  Placenticeras  tilifer.  In  this  respect  it  differs  from 
all  other  species  yet  observed  in  the  New  Jersey  formations  except  that 
one.  The  dorsal  lobe  is  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  and  only  slightly 
divided  below  on  the  median  line;  the  main  divisions  are  separated  each 
into  three  compound  divisions,  each  of  which  has  many  mucronate  points; 
above  this  there  is  one  principal  digitation  on  each  side  which  has  three 
terminal  points,  and  one  or  two  farther  up  on  each  side.  The  first  lateral 
lobe  has  three  terminal  compound  divisions,  with  one  smaller  division  on 
each  side  above,  and  a  minor  one  still  higher.     The  second  lateral  lobe  is 


250  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

somewhat  smaller  than  the  first,  but  its  divisions  and  branches  are  not  trace- 
able on  the  specimen.  The  first  sinus  is  about  equal  in  size  to  the  first 
lateral  lobe,  and  is  divided  at  the  summit  into  three  double  divisions  by 
three  minor  lobes,  each  of  which  has  several  points  along  the  sides  and  on 
the  extremity. 

The  specimen  differs  somewhat  in  details  of  the  septa  from  the  Upper 
Missouri  River  specimen  originally  described  by  Hall  and  Meek,  as  well  as 
in  having  a  greater  circle  of  curvature  along  the  circumference  of  the  volu- 
tion, and  the  volution  has  also  been  relatively  narrower  from  side  to  side. 
These  differences,  as  well  as  the  sharply  pointed  form  of  the  divisions  of 
the  lobes  of  the  septa,  lead  one  to  suspect  that  were  the  specimen  more 
perfect  a  very  differently  shaped  species  would  be  the  result.  Still,  from 
the  very  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory  material,  it  would  hardly  be  safe  to 
designate  it  as  a  distinct  species. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  fragment  is  from  a  whitish  clay  marl 
with  ferruginous  markings,  but  is  without  locality.  It  has  the  lithological 
characteristics  of  the  white  limestone  clay  at  Holmdel,  New  Jersey,  and  is 
most  probably  from  the  Lower  Marl  Beds  at  that  place.  The  specimen  is 
from  the  cabinet  at  Rutgers  College,  and  is  that  upon  which  Mr.  W.  M. 
Gabb  made  the  identification  of  the  species  in  his  Synopsis,  p.  9,  and  bears 
his  label. 

Ammonites  dentato-carinatus. 
Plate  XLi,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Roemer  :  Texas,  p.  417  ;  Kreid.  von  Texas,  p.  33,  PI. 
I,  Fig.  2,  a,  b,  c  ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  9  ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cretaceous,  p.  34. 

A  single  small  fragment  of  this  species  comes  to  me  from  the  collection 
of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  at  Philadelphia,  labeled  as  coming  from  the  Creta- 
ceous of  New  Jersey,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  doubting 
the  locality,  as  it  bears  resemblance  to  the  white  limestone  nodules  from 
Marlboro  and  Holmdel,  New  Jersey  The  specimen  is  but  little  more 
than  an  inch  in  length,  and  is  a  fragment  of  a  volution  of  medium  size,  rep- 
resenting about  thi-ee  of  the  chambers.     The  shell  when  entire  has  been 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  OEBTACEOUS  MAKLS.  251 

compressed  discoidal,  with  a  proportionally  small  umbilicus,  the  volutions 
have  been  sharp  on  the  dorsal  edge  and  marked  by  a  series  of  undulations 
which  gave  rise  to  the  specific  name.  The  sides  are  ornamented  by  two 
lines  of  nodes  which  divide  the  surface  into  three  nearly  equal  spaces,  also 
by  transverse  ridges  which  are  low  and  rounded,  and  pass  from  the  margin 
of  the  umbilicus  almost  directly  across  the  volution  to  a  node  one-third  of 
its  breadth  from  the  margin,  and  are  then  bent  sharply  forward,  their  con- 
vexity giving  rise  to  the  undulations  on  the  dorsal  carination.  Some  of 
the  ridges  bifurcate  at  the  inner  line  of  nodes,  each  branch  reaching  the 
margin  as  independent  ridges,  but  the  fragment  is  too  small  to  show  how 
frequently  this  feature  occurs. 

The  septa  of  this  specimen  from  New  Jersey  appear  to  be  as  nearly 
like  that  figured  by  Dr.  Roemer,  above  cited,  as  could  be  expected  in  any  two 
individuals  from  the  same  locality,  consisting  of  a  proportionally  large 
dorsal  lobe  and  three  lateral  lobes,  visible  on  the  side  of  the  volution,  with 
another  just  within  the  limits  of  or  on  the  side  of  the  umbilicus.  The  dorsal 
lobe  has  the  main  divisions  bifurcating,  forming  two  nearly  equal  branches, 
with  numerous  slender  digitations ;  the  other  is  single,  slender,  elongate,  and 
with  five  or  six  digitations.  The  first  lateral  lobe  is  large  and  somewhat 
complicated,  having  five  principal  divisions  with  numerous  digitations.  The 
other  lobes  are  much  smaller  and  less  complicated,  but  all  have  slender, 
narrow  digitations.  Between  the  dorsal  and  first  lateral  lobe  there  is  a  long 
slender  intermediate  lobe  with  three  to  five  digitations  on  a  side.  The 
sinuses  are  less  complicated  than  the  lobe,  and  have  the  terminations  usu- 
ally rounded,  while  those  of  the  digitations  of  the  lobes  are  usually  sharply 
pointed  and  narrow. 

The  specimen  bears  no  evidence  of  the  siphon. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  specimen,  which  is  a  small  fragment  only 
of  a  single  volution,  is  entirely  a  cast  in  a  hard  ferruginous  sandy  clay, 
with  a  few  grains  of  glauconite  scattered  through  it,  and  may  have  come 
from  the  white  limetone  nodules  near  the  base  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls, 
at  Holmdel,  Marlboro,  or  some  of  the  other  outcrops  of  this  material 
within  the  State.  As  it  is  the  only  fragment  of  the  species  yet  noticed, 
there  may  be  some  question  as  to  its  locality  until  others  are  found. 


252  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESElT. 

Ammonites  Delawarensis. 

Plate  XLli,  Fig.  6-9 ;  and  Plate  XLiii,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Ammonites  Delawarensis  Morton:  Am.  Jour,  of  Science,  1st  ser.,  vol.  18,  PI.  ii, 
Fig.  4 ;  Synopsis,  p.  37,  PL  2,  Fig.  5 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  9 ;  Meek,  Cbeck 
List  Cret.,  p.  24;  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  730. 

Dr.  Morton  describes  this  species  as  follows:  "Volutions  uncertain; 
each  whorl  furnished  with  elevated  transverse  ridges,  which  bifurcate  about 
half  way  across,  and  terminate  in  prominent  tubercles  on  the  margin; 
ridges  marked  by  thi-ee  or  four  conspicuous  nodes;  back  between  the 
tubercles  convex;  probable  diameter  from  8  to  12  inches." 

The  shell  seems  to  have  been  a  very  variable  one,  especially  so  when 
different  periods  of  growth  are  considered.     The  young  form  was  described 
by  Dr.  Morton  as  A.  Vanuxemi,  in  which  condition  it  is  somewhat  discoid, 
with  a  moderately  large  umbilicus  with  vertical  sides ;  about  one-half  only 
of  the  volution  being  embraced  by  the  succeeding  one;  the  narrow  dor- 
sum being  triply  keeled ;   the  marginal  keels  being  formed  of  obliquely 
elongated  nodes  formed  by  the  extremities  of  the  numerous,  rounded  costse 
which  cross  the  sides  of  the  volution.     A  row  of  nodes  marks  the  ends  of 
the  costse  along  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus,  and  three  other  lines  occur 
at  nearly  equal  distances  apart,  between  the  first  and  the  marginal  row, 
which  forms  the  lateral  keel.     When  more  advanced  in  growth  the  sides 
become  rounded  and  convex;    the  dorsum  proportionally  wider  and  less 
distinctly  keeled;  the  volutions  somewhat  more  involved  within  the  outer 
one,  which  gives  a  correspondingly  narrower  umbilicus  in  proportion  to  the 
entire  diameter;  the  ridges  crossing  the  sides  are  proportionally  less  ele- 
vated and  the  nodes  less  conspicuous.     In  a  large  cast  sent  me,  as  one  of 
the  type  specimens,  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  the  thick- 
ness at  the  edge  of  the  tnnbilicus  is  2§  inches,  when  the  width  of  the  volu- 
tion is  3|  inches.     A  small  specimen  (figured  on  PI.  xlii,  Fig.  6),  apparently 
entirely  uncompressed,  presents  a  width  on  the  side  of  the  volution  of  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch,  and  a  diameter  of  one-sixteenth  less  at  the  edge  of  the 
umbihcus.     The  same"  features  of  the  surface  are  present  on  both  speci- 
mens, differing  only  in  degree. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CEETACBOUS  MAELS.  253 

The  septa  are  marked  by  three  lobes  and  an  imperfect  fourth  one  on 
the  inner  margin,  and  by  three  sinuses.  The  dorsal  lobe  has  a  pair  of 
short,  principal,  digitate  branches,  with  several  small  digitations  along  its 
sides.  First  lateral  lobe  moderately  large,  with  four  principal,  much  ser- 
rated branches,  and  two  or  more  minor  ones  on  the  neck.  The  second 
lateral  is  irregularly  branched,  having  two  or  three  divisions,  and  the  one 
bordering  the  umbilicus  has  the  margin  simply  undulated.  The  first  sinus 
is  very  large  and  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  long,  slender,  digitate,  minor 
lobe,  which  extends  nearly  or  quite  half  the  length  of  the  dorsal  lobe.  The 
second  sinus  is  not  more  than  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  first,  and  far  less 
distinctly  divided.  The  small  iimbilical  sinus  has  the  margin  rather  deeply 
undulated  only.  The  margins  of  the  sinuses  are  clavately  undulated,  and 
those  of  the  lobes  more  sharply  serrated;  the  number  and  complication  of 
these  features  varying  of  course  with  the  size  and  age  of  the  shell.  In 
the  young  specimens,  which  have  the  characters  of  A.  Vanuxemi  Morton, 
the  complications  of  the  lobes  and  sinuses  are  more  simple,  although  all  the 
features  are  present,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  diagrams  given  on  the  plate. 

In  Dr.  Morton's  figure  in  his  synopsis  the  septa  are  very  incorrectly 
represented,  while  the  nodes  and  ridges  are  very  strongly  shown. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  type  specimens  are  all  from  Delaware,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware.  Dr.  Morton  gives  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal, 
and  states  that  he  had  another  from  Alabama.  I  have  not  seen  it  from  else- 
where than  Delaware  and  New  Jersey.  The  small  specimen  figured  on  our 
plate  is  from  near  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  and  is  in  the  Am.  Mus.  of  Nat. 
Hist. 

Ammonites  Vanuxemi. 

Plate  XLii,  Figs.  1-5. 

Ammonites  Vanuxemi  Morton  :  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  18,  PL  iii,  Figs.  3,  4  ; 

Synopsis,  p.  38,  PL  ii,  Figs.  3,  4- 
A.  Delaiuarensis  (young  specimen)  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  p.  18. 
Not  J..  Vanuxemi  Lea  :  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  vol.  7,  p.  354,  PI.  viii.  Fig.  5. 

This  species  appears  to  have  been  described  from  specimens  of  small 
size,  and  imperfect.  Dr.  Morton  remarks  under  the  description  given  in  his 
Synopsis,  p.  38,  that  the  "supposed  diameter"  is  3  inches;  also,  that  "larger 


254  I'ALBONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

specimens  liave  been  found."  The  type  specimen  came  from  Delaware. 
The  largest  New  Jersey  example  which  I  have  seen  is  figured  on  the 
plate  as  above.  It  bears  all  the  characters  of  Dr.  Morton's  species,  but  is 
somewhat  compressed  laterally,  so  as  to  give  it  rather  less  thickness,  but  it 
is  certainly  not  the  young  oiA.  Delawarensis.  On  examining  the  type  speci- 
men of  this  latter  species,  the  inner  coils  of  which  have  been  entirely 
removed  by  decomposition,  it  is  seen  that  up  to  a  diameter  of  nearly  3 
inches  they  would  present  much  the  same  features  as  those  possessed  by 
this  specimen;  only  that  the  transverse  diameter  has  been  nearly  or  quite 
an  inch  at  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus,  and  that  the  sides  are  much  more 
convex,  while  the  keeled  character  of  the  dorsum  is  much  less  conspicuous. 
But  it  can  readily  be  seen  that  all  these  features  are  liable  to  change  with 
the  degree  of  lateral  compression.  The  features  of  the  septa  apjjear  to  be 
the  same  in  two  species,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  diagrams  of 
the  small  individual,  which  is  enlarged  to  two  diameters,  with  that  of  A. 
Delaivarensis,  which  is  of  mature  size.  The  small  individual  from  which 
the  figures  above  alluded  to  were  made  is  the  property  of  the  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  and  comes  from  Burlington  Covmty,  New  Jersey.  The  type  of 
A.  Vanuxemi  originally  figured  by  Dr.  Morton,  when  compared  with  the 
inner  coils  of  the  large  specimen  of  A.  Delawarensis  figured  on  our  plate, 
is  not  more  than  half  as  thick  laterally  where  the  dorso-ventral  diameter  is 
the  same;  and  the  transverse  ridges  are  finer,  less  elevated,  and  present  an 
entirely  different  feature,  which  compression  would  fail  to  produce  on  forms 
like  J..  Delawarensis. 

Formation  and  locality/:  Morton's  type  was  from  the  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  and  is  from  the  lower  part  of  the  Lower  Marls.  The  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  specimens  would  be  from  the  same  geological 
horizon. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CEBTAGEOUS  MARLS.  255 

Subgenus  PLACENTICERAS  Meek. 

Ammonites  (Placbnticeras)  placenta. 

Plate  XL,  Fig.  1,  and  Plate  xli,  Figs.  1  and  2. 

Ammonites  placenta  Dekay  :  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  278,  PI.  v. 

Fig.  2;  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  195  ;  Am. 

Jour.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  18,  PL  ii,  Figs.  1-3;  Synopsis,  p.  36,  PI.  ii,  Figs. 

1  and  3 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  15 ;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.,  p.  25 ;  Geol.  Surv. 

N.  J.,  1868,  p.  730. 
Placenticeras placenta  (Morton)  Meek:  Invert.  Pal.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  p.  465. 

Shell  attaining  a  large  size,  subdiscoid  or  lenticular  with  a  deep  and 
distinct  umbilicus,  the  sides  of  which  are  gently  rounded  to  the  surface  of 
the  volution,  exposing  only  a  very  small  portion  of  each  of  the  inner  volu- 
tions within  it.  Dorsum  of  the  shell  narrowly  rounded  and  the  sides  of  the 
volution  gradually  diverging  from  its  edge  to  the  point  of  greatest  thick- 
ness, which  is  only  a  short  distance  outside  of  the  umbilicus.  Aperture 
elongate  saggitate ;  on  a  cast  before  me  where  the  volution  has  a  width,  from 
the  dorsum  to  the  umbilicus,  of  4^  inches,  the  greatest  thickness  from  side 
to  side  is  just  2  inches,  the  diameter  of  the  shell  being  8|  inches.  The  sur- 
face of  the  shell  I  have  not  seen  on  New  Jersey  specimens. 

Septa  closely  interlocking,  the  lobes  and  their  sinuses  being  of  propor- 
tionally small  size,  but  very  complicated,  varying  greatly  in  this  particular 
with  the  age  of  the  shell.  The  interlocking  of  the  septa  is  so  great  in  the 
very  fine  specimen  mentioned  above  that  it  is  impossible  satisfactorily  to 
trace  any  single  one  entirely  across  the  volution.  The  lobes  in  the  larger 
portion  of  the  volution  appear  to  be  ten  in  number  exclusive  of  the  dorsal 
lobe,  and  to  be  somewhat  smaller  than  the  corresponding  sinuses,  except 
the  second  and  third.  The  dorsal  or  siphonal  lobe  is  very  wide  and  deeply 
forked.  The  third  lateral  lobe,  or  fourth  counting  the  dorsal,  is  larger  than 
any  other,  with  two  large  lateral  processes  and  a  bifid  extremity.  The 
others  are  generally  trifid  to  the  fifth  or  sixth,  beyond  this  a  few  of  them 
are  bilateral  with  two  divisions  on  each  side ;  some  of  the  inner  ones  are 
long  and  clavate,  with  three  or  four  slight  projections,  while  the  two  inner 
ones  are  only  serrate  on  the  sides  with  a  perceptibly  swollen  extremity. 
There  are  intermediate  lobes  between  all  the  principal  ones,  except  the  last 


256  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

two,  on  the  lai'gest  specimen  in  hand;  but  they  vary  in  size  and  complica- 
tion according  to  their  position;  that  dividing  the  first  sinus  being  about 
equal  in  form  and  size  to  the  seventh  lateral  lobe.  The  first  sinus  is  large 
and  broad,  each  of  its  main  divisions  about  equal  in  size  to  the  third  sinus- 
Mr.  Meek  says  in  his  Invert.  Pal.,  p.  467,  middle  paragraph: 

On  comparing  authentic  specimens  from  New  Jersey  witli  others  of  nearly- 
equal  sizes  from  the  Upper  Missouri  Cretaceous,  they  are  found  to  agree  well  in 
form  as  well  as  in  all  essential  specific  characters  of  the  septa.  The  New  Jersey 
specimens  generally  have  the  septa  less  crowded  and  the  lobes  and  sinuses  propor- 
tionally somewhat  shorter ;  but  it  is  evident  that  no  specific,  or  even  subspecific, 
distinction  can  be  based  on  such  trivial  differences. 

The  large  specimen  now  before  me,  which  belongs  to  the  collection  of 
the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  was  probably  also  in  Mr.  Meek's  hands  while 
writing,  and  was  in  all  probability  compared  with  the  diagram  of  the  septum 
given  of  a  western  specimen,  on  page  466  of  his  work.     But  if  any  reliance 
whatever  is  to  be  placed  upon  the  details  of  the  septa  of  ammonites  of  simi- 
lar character  for  specific  relations  or  difl^erences,  I  can  not  see  why  these 
two  should  be  considered  as  being  specifically  identical.     There  is  not  the 
slightest  resemblance  in  detail  between  them,  only  a  general  resemblance. 
In  fact,  almost  the  direct  opposite  of  details  prevails  between  the  two  when 
examined  side  by  side.     The  lobes  m  the  New  Jersey  specimen  all  have 
very  narrow,  constricted  necks  with  a  broad  expansion  below,  while  his 
diagram  shows  a  wide  neck,  usually  narrowed  gradually  toward  the  ends, 
the  lateral  branches  decreasing  in  size  from  above  downward  in  all  the 
principal  lobes.     The  sinuses,  which  are  broad,  compact,  and  clavate  in  the 
New  Jersey  form,  are  narrower  and  much  less  conspicuous  in  his  figure, 
with  the  divisions  slender,  lax,  and  contorted.     If  the  two  specimens  are 
specifically  alike,  what  rehance  can  be  placed  upon  detail  of  septa  for  the 
identification  of  species'?     None  of  the  New  Jersey  examples  which  I  have 
seen  show  any  indications  of  the  lines  of  nodes  on  the  side  of  the  shell  as 
in  the  western  forms.     To  be  sure  they  are  all  casts,  but  even  on  the  casts 
of  the  western  forms  these  nodes  are  usually  indicated,  and  on  comparison^ 
I  find  the  differences  in  septa  quite  general  as  between  them,  and  I  am  in- 
clined to  conclude  that  they  are  either  distinct  species,  or  that  those  features 
which  he  with  many  others  have  considered  as  gi-ounds  for  generic  divi- 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  257 

sions  and  subdivisions  are  only  of  specific  importance,  and  that  they  have 
mistaken  species  for  subgenera. 

Formation  and  localities:  The  species  is  found  in  the  Lower  Marl  Beds 
quite  generally  throughout  the  State.  It  is,  however,  never  common,  and 
is  found  mostly  in  detached  fragments.  It  is  known  from  near  Burlington, 
from  MuUica  Hill,  Neversiuk,  Freehold,  and  many  other  places  in  New 
Jersey;  it  also  occurs  in  Delaware.  Mr.  Meek,  besides  the  western  locaHties, 
gives  in  his  Check  List  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  New  Mexico. 
The  species  has  been  often  cited  from  many  different  locahties  by  various 
authors.  I  am,  however,  very  skeptical  as  to  the  true  identification  of 
many  of  them. 

Ammonites  (Placentaceras)  teliper. 

Plate  XLi,  Figs.  10,  11. 

Ammonites  telifer  Mort.  :  Synopsis,  p.  38,  PI.  2,  Fig.  7 ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  17. 

This  species  was  named  and  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  his  Synopsis, 
from  a  small  fragment  of  the  cast  of  a  chamber,  which  gives  the  details  of 
only  a  part  of  one  lobe  of  the  septum,  with  small  portions  of  others.  No 
description  of  the  species  was  given,  and  no  locality  mentioned.  The  frag- 
ment before  alluded  to  is  before  me,  with  two  others  of  much  larger  size, 
and  are  labeled  as  from  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  are  most  probably 
parts  of  one  individual,  and  were  most  likely  all  in  Dr.  Morton's  hands 
when  he  wrote  his  notice  and  gave  the  name.  They  are  evidently  frag- 
ments of  a  very  large  specimen  having  a  close  resemblance  in  general  form 
to  A.  placenta  De  Kay,  but  are  very  different  in  the  details  of  the  septa,  and 
consequently  belong  to  a  distinct  species;  therefore  I  think  the  name  worth 
retaining,  although  it  appears  to  have  been  dropped  from  many  lists.  The 
septa  of  the  shell  Avere  very  closely  crowded,  as  shown  on  these  fragments, 
for  the  ramifications  of  the  lobes  interlock  and  interfere  one  with  an- 
other to  such  an  extent  as  almost  to  defy  an  accurate  figure  or  description. 
The  great  peculiarity,  however,  and  that  which  seems  to  separate  it  from 
A.  placenta,  is  the  very  extended  and  mucronate  extremities  of  the  ramifica- 
tions of  both  lobes  and  sinuses;  there  being  so  little  difference  exhibited 
between  them  as  to  render  it  extremely  difficult  to  determine  which  are 

MON  XVIII 17 


258  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

tlie  lobes  or  which  are  sinuses.  There  appear  to  have  been  three  com- 
pound divisions  of  the  lobes  so  far  as  can  be  seen  on  the  fragments,  and 
the  principal  sinuses  seem  to  have  been  bilobed.  The  back  of  the  shell 
has  been  round  and  on  one  of  the  fragments  is  seen  to  be  about  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  and  the  siphon  correspondingly  large.  The  dorsal 
lobe  has  been  quite  small,  with  tlu-ee  compound  digitations  oh  each  side,  in 
the  only  place  in  which  it  can  be  seen,  and  extends  not  more  than  a  fourth 
of  ah  inch  below  the  upper  line  crossing  the  dorsuln;  outside  of  this  is  a 
short,  slender,  compound,  secondary  lobe  which  divides  the  large  first 
lateral  sinus  into  two  principal  divisions.  The  next  lobe  is  large  and  has 
its  branches  extending  below  the  sinus  and  upon  the  rounded  dorsum  of  the 
shell.  The  entire  details  of  this  lobe  can  not  be  made  out,  but  I  have 
figured  it  as  far  as  it  exists,  so  it  can  be  seen  and  compared  with  that  of 
A,  placenta  given,  from  which  it  will  be  seen  to  differ  very  materially;  too 
much  to  have  been  a  part  of  an  overgrown  specimen  of  the  same  species. 

Formation  and  locality:  There  is  no  locality  further  than  "N.  J."  given 
with  the  specimens.  They  are  from  a  hard,  brown,  highly  ferruginous 
sand,  somewhat  different  from  any  specimens  which  I  have  before  seen, 
and  I  am  inclined  to  think  they  may  have  come  from  the  iron  nodules  found 
near  the  surface  of  the  plastic  clays. 

Ammonites  (Sphbnodiscus)  lenticulaeis. 
Plate  XLi,  Figs.  8,  9. 

Ammonites  lentieularis  Owen,  1852,  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Iowa,  Wis.,  and  Mis- 
souri, p.  579,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  5. 

Ammonites  lohcdus  Tuomey,  1854,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  168; 
Meek  and  Hayden,  ibid.,  vol.  8,  p.  280;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  pp.  12,  13;  Meek, 
Check  List,  p.  24 ;  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730. 

Placenticeras  (S'phenodiscus)  lenticulare  (Owen)  Meek:  Invert.  Paleont.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  p.  473. 

The  above  named  species  has  been  pretty  generally  recognized  as  a 
New  Jersey  fossil,  although  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  only  very  small 
fragments  representing  it,  among  all  the  collections  to  which  I  have  had 
access.  These  are,  however,  of  so  marked  a  character  as  to  leave  no  ques- 
tion of  their  identity.     The  fragments  noticed  consist,  one  of  them,  of  casts 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  259 

of  three  chambers,  retaining  two  lobes  and  two  sinuses  each  of  two  of  them, 
and  a  single  lobe  and  sinus  of  the  third;  the  other  fragment,  a  cast  of 
several  lobes  and  sinuses  of  chambers  from  near  the  umbilicus.  They 
represent  a  specimen  of  large  size,  probably  not  less  than  7  or  8  inches  in 
diameter. 


Fig.  1 Placenticeras  (Sphenortiacus)  lenticulare  (0-wen)  Meek.     (From  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  p.  473.) 

In  extei'nal  features  this  species  is  much  like  Am.  {Placenticeras)  placenta 
De  Kay,  but  is  a  little  more  spreading  at  the  umbilicus,  although  the  margin 
of  the  volutions  are  closer  together,  and  it  is  usually  sharply  rounded  on 
the  back,  instead  of  narrowly  flattened  as  in  that  one  until  it  is  quite  well 
grown,  often  to  a  diameter  of  7  or  more  inches  before  it  becomes  rounded. 
Owing  to  the  more  spreading  form  of  the  umbilicus  in  this  one,  the  point  of 
greatest  diameter  is  nearer  to  the  middle  of  the  width  of  the  volution  than 
in  P.  placenta,  where  it  is  quite  near  the  inner  margin.  In  the  western  forms 
of  P.  lenticularis  there  are  sometimes  very  indistinct  and  distant  folds  on  the 
surface,  which  radiate  from  the  umbilicus,  as  shown  by  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek  on 
his  figure  in  the  Invert.  Paleont.,  as  above  cited,  PI.  xxxiv.  Fig.  la.  I  have 
not  seen  any  indications  of  stich  a  feature  on  any  New  Jersey  examples  of 


260  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEliSEY. 

P.  placenta.  The  principal  point  of  difference  between  these  species,  how- 
ever, is  in  the  form  and  details  of  the  septal  lines,  as  shown  on  the  surface 
of  the  casts.  On  P.  placenta  they  are  much  branched,  both  on  the  lobes 
and  sinuses  tlu-oughout,  but  in  this  form  they  are  altogether  more  simple, 
the  lobes  having  two  or  three  obtuse  points  on  each  of  the  divisions,  and 
the  sinuses  being  simple  for  some  distance  from  the  umbilicus,  then  becom- 
ing biclavate  and  outside  of  the  middle  of  the  breadth  of  the  volution  often 
first  irregularly  triclavate,  and  sometimes  with  four  clavate  divisions  in  older 
specimens.  In  specimens  of  large  size,  however,  from  Missouri,  they  are 
seldom  as  strongly  divided  as  those  represented  by  Mr.  Meek  in  his  Fig.  Ic, 
PI.  XXXIV,  of  the  work  just  cited.  In  the  fragments  of  chambers  seen  from 
New  Jersey,  although  evidently  from  a  specimen  of  large  size,  the  sinuses 
appear  to  have  been  simply  bilobed,  the  division  between  the  lobes  having 
two  short  points,  while  the  lobes  have  the  features  shown  in  those  of  the 
sixth  to  the  ninth  lobes  of  Mr.  Meek's  figures.  There  is  no  feature  on  the 
fragment  by  which  I  can  definitely  tell  from  what  position  within  the  breadth 
of  the  volution  the  one  fragment  came,  so  that  I  can  only  surmise  as  to  the 
corresponding  lobes  of  a  more  perfect  specimen.  But  it  is  fair,  probably, 
to  suppose  that  it  came  from  near  the  position  above  mentioned,  as  if  not, 
or  if  it  came  from  nearer  the  outer  edge,  it  would  indicate  a  different  form 
from  the  western  shells. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  only  fragment  I  have  seen  comes  from 
the  marl  pits  of  J.  S.  Cook,  Esq.,  near  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,  and  are 
from  the  lowest  layers  of  the  Middle  Marls,  where  they  are  associated  with 
Nautilus  Dekayi  and  small  specimens  of  BacuUtes  ovatus  of  the  Lower  Marls, 
as  well  as  with  many  of  the  Molluscan  remains  of  the  Middle  Marls,  in  a 
yellowish  green  marl  sand,  which  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  that  horizon,  if 
not  to  that  locality. 


CEPHALOPODA  OP  THE  OliETACEOUS  MAULS.  26  i 

Genus  SCAPHITES  Parkinson. 

SCAPHITBS   NODOSUS. 

Plate  XLiv,  Figs.  13,  14. 

Scaphites  {Ammonites?)  nodosus,  Owen:  Geo\  Surv.,  Iowa,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  p. 

580,  tab.  8,  Fig.  4. 
Scaphites  nodosus  (Owen)  Gabb:  Synopsis,  p.  33;  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.    Sci.,    Phila.,   vol.   13,   p.   430;  Meek,  Check  List  Cret.,  p.  34;  Invert. 

Paleont.  U.   S.  Geol.  Surv.  'Terr.,  vol.  9,  p.  436,  and    varieties;    Whitf., 

Paleont.  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  p.  440,  PL  xiii,  Figs.  1-3. 

A  fragment  of  the  outer  chamber  of  a  Scaphites,  which  presents  all 
the  features  of  S.  nodosus  Owen,  comes  to  me  among  the  specimens  from  the 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  The  specimen  is  without  label  of  any  kind,  and  is 
associated  in  the  tray  with  S.  hippocrepis.  The  fragment  bears  every  lith- 
ological  evidence  of  being  from  the  green  sands  of  New  Jersey,  and  from 
the  Lower  Beds.  It  is  the  lower  end  of  the  outer  chamber  from  near  the 
last  septum;  having  a  little  of  the  imprint  of  the  convolutions  of  it  near  the 
lateral  margin,  and  continues  to  a  little  beyond  the  commencement  of  the 
outer  geniculation.  It  has  a  lateral  diameter  of  If  inches  and  a  dorso- 
ventral  diameter  of  If  inches  from  the  back  to  the  line  of  the  horizontal 
portion  of  the  volution.  The  side  is  flattened  and  the  back  rounded;  the 
latter  part  marked  by  small  transverse  furrows  which  arch  slightly  forward 
in  crossing  the  shell,  and  are  arranged  so  as  to  bring  about  five  ridges  with 
their  furrows  within  the  space  of  half  an  inch  in  length  on  the  middle  of 
the  back.  The  side  is  marked  by  two  lines  of  nodes,  one  at  the  lower 
angle  of  the  volution,  and  the  other  a  short  distance  below  the  ventral  line. 
The  last  are  inconspicuous,  while  the  former  are  very  strong,  from  three  to 
four  in  an  inch  space,  and  those  on  the  horizontal  portion  transverse  and 
much  larger;  the  others  gradually  growing  smaller  along  the  geniculation 
toward  the  aperture.  The  side  between  the  lower  line  of  nodes  and  the 
ventral  margin  is  mai'ked  by  strong  transverse  ridges,  arising  one  from  each 
of  the  lower  lines  of  nodes,  but  in  Gome  cases  two  of  them  unite  at  the 
upper  node,  forming  only  one  from  that  point  to  the  ventral  line;  septa  of 
course  unknown  from  the  specimen. 

The  fragment  gives  evidence  of  having  attained  a  size  seldom  exceeded 
by  the  species  at  its  localities  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  where  it  is  quite 


262  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

common,  and  from  whence  it  was  oi'iginall}'  described.  It  is  the  first  case 
of  its  notice  in  New  Jersey,  and,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  at  any  point  east  of 
the  Missouri  River. 

Since  writing  the  above,  three  other  fragments,  of  somewhat  smaller 
size,  have  been  noticed  among  the  collections  made  by  G.  C.  Schanck,  in 
the  white  limestone  nodules  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  near 
Marlborough,  New  Jersey,  having  the  same  features,  placing  it  beyond 
doubt  as  a  New  Jersey  fossil.  These  are  in  the  State  collections  at  New 
Brunswick. 

SCAPHITES  HIPPOCREPIS. 

Plate  XLiv,  Figs.  8-13. 

Ammonites  Mppocrepis  De  Kay:  Ann.  New  York  Lyceum,  vol.  2,  p.  5,  Fig.  5. 
Not  Ammonites  lioppocrepis  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6, 

p.  88,  PI.  V,  Fig.  5. 
Scaphites   Mppocrepis   Morton:   Synopsis,  p.  41;    Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  33;    Meek, 

Check  List  Cret.,  p.  34;  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730. 
Scaphites  Ouvieri  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  109,  PI. 

VII,  Fig.  1. 

This  species  was  originally  described  by  Dr.  De  Kay  from  an  imper- 
fect fragment,  but  subsequently  redescribed,  from  a  very  perfect  cast,  by 
Dr.  Morton  in  his  Synopsis.  The  specimen  which  he  used  is  now  in  my 
hands,  together  with  the  outer  chamber  of  a  much  smaller  individual.  Dr. 
Morton's  specimen  is  ovate  in  general  outline,  with  a  very  ventricose  outer 
chamber,  which  has  the  greatest  transverse  diameter  below  the  outer  angle 
of  the  horizontal  portion,  a  little  within  the  point  from  which  rises  the  line 
of  the  hood-like  aperture ;  above  the  point  indicated  the  diameter  rapidly 
decreases  again  to  the  line  of  the  aperture.  The  inner  coils,  the  number 
of  which  can  not  be  determined,  are  laterally  compressed,  although  they 
might  be  considered  as  ventricose  for  a  shell  of  the  genus,  being  nearly  as 
large  transversly  as  in  a  dorso-ventral  direction,  but  in  comparison  with  the 
very  rapidly  increasing  outer  portion  of  the  shell,  from  the  origin  of  the 
horizontal  portion  to  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  this  inner  part  seems 
quite  constricted.  From  the  position  of  the  last  septum,  which  terminates 
at  the  umbilicus  of  the  inner  part,  the  ventral  margin  rises  abruptly,  giving 


CEPHALOPODA  OP  THE  CEBTACBOUS  MARLS.  263 

an  abruptly  increased  vertical  height  to  the  neck  or  straight  part  to  the 
base  of  the  aperture;  the  line  of  which  is  exactly  rectangular  to  it,  and 
slightly  infolded  on  the  edge ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  throughout  by 
transverse  undulations,  small  on  the  inner  coils  and  frequently  bifurcating, 
but  directed  straight  across  the  shell  from  the  ventral  line.  On  the  hori- 
zontal portion  they  are  much  stronger  and  coarser,  and  above  the  outer 
geniculation  they  again  become  as  fine  and  close  as  on  the  inner  coils. 
The  shell  is  further  ornamented  by  two  lines  of  nodes  along  the  sides ;  the 
outer  lines  the  smallest  on  the  outer  chamber,  the  other  line  imperceptible 
on  the  coiled  part.  At  the  angle  of  the  outer  geniculation  there  exists  the 
largest  node  of  all  and  outside  of  it  two  or  three  smaller  ones.  Septa 
somewhat  closely  arranged,  but  rather  simple  in  structure,  composed  of  a 
dorsal  and  three  lateral  lobes;  dorsal  lobe  with  four  divisions,  two  on  each 
side  of  the  central  line,  the  first  division  doubly  clavate,  the  other  with 
four  rounded  projections  on  the  outer  side;  second  lobe,  or  first  lateral  lobe, 
with  two  main  divisions  widely  separated,  each  of  which  is  deeply  bifur- 
cate, with  slight  lobations  near  their  extremities;  second  lateral  lobe  small, 
clavate  with  a  trilobed  end ;  third  lateral  lobe  only  about  half  the  size  of 
the  second,  but  of  similar  form;  first  sinus  much  wider  and  larger  than  the 
first  lateral  lobe,  with  four  double  divisions  (one  of  which  in  the  septum 
di'awn  is  imperfect);  second  sinus  with  two  double  or  bilobed  divisions; 
third  sinus  simply  bilobed,  and  the  third  simple;  the  septum  figm-ed  and 
its  details  here  given  is  the  second  from  the  outer  chamber  of  Dr.  Morton's 
figured  specimen  and  gives  the  details  of  course  much  more  developed  than 
would  a  septum  at  an  earlier  stage  of  growth. 

Dr.  De  Kay  described  this  species  originally  from  an  imperfect  cast  of 
the  outer  chamber  of  only  medium  size,  which  appears  to  have  been  the 
property  of  the  New  York  Lyceum,  and  was  from  Delaware.  I  have 
before  me  at  the  present  time  a  similar  specimen  of  somewhat  smaller  size, 
having  only  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  one  figured,  but  showing  the 
same  features  on  a  reduced  scale.  The  species  is  peculiar  among  all  the 
American  Scapliites  in  the  rapid  lateral  increase  in  size  of  the  central  por- 
tions pi  the  outer  volution,  which  gives  it  a  peculiar  form  and  appearance 
which  will  readily  distinguish  it.  ^ 


264  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Formation  and  locality:  One  of  the  specimens,  the  one  figured,  came 
from  the  deep  cut  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  and  is  from  a 
highly  ferruginous,  siliceous  sand,  which  belongs  to  the  Lower  Marl  Beds 
of  New  Jersey.  As  it  is  so  near  the  limits  of  the  State,  it  will  no  doubt 
be  fomid,  if  it  has  not  already  been  found  within  the  State.  The  smaller 
individual  is  of  similar  character,  but  of  a  finer  material,  with  a  large  pro- 
portion of  iron,  which  gives  it  a  reddish  brown  color.  Both  specimens  are 
from  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

SCAPHITES  RENIFORMIS. 

Plate  XLiv,  Fig.  3. 

ScapMtes  reniformis  Morton  :  Synopsis,  p.  43,  PI.  II,  Fig.  6. 
Scaphites  Mppocrepis  (Mort.),  young  specimen,  Gabl),  Synopsis,  p.  33. 
Scapliiies  suhreniformis  D'Orbigny :  Prodrome  Paldont. ,  vol.  2,  p.  214,  No.  56,  not 
S.  renifor'mis  Brug. 

Dr.  Morton  describes  this  species  as  "ventricose  in  the  middle,  tapering 
rapidly  at  each  end ;  with  numerous  costse  that  bifurcate  laterally."  He 
gives  the  size  as  "less  than  [an]  inch  in  length,"  and  states  that  only  a  sol- 
itary imperfect  cast  was  found.  Mr.  Gabb,  in  his  Synopsis,  p.  33,  appears 
to  consider  it  a  you:ng  specimen  of  S.  Mppocrepis  De  Kay,  and  so  cites  it. 
I  do  not  know  if  Mr.  Gabb  saw  the  original  specimen  used  and  figured  by 
Dr.  Morton.  The  specimen  is  not  now  to  be  found,  but  in  place  of  it  there 
comes  to  me  from  the  Academy's  collection  a  fragment  of  a  Scapliites  the 
figured  type  of  -S*.  iris  Conrad,  from  Tippah,  Mississippi,  in  the  tray  which 
should,  according  to  the  label  in  it,  contain  the  type  specimen.  The  spec- 
imen used  by  Dr.  Morton  may  have  been  one  of  8.  Mppocrepis,  but  I  can 
hardly  think  so ;  as  if  so,  it  would  not  have  presented  so  large  an  umbilicus, 
that  of  8.  Mppocrepis  ^eing  very  small.  I  have  before  me  some  fragments 
of  very  small  specimens  of  that  species  which  are  as  finely  annulated  as  that 
shown  in  Dr.  Morton's  figure,  but  without  more  exaggeration  or  careless 
dehneation  than  has  been  permitted  in  the  great  majority  of  his  figures  no 
such  drawing  could  ever  have  been  made  from  it.  And  after  seeing  the 
accuracy  of  most  of  Dr.  Morton's  figures  and  determinations,  and  carefully 
studying  the  matter,  I  am  most  strongly  inclined  to  the  belief  that  8.  reni- 
formis was  a  distinct  form  from  8.  Mppocrepis  and  a  valid  species. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  TU15  ORE1:ACEOUS  MARLS.  265 

D'Orbigny  in  his  Prodrome,  p.  214,  cites  it  as  S.  snhreniformis  Morton. 
To  this  Mr.  Gabb  in  his  Synopsis  under  subreniformis  takes  exception.  To 
me  it  is  quite  evident  that  D'Orbigny  intended  this  name  as  a  substitute 
only  for  Morton's  name,  and  that  he  accidentally  omitted  to  state  in  con- 
nection with  it  that  it  was  so  meant;  as  in  parenthesis  he  says  (non  Brug. 
1790).  I  have,  however,  been  unsuccessful  in  a  search  for  further  evidence 
of  a  Scaphites  reniformis  Brug.  elsewhere. 

I  have  given  as  good  a  copy  of  Dr.  Morton's  figure  of  his  S.  reniformis 
as  possible,  in  order  to  aid  in  the  search  for  other  specimens  of  the  species, 
or  the  identification  of  the  type  should  it  be  discovered. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  type  specimen  came  from  a  friable  marl, 
at  Grove  Mill,  near  Bordentown,  New  Jersey,  and  would  pertain  to  the 
Lower  Marl  Bed. 

Scaphites  iris. 

Plate  XLiv,  Figs.  4-7. 

Scaphites  iris  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  335,  PI. 
XXXV,  Fig.  33  ;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  32 ;  Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  730. 
Scaphites  Conradi  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  p.  32. 

Mr.  Meek  gives  this  species  in  his  hst  of  New  Jersey  fossils  pubhshed 
in  the  Geol.  Report  for  1868,  but  does  not  include  the  name  in  his  Smith- 
sonian Inst.  Check  List.  Mr.  Gabb  cites  it  as  a  synonym  of  S.  Conradi,  to 
which  type  it  undoubtedly  belongs  and  is  somewhat  closely  allied.  Mr. 
Conrad  in  his  original  description  says  it  differs  greatly  in  the  character  of  the 
septa.  The  septum  which  he  describes  as  existing  in  a  free  or  unfilled  con- 
dition has  since  been  destroyed,  and  the  only  one  which  can  now  be  seen 
is  so  extremely  small  as  to  be  entirely  unreliable  for  comparison,  and  the 
external  form  of  the  types,  the  only  ones  known,  differs  in  some  essential 
particulars. 

The  species  may  be  characterized  as  follows:  Shell  small  to  medium 
size,  almost  circularly  discoid,  with  laterally  compressed  volutions,  espe- 
cially the  inner  coils,  which  are  flattened  on  the  sides  and  almost  grooved 
on  the  back  from  the  prominence  of  two  lines  of  nodes  along  the  dorsum. 
Body  volution  proportionally  more  expanded  in  one  of  the  types,  appearing 
somewhat  inflated  on  the  sides  along  the  horizontal  portion,  the  inner  whorls 


266  PALEOKTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JEESEY. 

being  fully  embraced  up  to  the  small  umbilicus.  Horizontal  portion  com- 
paratively short  and  the  ventral  margin  slightly  protruding  as  in  8.  hippo- 
crepis.  Aperture  unknown,  but  from  the  appearance  of  the  tube  near  the 
outer  geniculation  it  was  apparently  contracted  both  laterally  and  vertically 
as  compared  with  the  size  of  the  lube  on  the  straightened  portion.  Surface 
marked  on  the  inner  coils  by  comparatively  fine  and  closely  arranged 
transverse  ridges  which  become  coai-ser  at  the  inner  geniculation,  and  on 
the  straight  part  and  beyond  are  obsolete;  also  by  two  lines  of  pointed 
nodes  on  the  dorsum,  which  are  prominent,  giving  a  sunken  area  or  appar- 
ent groove  on  the  dorsum  between  them.  Outside  of  these  lines  another 
line  of  nodes  occurs  at  the  angle  of  the  back,  and  two  others,  less  distinct, 
on  each  side  of  the  horizontal  part  of  the  outer  chamber.  Substance  of  the 
shell  somewhat  strong  and  on  the  specimens  highly  iridescent,  whence  the 
specific  name. 

Septa  not  very  complicated,  but  rather  closely  arranged,  consisting  of 
a  moderately  large  dorsal  lobe  and  three  lateral  lobes  on  each  side,  which 
rapidly  decrease  in  size  toward  the  umbilicus,  on  the  very  margin  of  which 
the  third  one  is  situated.  The  details  of  the  lobes  and  sinuses  can  not  be 
traced  on  any  of  the  specimens  in  hand  sufficiently  well  to  construct  a  dia- 
gram thereof  The  first  sinus  is  much  larger  than  the  first  lateral  lobe,  and 
all  the  divisions  of  both  lobes  and  sinuses  have  rounded  extremities,  and  are 
altogether  more  simple  in'  their  structure  than  those  on  a  specimen  of  S. 
Conradi  of  the  same  size,  which  is  the  species  most  nearly  related  to  it  in 
general  form  and  appearance  among  the  American  Scapliites.  It  also  diff'ers 
from  it  in  the  form  of  the  outer  chamber  along  the  ventral  edge  and  in  the 
inflation  of  the  middle  portion  of  this  part.  It  resembles  that  species 
greatly  in  being  circularly  discoid,  or  in  the  very  short  horizontal  portion. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimens  Avhich  I  have  examined,  and 
which  are  probably  all  that  have  been  obtained,  undoubtedly  came  from 
Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  from  whence  Mr.  Conrad  cites  them.  The 
specimen  originally  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad  comes  to  me  in  a  tray  marked 
"^S.  reniformis  Cret.  N.  J.,"  undoubtedly  an  accidental  displacement;  while 
the  specimens  originally  belonging  in  the  tray  are  lost.  I  have  seen  no 
example  from  New  Jersey  myself  that  could  be  referred  to  this  species, 


CEPHALOPODA  OP  THE  CRETACEOUS  MAltLS.  267 

although  Mr.  Meek  cites  it  as  from  the  State,  probably  basing  his  identifica- 
tion on  those  mentioned  above.  I  give  the  species  here  to  help  in  the 
identification  should  specimens  of  it  be  found  in  future,  that  the  record 
may  be  as  perfect  as  possible. 

SCAPHITES   SIMILIS,  11.  Sp. 

Plate  XLiv,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  small,  the  type  specimen,  the  only  one  known  at  present,  being 
only  five-sixths  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest  length,  and  although  not  quite 
finished  at  the  aperture,  would  not  exceed  1  inch  were  it  continued  to  its 
entire  size.  Volutions  laterally  compressed,  rounded  on  the  back,  and 
marked  by  fine  transverse  ridges  to  beyond  the  commencement  of  the  outer 
chamber,  beyond  which  point  the  ridges  are  larger  and  indistinct,  especially 
on  the  sides.  A  single  line  of  nodes  marks  the  outer  angle  of  the  body 
volutions,  and  are  largest  opposite  the  middle  of  the  horizontal  portion  of 
the  coil.  Septa  not  very  crowded  and  rather  simple,  consisting  of  the  dorsal 
lobe  and  three  lateral  lobes  on  each  side  outside  of  the  umbilical  cavity, 
which  is  quite  small.  Dorsal  lobe  moderately  large,  the  lower  branches  not 
quite  half  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  first  sinus,  the  extremities  rounded, 
and  with  a  rounded  protuberance  on  its  outer  side,  above  it  there  is  one 
other  projection  on  each  side.  First  lateral  lobe  large,  broadly  flabelliform 
with  six  short  blunt  fingers  arranged  around  its  rounded  end,  and  one  other 
at  the  junction  of  the  first  sinus;  second  and  third  lobes  small,  and  consist- 
ing of  only  a  single  bluntly  rounded  member  each.  The  first  sinus  equals 
the  first  lateral  lobe  in  size,  but  is  bilateral  at  the  extremity,  each  division 
showing  a  slight  indentation  on  the  middle.  The  other  sinuses  are  simple 
rounded  sinuosities,  but  slightly  broader  than  the  corresponding  lobes. 

The  species  resembles  in  miniature  S.  nodosus  Owen,  from  the  Creta- 
ceous of  the  Upper  Missouri,  and  New  Jersey,  in  its  general  form  and  fea- 
tures, especially  so  on  the  back  in  the  marking  of  the  surface.  There  is 
evidence,  however,  of  only  one  line  of  nodes  on  each  side,  instead  of  two 
as  is  usual  on'  that  one,  although  by  no  means  always  developed.  There 
is,  however,  a  great  and  very  marked  difi'erence  in  the  form  and  details  of 
the  septa,  as  on  a  young  specimen  of  8.  nodosus  of  the  size  of  this  one  they 


268  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

are  found  to  present  the  small  compound  divisions  seen  in  the  larger  speci- 
mens, although  not  so  extreme.  There  can,  therefore,  be  no  real  specific 
relation  between  the  two  in  this  respect,  notwithstanding  the  great  external 
resemblance.  In  the  septa  it  more  closely  resembles  S.  Mppocrepis  De  Kay, 
but  if  the  diagram  be  compared  with  that  of  that  one,  it  will  be  seen  to  be 
fundamentally  so  different  that  it  could  not  be  developed  into  it,  besides 
the  tube  of  this  does  not  widen  laterally  on  the  outer  chamber  as  does  that 
one,  neither  is  the  ventral  line  of  the  horizontal  portion  widened  as  it  is  in 
S.  Mppocrepis. 

Formation  and  locality:  The  specimen  comes  to  me  associated  8.  Mppo- 
crepis in  the  same  tray,  all  of  which  are  marked  on  the  label  "Cret.  N.  J.;" 
but  tlie  specimen  of  that  species  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  his  Synopsis, 
which  is  one  of  them,  came  from  the  deep  cut  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  in  Delaware,  and  as  this  is  closely  like  it  in  lithological  char- 
acter, it  probably  came  from  the  same  locality.  Collection  of  the  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Genus  TURRILITES  Lamarck. 

TURRILITES   PAUPER,  n.  Sp. 

Plate  XLV,  Figs.  1-6. 
A  single  fragment  of  a  Turrilites,  consisting  of  one  and  one-third  volu- 
tions of  a  species  with  a  very  rapidly  ascending  spire,  has  been  observed 
among  the  New  Jersey  fossils.  The  coils  of  the  spire  are  in  close  contact 
and  the  volutions  are  higher  than  wide,  and  show  in  the  cast  a  moderately 
wide  umbilical  opening.  The  upper  edge  of  the  vokition  is  angular  where 
it  unites  with  the  one  above,  and  within  the  angle  the  surface  is  concave 
where  it  has  been  in  contact  with  the  base  of  the  coil  above.  The  rest  of 
the  surface  is  rounded,  and  covered  by  oblique,  bifurcating,  or  duplicating 
vertical  folds  or  ridges,  and  is  also  marked  by  two  lines  of  nodes,  one  at 
about  the  middle  of  the  volution  and  another  near  the  lower  part.  The 
nodes  occur  on  almost  every  alternate  ridge,  though  not  invariably  so, 
and  those  of  the  upper  line  of  nodes  are  not  on  the  same  ridge  as  the 
lower  line.  The  ridges  are  strongly  directed  forward  as  they  cross  the 
volution  from  above  to  the  lower  side  of  the  volution,  and  are  visible  even 
within  the  umbilicus,  although  faintly  so. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  UEETACEODS  MAELS.  269 

The  fragment  preserves  only  a  single  septum  the  details  of  which  are 
given,  enlarged  to  twice  natural  size  in  the  figure  on  the  plate,  this  having 
been  the  lower  limit  of  the  septate  portion;  the  next  higher  septum  being 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  fragment. 

The  species  is  peculiar  in  its  rapidly  ascending  spire;  also  in  having 
the  volutions  higher  than  wide,  instead  of  circular,  and  also  in  the  numerous 
but  very  distinct  vertical  folds  or  ridges.  The  concave  upper  side  of  the 
coil  showing  the  partial  imbedding  of  the  preceding  volution  will  also 
serve  to  distinguish  it  from  other  described  species  of  this  country,  they 
generally  presenting  round  volutions  while  these  are  quite  angular  at  the 
junction  of  any  two. 

Formation  and  locality:  From  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  Neversink 
Hills,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 

Genus  HETEROCERAS  D'Orb. 

Hbteroceras  Coneadi. 

Plate  XLV,  Fig.  9-14. 

Ammonceratites  Conradi  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  8, 
p.  312,  PI.  X,  Fig.  1 ;  Descrip.  New  Sp.  Organic  Rem.  Cret.  United  States, 
1842,  p.  8. 

Helicoceras  Conradi  (Mort.)  Gabb  :  Synopsis,  p.  28;  Meek,  Check  List,  p.  25. 

Cirroceras  Conradi  (Mort.)  Meek :  Geol.  Surv.  New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  730. 

A  single  whorl  of  a  species  of  Heteroceras,  imperfect  at  both  ends,  and 
in  all  probabiHty  nearly  if  not  quite  the  last  whorl  of  the  specimen,  repre- 
sents the  above  synonyma.  As  will  be  seen  by  Dr.  Morton's  original 
description,  he  considered  it  as  almost  a  perfect  individual,  as  he  says  in 
his  remarks:  "The  terminal  end  is  nearly  complete  and  almost  on  a  line  with 
what  appears  to  have  been  the  mouth  of  the  shell,  and  the  two  approach 
within  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  each  other."  It  is  very  evident,  however, 
when  the  specimen  is  examined  by  the  light  of  present  information  and 
knowledge  of  these  peculiar  shells,  that  the  specimen,  which  is  only 
an  internal  cast  of  the  non-septate  portion,  it  belongs  to  a  sinistrally 
coiled  spiral  shell,  where  the  volutions  have  not  been  in  contact  one  with 
the  other,  as,  if  they  were  extended  far  enough,  they  would  overlap,  leav- 


270  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

ing  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch  between  the  whorls.  The  tube  in  its  present 
condition  is  greatly  compressed  vertically,  so  that  the  height  is  only  about 
two-thirds  as  great  as  the  transverse  diameter,  and  the  back  shows  a  decided 
crushing  of  the  tube  in  the  sharply  angular  dorsal  crest  of  the  specimen, 
which  was  undoubtedly  rounded  in  its  normal  condition.  The  surface  of 
the  cast  is  marked  by  transverse  undulations  or  ridges,  which  are  rather 
sharply  curved  backward  on  the  upper  surface  in  their  passage  from  the 
umbiKcal  edge  to  the  outer  one,  and  less  strongly  curved  forward  on  the 
under  side  of  the  volution.  Near  the  position  of  the  center  of  the  outer 
surface  of  the  volution  there  has  apparently  been  a  line  of  rounded  nodes 
situated  on  the  ridges,  but  not,  however,  on  each  one,  and  another  series  of 
nodes  at  about  one-third  of  the  width  of  the  volution  within  the  edsre  on 
the  imder  side.  At  this  inner  line  of  nodes  almost  every  second  and  thu'd 
ridge  iniites,  forming  a  single  ridge  from  that  point  to  the  umbilical  cavity, 
within  which  they  appear  to  become  obsolete. 

A  second  specimen,  also  a  very  much  flattened  cast  of  what  seems  to 
have  been  the  deflected  outer  part  of  the  tube,  has  lost  the  nodes,  and  also 
to  a  very  great  extent  the  bifurcation  of  the  costse,  as  on  this  part  of  the 
shell  they  form  more  regular  encircling  ridges,  as  the  straightening  of 
the  tube  relieves  the  crowding  at  the  umbilical  edge.  A  third  specimen, 
quite  lately  obtained,  consisting  of  the  outer  chamber  and  the  deflected  part 
of  the  tube,  shows  this  part  to  have  been  suddenly  bent  obliquely  down- 
ward to  a  length  of  2^  inches,  when  it  is  abruptly  bent  upward  again  in 
the  same  plane  and  nearly  upon  itself,  so  that  the  extremity  of  the  tube, 
or  aperture,  must  have  been  nearly  tinder  the  umbilical  portion  of  the  older 
shell.  The  tube  of  this  specimen  is  nearly  circular,  being  a  trifle  higher 
than  wide,  the  ridges  are  strong  and  distinct,  and  the  two  lines  of  nodes 
more  easily  observed;  although  owing  to  the  deflection  of  the  tube  and  its 
irregular  growth  the  bifurcations  take  place  quite  irregularly  and  the  nodes 
are  also  quite  irregularly  scattered,  but  always  on  the  outer  surface  of  the 
tube. 

Septa  comparatively  unknown.  The  last  one  shows  imperfectly  on 
the  last  specimen  mentioned.  There  is  apparently  a  rather  large  siphonal 
lobe  with  a  strong  branch  on  each  side  of  the  rather  large  siphon,  which  is 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS   MARLS.  271 

situated  on  the  inside  of  tlie  coil ;  besides  this,  there  are  apparently  three 
principal  lobes,  situated,  one  on  the  line  of  the  upper  row  of  nodes,  or 
nearly  opposite  the  siphon,  and  a  larger  one  midway  between  it  and  the 
siphon;  the  one  on  the  upper  side  of  the  tube  is  much  larger  than  that 
below.  There  have  also  been  secondary  lobes  between  these  primary  ones. 
The  sinuses  have  been  correspondingly  large  and  of  unequal  size,  but  owing 
to  the  wearing  of  the  sxxrface  the  details  of  structure  can  not  be  made  out. 

This  species  differs  very  materially  from  any  of  those  described  from 
the  west,  in  the  details  of  structure.  It  is  perhaps  more  like  H.  Neivtoni, 
Whitf ,  from  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  (see  Paleont.  of  the  Black  Hills, 
PI.  XV,  Figs.  1-4)  than  any  other,  but  it  differs  in  being  sinistrally  coiled 
instead  of  dextrally  as  that  one  is.  F.  B.  Meek  also  figures  a  species  in  the 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  vol.  9,  PI.  xxi.  Fig.  4,  but  without  name,  which 
bears  considerable  resemblance  to  this  one  in  surface  detail. 

Formation  and  locality :  According  to  Dr.  Morton  the  type  specimen  was 
foiuid  at  Arneytown,  New  Jersey,  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad,  and  would  conse- 
quently be  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls.  The  second  specimen  mentioned 
above  is  to  all  appearances  from  the  same  place ;  both  of  these  are  in  the 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  The  third  example  is  from  the  same  position  at 
Atlantic  Highlands,  New  Jersey,  and  is  in  the  collection  at  Columbia 
College. 

Genus  SOLENOCEEAS  Conrad. 

In  the  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  284,  Mr. 
Conrad  proposed  the  above  generic  name  as  a  division  of  D'Orbigny's 
genus  Ptychoceras,  using  Dr.  Morton's  Hamites  annulifer  as  the  basis  for  his 
diagnosis.  The  shells  of  D'Orbigny's  genus  consist  of  a  slender,  tapering 
tube,  which,  after  attaining  a  certain  length,  is  suddenly  and  abruptly  returned 
upon  itself,  the  two  portions  being  in  close  contact.  Mr.  Conrad  supposed 
that  in  the  case  of  Hamites  annulifer  Morton  the  outer  section,  or  larger 
section,  after  having  been  returned  upon  the  earlier  part  for  a  short  distance 
had  again  become  deflected  away  from  it  at  a  considerable  angle.  I  am  not 
aware  that  Dr.  Morton's  species  is  positively  known  by  any  other  than  the 
type  specimen,  which  is  an  internal  cast  of  the  outer  chambers  only, 
although  Mr.  Com-ad  cites  it  as  occurring  in  Alabama  as  well  as  in  New 


272  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JEESEY. 

Jersey;  and  both  Mr.  Gabb,  in  his  Synopsis,  and  Mr.  Meek,  in  his  Check 
List,  follow  him  in  citing  it  from  both  States.  Mr.  Gabb,  although  admitting 
the  genus  as  a  valid  one,  is  inclined  to  dispute  the  deflection  of  the  outer 
part  of  the  tube.  This  would  leave  the  genus  to  stand  entirely  upon  the 
feature  of  the  smaller  tube  lying  in  a  groove  of  the  larger  one,  as  these  two 
features  are  all  that  Mr.  Com-ad  claims,  his  generic  description  being  as 
follows:  "Diifers  from  Ptychocekus  D'Orhigny,  in  the  smaller  tube  lying 
in  a  furrow  of  the  larger  one,  which  is  straight  only  for  a  short  distance 
from  the  junction,  and  then  suddenly  recurved.  Mr.  Meek  in  his  Invert. 
Paleont.  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  9,  p.  410,  places  Solenoceras  as  a 
synonym  of  Ptychoceras,  as  he  not  only  questions  the  deflection  or  recurv- 
ing of  the  shell  a  second  time,  but  objects  to  the  enfolding  of  the  smaller 
tube  within  a  groove  in  the  larger  one  being  considered  as  of  generic  im- 
portance. On  examining  Dr.  Morton's  specimen  I  think  there  is  every 
evidence  that  can  be  derived  from  an  internal  cast  of  such  a  shell  that  the 
supposed  deflection  of  the  tube  at  the  outer  end  of  the  fragment  is  only 
the  thickening  and  rounding  out  of  the  completed  or  adult  aperture  of  the 
shell,  as  the  cast  of  the  opening  has  been  contracted  on  all  sides  and  made 
to  form  a  completely  circular  aperture  or  opening.  From  the  specimen  knoAvn 
there  is  no  evidence  as  to  what  form  the  earlier  parts  of  the  shell  may  have 
had,  other  than  that  it  was  most  probably  elliptical  or  slightly  flattened  in 
a  transverse  section  and  also  very  slightly  bent  longitudinally;  but  beyond 
the  length  of  the  fragment,  which  is  only  seven-eighths  of  an  inch,  there  is 
no  evidence  whatever  afforded,  and  I  have  never  known  of  any  other  indi- 
vidual being  seen,  all  references  being  made  to  this  one  individual. 

While  working  over  the  Cretaceous  fossils  from  the  Black  Hills  of 
Dakota,  published  in  Capt.  Jenny's  report  of  the  Black  Hills  expedition,  I 
found  examples  of  shells  having  characters  very  much  like  the  one  from 
New  Jersey,  but  not  so  finely  annulated,  in  which  the  earlier  portion  of  the 
shell  was  bent  and  curved  in  such  a  manner  that,  had  the  larger  part  of  the 
tube  been  continued  beyond  about  the  same  length  as  the  same  part  of  this 
New  Jersey  specimen,  it  would  of  necessity  have  been  compelled  to  become 
deflected  in  precisely  the  direction  and  manner  in  which  Mr.  Conrad  sup- 
posed that  one  to  have  been  in  order  to  have  grown  beyond  that  point. 
Beyond  this  I  have  very  good  reason  to  suppose  that  the  embryonic  portion 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  273 

was  coiled  like  the  interior  of  a  Scaphite  or  Ammonite,  as  I  had  one,  having 
the  septa  of  a  Ptychoceras,  which  was  so  coiled,  but  which  was  destroyed 
accidentally  before  it  could  be  figured.  If  I  am  correct  in  referring  that 
specimen  to  one  of  the  species  of  Ptychoceras,  there  described  and  figured  (See 
p.  457,  PI.  16,  Fig.  1),  that  one  certainly  would  have  been  generically  dis- 
tinct from  the  types  of  Ptychoceras  and  would  probably  prove  congeneric 
with  Dr.  Morton's  species  could  better  specimens  be  procured.  Conse- 
quently I  think  it  best  to  retain  Mr.  Conrad's  name  for  forms  like  that  which 
I  described  and  figured  as  above  cited  under  the  names  Ptychoceras  Meeh- 
anum  and  P.  crassum.  In  this  case  the  generic  diagnosis  of  Solenoceras  would 
have  to  be  changed  somewhat  as  follows: 

SOLENOCERAS  (as  amended). 

Embryonic  portions  probably  coiled  forming  one  or  more  trn-ns,  beyond 
which  the  tube  is  deflected  in  a  more  or  less  direct  line,  or  slightly  bent  to 
the  end  of  the  septate  portion  of  the  adult  shell ;  terminal  chamber  recurved 
upon  the  septate  portion,  which  it  more  or  less  embraces,  the  aperture  may 
again  be  deflected  from  a  right  line  where  the  younger  parts  are  bent. 

Genus  PTYCHOCERAS  D'Orb. ;  Solenoceras  Conrad. 
Ptychoceras  (Solenoceras)  annulifer. 

Plate  XLV,  Figs.  C-8. 

Hamites  annulifer  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  213, 

PL  XI,  Fig.  4 ;  Extract,  p.  9,  PL  ii,  Fig.  4. 
Solenoceras  annulifer  (Mort.)  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  3d  ser.,  voL 

4,  p.  384;  Gabb,  Synopsis,  p.  .33;  Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  730. 
Ptychoceras  (Solenoceras)  annulifer  (Morton)  Meek:  Check  List  Cret.,  p.  33. 

Shell  small,  known  only  from  an  internal  cast  of  the  chamber  of  habi- 
tation, which  is  rather  less  than  a  fourth  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter, 
and  only  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  earlier  portion  of  the 
shell  appears  to  have  been  transversely  elliptical  in  section,  as  it  has  left  a 
broadly  concave  depressed  area  on  the  inner  face  of  the  outer  chamber, 
which  has  a  curvature  very  much  greater  than  that  of  the  outer  face.  Outer 
chamber  contracted  very  slightly  in  diameter  for  a  little  more  than  the  outer 

MON  XVIII 18 


274  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

third  of  its  length,  but  is  again  abruptly  expanded  just  behind  the  aperture ; 
the  opening  itself  having  been  circular  and  smaller  than  the  tube  behind  it. 
Surface  of  the  cast  finely  and  closely  annulated,  the  annulations  having  a 
direction  just  perceptibly  backward  in  crossing  from  the  inner  to  the  con- 
vex surface,  and  count  just  eight  annulations  in  the  space  of  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  on  the  largest  part  of  the  outer  tube ;  on  the  inner  concave  face  the 
annulations  are  somewhat  finer,  as  many  of  them  are  doubled  at  the  edge 
of  the  concavity,  giving  in  the  aggregate  nearly  one-third  more  annulations 
within  a  given  distance.  On  the  back  of  the  cast  two  lines  of  minute  nodes, 
marking  the  crests  of  the  annulations  for  a  short  distance  behind  the  aper- 
ture, are  faintly  perceptible  under  a  good  magnifier. 

On  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  outer  chamber  the  lobation  of  the 
last  septum  is  obscurely  ma,rked,  showing  a  moderately  strong  dorsal  lobe, 
with  a  larger  lateral  lobe  on  each  side,  while  a  large  bilateral  sinus  has 
occupied  each  edge  with  a  lobe  on  each  ventral  side,  and  a  very  small-  ven- 
tral lobe  on  the  inner  surface.  The  details  of  the  lobes  and  sinuosities  are, 
however,  too  badly  defined  to  be  traced.  The  surface  of  the  shell  of  the 
septum  is  beautifully  iridescent,  and  slight  traces  of  iridescence  are  percepti- 
ble on  other  parts  of  the  cast. 

The  specimen  here  used  and  figured  is  Morton's  type  of  the  species, 
and  is  also  that  used  by  Mr.  Conrad  for  the  type  of  his  genus  Solenoceras. 
As  yet  no  other  has  been  observed  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain.  It  differs 
from  the  species  described  as  Ptyclioceras  Mortoni  by  F.  B.  Meek  in  his 
Vert.  Paleont.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Survey  of  the  Terr.,  p.  412,  PI.  xx.  Fig.  4,  in 
the  direction  of  the  transverse  ridges  which  are  more  direct,  and  possibly 
in  their  being  somewhat  finer  and  more  regular ;  on  the  whole,  however, 
it  is  very  similar.  From  P.  Meekanum  Whitf.,  of  the  Black  Hills  report,  it 
differs  much  more  widely  in  that  that  species  is  more  coarsely  annulated, 
and  the  annulation  much  more  acute  and  oblique. 

Formation  and  locality :  The  type  specimen,  as  stated  under  the  original 
description  by  Dr.  Morton,  is  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls,  at  the  Deep 
Cut  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware.  It  is  very 
probable,  however,  that  by  careful  observation  it  might  be  discovered  in 
the  Lower  Marls  in  New  Jersey.  The  specimen  is  in  the  collection  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  275 

Genus  BACULITES  Lamarck. 

Baculites  ovattjs.' 

Plate  XL VI,  Figs.  3-9. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vo\  2,  1st  ser.,  p.  41;  vol.  6,  PL  V,  Figs.  5 
and  6;  Morton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  17,  p.  280;  vol.  18,  PL  i,  Figs.  6-8; 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  89,  PL  v,  Fig.  6  (and  5  ?) ; 
Synopsis,  p.  42,  PL  i,  Figs.  6-8  (the  latter  perhaps  doubtful) ;  Gabb,  Synop- 
sis, p.  23 ;  Meek,  Check  List  (in  part),  p.  23 ;  Geol.  Surv.  Ne-w  Jersey,  1868, 
p.  730. 

The  examples  of  this  species  as  they  occur  within  the  State  of  New- 
Jersey  are  pretty  generally  internal  casts  and  usually  only  small  detached 
fragments  of  a  few  chambers  each.  Occasionally  one  is  found  which  will 
preserve  the  inner  layers  of  shell,  but  even  this  appears  to  be  quite  rare. 
One  of  the  examples  figm'ed  by  Dr.  Morton,  PI.  ix,  Fig.  1,  of  his  Spiopsis, 
is  in  this  condition,  and  is  the  only  one  which  I  have  seen  preserving  even 
this  much  of  the  shell.  The  specimens  do  not  appear  to  attain  a  very  great 
diameter,  the  largest  observed  having  a  diameter  of  not  more  than  1 J  inches 
in  the  longest  axis.  They  appear  to  have  enlarged  upward  very  slowly 
with  the  increased  length,  but  are  by  no  means  uniform  in  this  respect,  not 
even  in  different  parts  of  the  same  individual.  The  exterior  of  the  shell,  so 
far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  cast,  must  have  been  smooth  except  for 
a  few  undulations  on  the  edges,  more  particularly  so  on  the  siphonal  edge, 
where  they  are  somewhat  evenly  arranged,  at  least  on  the  younger  speci- 
mens.    The  general  form  of  the  shell  in  section  is  supposed  to  be  ovate, 

•  The  following  Is  Say's  original  description  of  B.  ovatus,  taken  from  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st 
ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  41: 

"  Baculites  ovata,  elongate;  transverse  septa  subovate,  six-lobed,  and  a  smaller  one  behind;  lobes 
of  the  superior  faces  of  the  septa,  three  on  each  side,  with  a  minute  one  between  each,  dentated  at  their 
edges;  anterior  lobe  (nearest  the  slphuncle)  small,  not  sinuous;  second  lobe  with  a  single  projection 
each  side  and  sinus  at  tip;  third  lobe  dilated,  with  a  small  sinus  each  side  and  more  obtuse  and  pro- 
found one  at  tip;  posterior  lobe  hardly  larger  than  the  lateral  intermediate  ones. 

•'Greatest  diameter  of  the  transverse  section,  one  inch  and  one-fifth;  smaller  diameter,  seven- 
tenths;  length  of  the  segment  about  half  an  inch." 

The  specimen  used  was  the  same  as  that  used  and  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  the  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6,  pp.  89  and  19t!,  PI.  v.  Fig.  6,  and  was  from  the  Lower  Green  Marls  at  Never- 
sink  Hills,  N.  J.,  while  the  B.  compressa  described  by  Say  on  the  same  page  as  above  was  from  Nuttal's 
collection,  made  on  the  Upper  Missouri  Kiver. 


276  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

but  it  is  difficult  to  determine  liow  far  this  feature  may  be  reliable.  Many 
of  them  are  decidedly  ovate,  others  so  slightly  so  as  to  make  the  feature 
difficult  of  detection,  while  by  far  the  most  of  the  examples  which  I  have 
seen  would  be  called  oval  by  anyone  not  expecting  to  question  the  form. 

The  septa  are  closely  arranged  in  some  and  in  others  somewhat  distant, 
while  they  are  not  infrequently  quite  irregular  in  distance  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual, and  sometimes  do  not  extend  the  entire  distance  across  the  tube,  but 
interfere  with  and  terminate  against  the  one  below,  so  as  to  count  irregular 
on  opposite  edges  of  the  tube.  In  one  specimen  which  comes  to  me  from 
the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  this  occurs  twice  within  a  length  of  an  inch  and 
a  half,  and  all  the  septa  in  that  distance  are  quite  crowded.  The  septa 
have  three  lobes  on  each  side  of  the  tube  and  a  small  one  on  the  ventral 
edge;  while  the  siphonal  lobe  is  simply  bifid  and  the  branches  very  small 
and  short.  The  first  dorsal  lobe  is  much  smaller  than  the  others  and 
directed  somewhat  inward  toward  the  side  or  away  from  the  dorsal  edge. 
The  second  lobe  is  much  larger  and  more  numerously  branched,  while  the 
third  is  still  larger  than  the  second  as  well  as  more  complicated  in  structure 
and  the  ventral  lobe  qmte  small,  short,  and  simple,  but  numerously  digitate 
according  to  the  size  and  age  of  the  specimen.  In  detail  the  lobes  and 
sinuses  vary  with  size  and  age,  but  are  almost  as  variable  as  the  specimens 
are  numerous,  but  in  all  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined  the  second 
lobe  is  usually  bilateral,  nearly  symmetrically  so,  and  the  sinuses  in  the 
lower  half  of  the  lobes  are  broad  and  rounded  withou.t  serratures  on  their 
margins. 

Siphon  situated  just  within  the  narrow  edge  of  the  tube  and  of  rather 
large  size. 

Shell  marked  on  the  outer  portions  in  specimen  of  large  size  by  undu- 
lations of  growth  indicating  the  outline  of  the  aperture,  and  showing  a 
considerable  extension  upward  of  the  shell  on  both  edges  and  a  corre- 
sponding broad  sinus  on  the  sides,  the  extension  on  the  siphonal  side  being 
much  the  longest. 

Formation  and  localities :  In  the  Lower  Green  Marls  throughout  their 
extension  in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  Most  common  in  Burlington 
County,  New  Jersey.  MuUica  Hill  has  also  furnished  many.  The  bluffs 
at  Neversink,  New  Jersey,   and  Monmouth  County  have  yielded  some. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CBETACEOUS  MARLS.  277 

One  tray  in  tlie  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  is  marked  "Vincentown,  N.  J.,  T.  M. 
Bryan." 

Baculites  compressus. 

Plate  XL VI,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Baculites  compressus  Say:  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  41;  Morton,  Synop- 
sis, p.  43,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  1,  and  probably  of  most  authors  where  western 
examples  are  considered. 

Among  the  specimens  sent  me  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  at  Philadel- 
phia, as  New  Jersey  fossils,  I  find  the  type  specimen  of  this  species,  used 
by  Mr..  Say  in  his  original  description,  and  afterward  figured  by  Dr.  S.  G. 
Morton  as  above  cited.  Mr.  Say  says  that  the  specimen  came  to  him  from 
the  collection  made  by  Mr.  Nuttal;  that  it  was  washed  out  from  the  banks 
of  the  Missouri  River  between  White  River  and  the  Mandan  settlements, 
as  stated  by  Dr.  Morton.  The  specimen  was  owned  by  and  loaned  to  Dr. 
Morton  by  J.  P.  Wetherill,  Esq.,  and  I  find  his  initials  still  on  it  in  ink. 
The  specimen  has  the  lithological  character  of  the  western  specimens, 
and  not  that  of  the  New  Jersey  fossils.  The  specimen  is  more  compressed 
than  are  any  of  the  New  Jersey  individuals  when  retaining  their  true  form, 
and  is  slightly  ovate,  being  narrower  on  the  siphonal  edge  than  on  the 
opposite.  In  other  respects  it  presents  the  common  features  of  the  others 
as  to  rate  of  taper,  number  and  position  of  lobes,  and  generally  so  in 
details  of  bifm-cation  of  the  lobes,  except  in  the  divisions  of  the  lobe 
nearest  to  the  ventral  edge,  where  the  divisions  are  not  always  bilateral, 
there  usually  being  a  central  much  branched  division,  which  results  from  a 
pressing  over  to  one  side  of  the  principal  part  of  the  lobe  by  the  greater 
size  of  or  greater  number  of  smaller  branches  on  the  side  next  to  the  ven- 
tral edge.  This  appears,  however,  to  be  more  a  defect  in  the  specimen 
than  a  natural  growth,  as  among  a  large  number  of  examples  of  all  sizes 
from  the  Fort  Pierre  group  on  Sage  Creek,  Dakota,  I  find  this  feature 
entirely  absent;  consequently  it  becomes  quite  impossible  to  find  among 
western  examples  features  in  the  detail  of  structure  by  which  the  two 
species  of  Mr.  Say  can  be  separated.  I  have  given  a  very  accurate  figure 
of  this  historical  specimen,  and  a  detailed  enlargement  of  one  of  the  septa 
for  comparison  with  the  eastern  forms.  There  is,  however,  one  general 
feature  of  the  western  forms  in  which  they  differ  entirely  from  any  and  all 


278  PaLEOKTOLOGY  op  new  JERSEY. 

the  New  Jersey  specimens  which  I  have  studied:  this  is  the  greater  later- 
ally compressed  form  of  the  tube.  In  this  respect  they  vary  greatly,  even 
the  ovate  specimens,  from  New  Jersey,  being  much  thicker  than  the  west- 
ern ones ;  but  as  far  as  the  ovate  and  oval  form  of  the  section  is  concerned, 
the  same  variations  occur  among  the  specimens  from  both  regions,  and 
apparently  of  about  equal  numbers,  only  the  New  Jersey  specimens  are 
never  so  large  as  many  of  the  western  ones,  and  are  always  proportionally 
thicker,  unless  accidentally  compressed.  In  the  details  of  the  branching 
of  the  sutures  the  western  specimens  become  far  more  complicated  than 
those  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  specimens, 
although  the  general  plan  of  the  divisions,  or  what  might  be  called  the 
primary  divisions  of  the  lobes  and  sinuses,  are  very  much  the  same  in 
all  the  specimens  examined.  In  many  of  the  western  ones  the  secondary 
lobes  between  the  large  lobes  are  proportionly  longer  and  have  many  more 
serrations  on  their  margins,  and  in  one  small  individual  the  ventral  sinus, 
as  formed  by  the  tw:o  halves  combined,  has  almost  exactly  the  same  form 
and  length  as  those  on  the  sides  of  the  shell.  Even  on  Baculites  grandis 
Hall  and  Meek,  the  general  features  of  the  sutures  are  the  same,  where,  as 
in  one  example  examined,  the  width  of  the  specimen  is  fully  5  inches. 

Considering  all  these  features  and  close  resemblances  between  the 
eastern  and  western  specimens  I  am  much  inclined  to  draw  the  line  between 
the  two  species,  as  recognized  by  Mr.  Say  and  Dr.  Morton,  considering  it 
as  a  geographical  limit  more  than  as  a  difference  in  features,  although  there 
is  that  difference  in  size  and  relative  thickness  of  the  specimens,  and  to 
consider  the  western  forms  as  properly  belonging  to  B.  compresstis,  and 
the  New  Jersey  specimens  as  properly  belonging  to  B.  ovatus,  irrespective 
of  the  form  of  their  section,  although  it  is  quite  difficult  to  find  one  equally 
rounded  on  the  two  margins  among  those  from  New  Jersey. 

Baculites  asper. 
Plate  XLVi,  Figs.  10, 11. 
Baculites  asper  Morton:  Synopsis,  p.  43,  PL  i,  Figs.  12,  13,  and  PI.  xiii,  Fig.  2. 

This  species  of  Dr.  Morton  does  not  appear  to  have  been  noticed  by 
writers  among  the  fossils  of  New  Jersey,  but  it  nevertheless  seems  to  have 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CEETAOEOUS  MARLS.  279 

existed  within  the  limits  of  the  State,  as  a  single  fragment  of  a  large  sized 
individual  comes  to  me  among  the  collections  made  by  Prof  Reiley  from 
Holmdel,  and  is  from  the  Lower  Marls.  The  fragment  is  less  than  2  inches 
in  length,  but  is  about  2^  inches  in  its  greatest  transverse  diameter,  by 
nearly  1^  inches  in  its  shorter  diameter.  The  fragment  is  apparently 
from  within  the  septate  portion  of  the  shell,  as  it  bears  markings  of  the 
septa  at  each  extremity,  but  in  a  condition  altogether  too  imperfect  for 
description.  However,  there  is  on  each  side  of  it  a  single  one  of  the 
large  iniiated  node-like  undulations  which  characterize  the  species,  through 
the  highest  part  of  which  the  shorter  diameter  of  the  specimen  is  nearly 
one-half  greater  than  at  a  point  below  between  this  and  the  next  node 
below.  There  have  probably  been  other  septa  within  the  length  of  the 
fragment,  but  they  are  entirely  invisible  in  detail  from  the  condition  of 
preservation,  although  one  of  them  appears  to  be  obscurely  indicated  by 
an  irregular  thickened  line  near  the  middle  of  the  length,  the  undula- 
tions on  the  side  of  the  shell  extending  entirely  across  its  width  and 
modifying  one  of  the  edges.  In  crossing  the  side  of  the  specimen  it  forms 
a  deep  downward  curve  in  the  middle,  with  corresponding  deep  but  still 
broader  depressions  above  and  below  it.  The  transverse  section  of  the  tube 
appears  to  have  been  nearly  or  quite  symmetrically  oval. 

It  is  possible  I  may  be  mistaken  in  the  specific  relations  of  this  frag- 
ment; if  it  is  not  B.  asper  it  must  be  an  undescribed  species,  as  none  other 
described  possesses  the  features  which  this  one  presents. 

Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


280  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JBESET. 

Order   DIBRANCHIATA. 

Genus  BELEMNITELLA  D'Orbigny. 

Belemnitella  Americana. 

Plate  XLVii,  Figs.  1-11. 

Belemnites  Americanus  Morton:  Jour  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  6,  p. 

190,  PI.  VIII,  Figs.  1-3,  and  PI.  v,  Fig.  7;  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  18,  1st  ser., 

p.  349,  PI.  I,  Figs.  1-3 ;  vol.  17,  p.  281 ;  Synopsis,  p.  34,  PI.  i.  Figs.  1-3. 
Belemnites  suhconicus  (Lam.)  Morton:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Pliila.,  vol.  vi,  pp. 

91  and  100,  PI.  v.  Fig.  7. 
Belemnitella  mucronata  (Schlot.)    D'Orb. :  Prod.  Paldont.,  tome  2,  p.  211;  Gabb, 

Synopsis,  p.  22;  Meek,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731. 
Belemnitella  subfusiformis  Morton  :  Synopsis,  p.  34,  PI.  i,  Fig.  3. 
?  Belemnitella paxillosa  Meek:  Geol.  Siirv.  N.  J.,  1868,  p.  731. 

Stylet  or  guard  rather  large,  solid  and  heavy,  often  becoming  thick- 
ened with  age  so  as  to  be  proportionally  much  larger  in  diameter  as  com- 
pared with  smaller  individuals.  Specimens  varying  from  3  to  nearly  4 
inches  in  length  below  the  base  of  the  slit,  the  larger  ones  evidently  having 
a  length  of  fully  6  inches  from  the  lower  extremity  to  the  top  of  the  internal 
cavity  or  conotheca.  Greneral  form  triangularly  cylindrical  in  the  upper 
part,  becoming  flattened  on  the  ventral  side  in  the  lower  part,  with  frequently 
a  slight  muci'onate  extremity,  which  when  broken  generally  shows  a  slight 
central  perforation,  as  do  many  of  those  which  are  destitute  of  this  pointed 
extremity.  In  many  old  examples  the  extremity  is  solid  as  in  the  specimen 
Fig.  3,  Plate  xlvii,  while  in  the  largest  individual  which  I  have  observed 
from  New  Jersey,  Figs.  5,  6,  and  7,  there  is  yet  a  slight  perforation.  I  have 
never  seen  the  mucronate  point  exceeding  one-sixth  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  upper  end  of  the  stylet  or  guard,  from  about  the  base  of  the  internal 
cavity,  gradually  expands  upward  and  becomes  very  thin  on  the  edge,  and 
the  inner  surface  of  the  wall  often  bears  the  marks  of  the  transverse  septa 
of  the  phragmocone.  At  about  the  base  of  the  cavity  the  external  diame- 
ter is  less  than  below,  and  in  some  examples  the  lower  portion  is  consider- 
ably expanded  as  in  the  one  represented  by  Figs.  1  and  2,  Plate  xlvii, 
which  is  the  typical  specimen  of  Dr.  Morton's  var.  a,  B.  subfusiformis,  while 
in  others  there  is  almost  a  regular  decrease  downward  to  near  the  extremity, 
which  is  usually  obtusely  rounded  except  for  the  mucronate  point  occasion- 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  MARLS.  281 

ally  seen.  Very  young  specimens  often  present  a  long  slender  extremity. 
On  the  ventral  side,  the  slit  extends  fully  one-third  of  the  length  of  the 
shell,  where  the  walls  of  the  upper  portion  are  preserved  to  near  their  full 
length,  which  is  seldom  the  case ;  its  width  in  the  lower  half  often  being 
little  more  than  the  thickness  of  heavy  writing  paper.  The  flattening  of  this 
side  of  the  stylet  commences  near  the  base  of  the  slit  and  extends  almost 
to  the  lower  extremity  of  the  guard.  On  the  dorsal  side  there  is  a  raised 
elongate  lanceolate  area,  which  is  narrow  and  prominently  angular  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  body,  but  is  flattened  or  simply  depressed  convex  on  the 
surface  and  gradually  widens  below  the  base  of  the  slit  so  as  to  become 
from  half  the  entire  width  of  the  shell  to  almost  its  equal  in  width,  but 
produces  a  slight  angularity  on  this  side  throughout  the  entire  length.  The 
entire  surface  is  usually  much  roughened  when  not  worn,  the  roughening 
being  greatest  on  the  ventral  side,  while  laterally  this  roughening  produces 
vascular  lines  running  obhquely  backward  in  crossing  from  the  ventral  to 
the  dorsal  surfaces,  and  on  the  raised  lanceolate  area  of  the  dorsal  surface 
the  markings  are  finer  and  arranged  so  as  to  produce  longitudinal  lines,  or 
interrupted  striae. 

I  have  not,  in  any  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens,  no  matter  how  well 
preserved,  been  able  to  see  anything  of  the  rostrum  or  dorsal  extension  of 
the  upper  portion. 

The  phragmocone  is  seldom  seen  showing  the  lines  of  septa,  and  when 
seen  they  appear  to  be  only  external  or  marginal.  Among  the  few  bearing 
the  lines  which  I  have  examined  none  have  shown  the  septa  extending 
across.  This  body  is  rather  abruptly  obconical,  and  is  just  a  little  ovate  in 
transverse  section,  one  side  being  a  very  little  angular  and  with  a  raised, 
rounded,  longitudinal  ridge,  corresponding  to  the  angularity  of  the  solid 
side  of  the  alveola  of  the  stylet  or  guard,  the  side  corresponding  to  the 
fissure  of  the  guard  being  regularly  curved,  as  is  the  inside  of  the  cavity 
itself  The  lines  of  septa  are  very  numerous  and  closely  arranged  near  the 
pointed  end,  but  gradually  aiid  regularly  increase  in  distance  from  each 
other,  so  that  Avhere  the  diameter  of  the  cone  reaches  five-eighths  of  an  inch, 
the  septa  are  fully  a  twelfth  of  an  inch  apart.  In  their  direction  across  the 
cone  they  are  nearly  straight,  except  on  the  angularity,  where  they  are 
slightly  advanced.     The  position  of  the  siphuncle  I  have  not  observed. 


282  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  substance  of  the  guard  is  quite  dense,  and  is  transversely  fibrous, 
the  fibers  being  very  shghtly  directed  downward  from  the  initial  line, 
which  is  never  quite  central,  but  is  usually  placed  considerably  nearest  to 
the  fissured  margin  of  the  guard. 

It  is  almost  useless  to  institute  comparisons  between  this  and  other 
species  except  the  B.  mucronatus  of  Schlotheim;  while  it  is  equally  difficult 
to  point  out  reliable  differences  between  that  and  the  New  Jersey  form. 
There  is,  however,  one  marked  difference  between  them,  so  far  as  I  have 
been  able  to  examine  European  specimens  of  B.  mucronatus,  and  there  are 
many,  both  English  and  Grerman.  This  is  the  relative  length  of  the  guard 
below  the  base  of  the  slit  or  fissure,  which  in  the  American  examples  is 
proportionally  longer  than  in  the  European,  varying  from  half  an  inch  to 
over  an  inch  in  different  examples.  This  feature  of  course  is  a  variable 
one,  and  perhaps  may  not  be  considered  as  of  importance  or  reliable,  yet 
it  nevertheless  exists;  but  in  other  points  they  agree  very  closely.  Still  I 
am  inclined  to  hold  to  Dr.  Morton's  name  for  our  American  specimens, 
although  forms  like  this,  which  may  have  been  to  some  extent  pelagic,  are 
more  apt  to  be  inhabitants  of  widely  separated  continents  than  littoral 
species  of  molluscs  are. 

Formation  and  localities:  I  think  this  species  is,  so  far  as  yet  known, 
confined  to  the  Lower  Marl  Beds.  It  is  found  at  most  of  the  outcrops  of 
that  bed  throughout  the  State,  and  is  abundant  at  many.  Marlboro,  Free- 
hold, Creamridge,  MuUica  Hill,  and  many  other  localities  furnished  them 
in  great  profusion,  most  of  the  examples  showing  evidence  of  having  been 
water-rolled  and  worn  before  being  imbedded,  and  consequently  are  always 
more  or  less  broken  and  imperfect  at  the  upper  margin.  The  specimen  of 
medium  size  figured  is  from  the  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  Those 
represented  by  Figs.  8  and  9  are  in  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  and  the  others 
are  from  Rutgers  College  collection. 

BeLBMNITES  ?  AMBIGUUS. 

Belemnites  9  ambiguus  Morton:  Synopsis,  p.  35,  PI.  i,  Figs.  4,  5. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  find  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimen  of  this  species, 
which  he  describes  as  "straight,  elongated,  quadrangular,  striated  longitu- 
dinally; front  convex;  back  flat;  sides  slightly  depressed  by  a  longitudinal 


CEPHALOPODA  OP  THE  UUlilTAGEOtrtS  MAELS.  283 

groove;  apex  obtuse,  obscurely  stellated;  color  yellowish  white,  opaque; 
substance,  radiated  carbonate  of  lime." 

Dr.  Morton  gives  as  the  length  of  his  specimen  2  inches,  with  a  breadth 
of  one-sixth  of  an  inch. 

There  is  much  doubt  as  to  the  true  nature  of  the  specimen  from  which 
Dr.  Morton  drew  the  above  description,  but  as  the  specimen  itself  is  lost 
no  very  satisfactory  determination  can  be  arrived  at.  The  specimens  to 
which  Dr.  Morton  refers  as  "the  numerous  individuals  in  the  collection  of 
the  Academy"  are  mostly  before  me,  and  tliere  would  seem  to  be  but  little 
doubt  of  their  being  stems. of  an  Eucrinite,  although  they  do  not  have  the 
characteristic  fracture  of  those  bodies,  nor  yet  appear  to  be  made  up  of 
easily  separated  rings,  or  to  have  the  central  perforation.  The  surface,  as 
Dr.  Morton  says,  is  longitudinally  striated,  and  when  well  preserved  haa  a 
smooth  glistening  appearance  under  a  hand  glass,  as  if  it  had  been  polished, 
but  when  weathered  shows  obscure  transverse  lines  as  if  there  were  trans- 
verse plates.  The  freshly  broken  end  has  a  pearly  radiating  structure,  en- 
tirely different  from  the  usual  divisional  planes  of  crinoid  stems,  which  fact 
offers  an  additional  objection  to  their  encrinal  nature.  The  fragments  have 
a  more  or  less  general  quadrangular  structure,  but  when  closely  examined 
all  present  an  indistinct  or  obscurely  pantangular  feature.  Dr.  Morton 
states,  in  his  observations,  that  his  original  specimen  preserved  the  rounded 
lower  extremity,  but  that  none  of  the  other  specimens  did,  and  those  before 
me  are  all  squarely  truncate  at  each  end.  It  is  possible  they  may  be  the 
remains  of  some  alcyonarian  body  as  yet  unknown.  They  are  all  from 
the  Middle  Marl  Beds,  and  probably  all  from  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey, 
the  locality  from  which  Dr.  Morton  cites  his  example. 


SECTION  VI. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Ill  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek's  "  Catalogue  of  Eocene  Shells  and  Fish  from  Shark 
River,"  pubHshed  in  the  appendix  to  the  Geological  Report  of  New  Jersey 
for  1868,  on  p.  731,  et  seq.,  he  enumerates  three  species  of  Cephalopods : 
Aturia  Vanuxemi  and  two  species  of  Ciinomia,  C.  Biirtini  Nyst's  sp.  and  G. 
Lamarcki  Deshayes  sp.,  both  oi'iginally  published  under  the  genus  Nauti- 
lus. Among  all  the  fossils  which  I  have  examined  from  the  Eocene  layers 
of  New  Jersey  I  have  seen  evidence  of  only  two  species  of  Cephalopoda, 
namely,  Aturia  Vanuxemi  and  that  herein  described  as  Nautilus  Cookana. 
No  specimen  or  fragment  which  I  have  seen  would  appear  to  correspond  to 
or  possess  the  features  of  the  genus  Cimomia  as  given  by  Mr.  Conrad,  which 
are  as  follows:  "Nautiloid;  septa  sinuous,  doubly  waved,  or  sigmoid,  num- 
erous; siphon  small,  central."  Nautilus  Burtini  Gralcotti  is  given  as  the 
type.  The  two  species  above  mentioned,  N.  Burtini  and  N.  Lamarcki,  are 
usually  considered  as  synonyms  of  each  other,  Ijut  Deshayes  assures  us  they 
are  very  distinct.  Mr.  Meek  appears  to  have  identified  or  recognized  both 
forms,  but  upon  what  authority  lie  does  not  say.  The  nautiloid  forms 
which  I  have  seen  have  only  the  straight,  or  nearly  straight,  septal  lines 
crossing  the  cast,  and  certainly  could  not  have  giveji  rise  to  the  mistake 
had  they  been  examined.  So  it  is  possible  Mr.  Meek  may  have  seen  some 
form  that  has  never  come  under  my  observation.  The  specimens  of  the 
following  species,  to  which  I  have  given  a  new  name,  certainly  do  not 
possess  any  of  the  features  of  Mr.  Conrad's  genus,  and  I  can  find  no  descrip- 

284 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MARLS.  285 

tion  given  of  it  elsewhere,  and  the  form  is  certainly  distinct  from  those  of 
the  Cretaceous  beds  below. . 

Nautilus  Cookana,  n.  sjd. 
Plate  XLViii,  Fig.  1,  and  PI.  xlix,  Figs.  4-5. 

Shell  large,  often  reaching  '^  early  a  foot  in  its  greatest  diameter  and 
proportionally  wide  and  ventricose.  Volutions  rapidly  expanding  and  prob- 
ably only  three  or  four  in  number,  rounded  on  the  back  and  when  retain- 
ing their  normal  form  are  but  slightly  more  compressed  on  the  sides.  Axis 
perforate,  the  umbilicus  only  of  moderate  width  but  very  deep,  owing  to 
the  greater  additional  breadth  of  the  outer  volution  at  the  axis  than  the  pre- 
ceding one;  margins  of  the  umbilicus  abruptly  rounded.  Septa  distant, 
only  moderately  concave  and  regularly  curved  in  a  dorso-ventral  direction, 
but  much  more  flattened  laterally;  the  ventral  margin,  surrounding  the  pre- 
ceding volution,  somewhat  raised.  The  lines  indicating  the  septa  on  the 
casts  are  only  slightly  recurved  on  the  sides  and  are  but  little  directed 
forward  on  the  dorsum ;  not  more  so  than  is  called  for  by  the  difference  in 
the  two  diameters  of  the  volution.  Siphon  moderately  large,  almost  cen- 
trally situated,  being  slightly  nearer  the  ventral  margin  in  the  best  pre- 
served examples  examined.  Shell  unknown,  the  species  known  only  from 
internal  casts. 

This  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  stony  layer  at  the  top' of  the 
Upper  Marls  at  Farmingdale,  Deal,  Squankum,  and  Shark  River,  New 
Jersey,  and  so  far  as  can  be  seen  or  determined  by  the  casts  alone  is  a  true 
Nautilus.  Mr.  G.  B.  Meek,  in  his  list  of  the  fossils  of  the  Shark  River 
Marls  given  in  Greol.  N.  J.  for  1868,  includes  Nautilus  Burtini  Grot,  and  N. 
Lamarchi  Desh.  as  occurring  in  these  beds,  and  places  them  both  under 
Conrad's  genus  Ci/momia,  which  was  founded  upon  the  first  of  these  two 
species.  It  is  possible  that  a  species  possessing  the  features  of  that  genus 
may  occur  in  New  Jersey;  but  among  those  which  I  have  seen  none 
show  the  double  sinuate  septa  of  N  Btirtini  as  described  by  Mr.  Conrad, 
therefore  I  am  inclined  to  doubt  their  existence  in  the  State.  Most 
European  authors  agree  in  considering  N  Burtini  and  N  Lamarchi  as 
synonyms,  but  Deshayes  points  out  differences,  and  Milne  Edwards  gives 


286  PALEONTOLOGY  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 

them  as  distinct.  Mr.  Meek  appears  to  have  not  only  considered  them 
as  distinct,  but  to  have  had  Mr.  Conrad's  authority  for  the  statement,  and 
for  their  occurrence  at  Shark  River. 

Formation  and  locality :  In  the  upper  layers  of  the  Upper  Green  Marls, 
at  Shark  River,  and  Squankum,  New  Jersey.     Collection  at  Rutgers  College. 


!Fig.  2 Nautilus  Cookana.—  One-halt  uatural  size. 


CEPHALOPODA  OF  THE  EOCENE  MAELS.  ■         287 

Genus  ATURIA  Bronn. 

Aturia  Vanuxemi. 

Plate  XLix,  Figs.  1,  3,  and  Plate  l.  Fig.  1. 

Pelagus  Vanuxemi  Conrad:  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  2d  ser.,  p.  130,  PI.  xiv, 

Fig.  15. 
Aturia  Vanuxemi  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  2,  p.  15. 
Aturia  siczac  (Sow.)  Conrad:  Am.  Jour.   Conch.,  vol.   1,  p.  150;  Smithsonian 

Check  List,  p.  19. 
Nautilus  angustatus  Con. :  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  1,  p.  150;  not  N.  angustatus 

Conrad,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.  Geology,  p.  738,  PI.  xx,  Figs.  5,  6. 

Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  the  most  perfect  one  which  I  have  seen, 
but  which  is  an  internal  cast  only,  measures  6  J  inches  in  its  longest  diame- 
ter, and  has  a  thickness  from  side  to  side  of  about  2  inches,  but  has  appar- 
ently been  considerably  compressed  in  this  direction.     The  form  is  closely 
convolute  with  a  closed  umbilicus;  sides  depressed,  convex,  and  dorsum 
narrowly  rounded.     The  inner  volution  projects  into  the  aperture  of  the 
outer  one  about  two-fifths  of  the  distance  from  the  umbilicus  to  the  outer 
margin,  leaving  the  aperture,  in  this  laterally  compressed  specimen,  some- 
what elongately  halbert  shaped.     The  septa  are  somewhat  closely  aiTanged 
and  number  about  sixteen  in  the  last  coil  of  the  shell.     In  rising  from  the 
umbilical  depression  they  make  a  broad  forward  curve  or  arch,  which 
extends  to  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  width  of  the  volution,  from 
which  point  they  are  bent  abruptly  backward,  and  form  a  proportionally 
long,  narrow,  and  somewhat  pointed  spur,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is 
straighter  than  the  inner  and  with  that  of  those  in  the  rear  and  in  advance 
form  a  nearly  straight  and  continuous  line  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the 
dorsum.     After  this  edge  of  the  spur  reaches  a  point  about  opposite  the 
place  of  abrupt  flexure  of  the  inner  side,  the  line  runs  straight  a,cross  the 
back  of  the  volution,  forming  a  broad  projecting  lip  on  the  back  of  the 
shell  equal  in  length  to  that  of  the  spur  on  the  side  of  the  volution.     The 
spur  on  the  side,  rather  outside  of  the  middle  of  the  volution,  with  the  point 
reaching  almost  to  the  corner  of  the  outer  lip  of  the  septum  below,  is  a 
rather  well  marked  feature  and  somewhat  characteristic.     Septa  deeply  con- 
cave, as  seen  in  an  apertural  view.     Siphon  large,  situated  fully  its  own 


288  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

diameter  from  the  ventral  margin,  as  seen  in  the  aperture  of  the  large  speci- 
men, but  in  a  second  smaller  one  is  close  against  the  back  of  the  next  inner 
volution.  The  septa  bend  downward  to  the  siphon  around  it,  forming  a 
deep  funnel-like  depression,  and  unite  with  the  tube  about  opposite  the  line 
of  the  sides  of  the  next  septum  below,  the  sides  of  the  siphonal  tube  con- 
tinuing in  a  direct  line  from  septum  to  septum.  Surface  of  the  shell  un- 
known, the  examples  all  being  internal  casts  only. 

I  think  there  can  be  no  question  regarding  the  relations  of  this  shell 
to  the  genus  Aturia,  as  defined  and  understood  by  Bronn.  It  certainly  is 
not  congeneric  with  Felagus  Montfort,  as  typified  in  the  figure  given  with 
the  original  description,  as  in  that  one  the  septa  make  not  less  than  three  of 
the  abrupt  flexures,  and  are  much  more  like  some  of  the  Devonian  forms 
of  Goniatites  than  like  Aturia.  The  peculiarity  shown  in  the  siphon  of 
Aturia  is  apparently  quite  characteristic,  and  when  seen,  which  is  quite 
common  in  the  New  Jersey  casts,  can  not  be  well  mistaken.  The  entire 
central  portion  of  the  septum  is  gradually  bent  downward  and  forms  a 
broad  open  funnel  as  seen  when  looking  into  the  upper  side  of  the  septum, 
but  rapidly  decreases  in  size  without  angle,  and  passes  within  that  of  the 
septum  below ;  in  this  respect  being  entirely  diff'erent  from  Nautilus  and  all 
the  allied  genera. 

Formation  and  locality:  In  the  Eocene  Green  Marls  at  Shark  River, 
Farmingdale,  near  Squankum,  and  near  Long  Branch,  New  Jersey.  The 
examples  figured  are  from  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  and  belong  to  the  col- 
lections at  Rutgers  College. 


SECTION    VII 


CLASSIFIED  LISTS. 

Classified  list  of  the  Gasteropoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Oretaoeous  Marls. 


Class  GASTEROPODA. 
Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 
Order  PECTINIBEANCHIATA. 

Family  MUKiciDiE : 

'  GenuB  Tudicla  plauimarginata  W 

Pyropais : 

{^Eapa^)  corrina  W 

ele vata  G 

naticoides  W 

obesa  W 

ootolirata  Con 

perlata  Cou 

Eeileyi  W 

retifer  G • 

Eicbardsoni  Tuomey 

(^Eapa^)  septemlirataG 

trivolvis  G 

trochiformis  Tuo 

Perissolax  dubia  G 

Pyriftiaus  erraticus  W 

cuneus  W 

Macfarlandi  W 

Meeki  W 

Mullicaensis  G 

pyruloides  G 

turritus  W 

Neptimella  Mullicaensis  W 

Family  Tuitonid^  : 

Genus  Triton  (Epidromus)  prajcedensW 

Trachjtriton  Atlanticum  W 

Holmdeleuse  W 

multivaricosum  W 

MON   XVIII 19 


Lower 
marls. 


Middle 
marls. 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 


289 


290  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Classified  list  of  the  Gasteropoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  Marls — Continued. 


Class  GASTEROPODA— Contiuued 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA— Oontiuued. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA— Continued. 
Family  FusiD^ : 

Genus  Fusiis  Holmdelensis  W 

Serrifusus  f  Crosswickeusia  W 

{Lirofusus)  uodocarinatus  W 

Family  Fasciolauiid^e  : 

Genus  Odontofusus  Slacki  G 

medians  W 

rostellaroides  W 

ty picalis  W 

Volutomoipha  Couradi  6 

GabbiW 

ponderosa  W - 

V.  (Piestocliilus)  bella  G - 

Kanei  G 

mucrouata  G 

Family  BucciNiDai; : 

Genus  Eripuchijaf  paludiuaformis  W 

liuthria?  fragilis  W -  .-- 

Tritouidea  obesa  W 

Family  Tukbinkllid.e  : 

Genus  Turbiuella  f  parva  G 

subconica  G 

verticalis  W 

Vasum  conoides  W 

Caricella  plicata  W 

Family  VoLUTiDiE : 

Genus  Valuta  ?  Delawarensis  G 

Voluloderma  Abbotti  G - 

biplicata  G 

intermedia  W 

o vata  W 

Bostellites  angulatus  W 

biconicus  W 

nasutusG 

texturatus  W 

Family  Mitrid^  : 

Geuus  Turricula  leda  W. 

Reileyi  W 

scalariformis  W -. — ,. . 


Lower 
marls. 


X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 

\ 

A 

X 


Middle 
marls. 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


OLASSTFIBD  LISTS.  291 

Classified  list  of  the  Gasteropoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  i¥aris-Coutinued. 


Class  GASTEROPODA-Contiuued. 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA— Coiitiuued. 

Order  PECTINIBKANCHIATA—Contiuued. 


Family  Cancellariid^e  : 

Genus  Caucellaria  {Merica)  subalta  Cou 

Morea  naticella  G 

Turhinopsis  angulata  W - 

curta  W 

elevata  W 

Hilgardl  Con.? 

major  W 

plicata  W 

Family  Pleurotomid.e  : 

Genus  Pleiirotoma  Farmingdaleusis  W 

Sureula  strigosa  G 

Cithara  Crosswickensis  W 

Mullicaensis  W 

Family  SiROMBiDiE : 

Genus  Itostellaria  curta  W ■ 

fusiformis  W • 

Hebe  W ■ 

nobilis  W 

spirata  W 

Alaria  rostrataG 

Anoli  lira  abriijita  Morfc 

var  acutispira  W 

arenaria  Mort 

pagodaformis  W 

panuataMort 

solitariaW.. 

{DrapanockVus)  compressa  W 

Family  Cypr.eid/E  : 

Genus  Cupraia  {Arieia)  Mortoni  G 

Family  Doliid.e  : 

Genus  Dolium  {DoUopsis  ?)  multiliratum  W 

Metis  prsecedens  W 

Family  NATiCiDiE : 

Genus  Natica  abjssina  Mort 

Lunatia  Halli  G 

Gyrodes  Abbottii  G 

altispira  G 


Lower 
marls. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


Middle 
marls. 


Base  of 
upper 
marl. 


X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


292  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 

Classified  list  of  the  Gasteropoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  Marls — Oontiuued. 


Class  GASTEROPODA— Continued. 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA— Continued. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA— Continued. 


Family  Naticid^— Continued  : 

crenata  Con 

infracarinata  G 

obtusivolva  G 

petrosus  Mort 

Amauropsis  Meekaua  W 

punctata  G 

Family  Tkochid^e  : 

Gen  us  Margarita  aby  ssiua  G 

Margaritella  Abbottii  G 

Family  Onostid^e  : 

Genus  Xenophora  leprosa  Mort 

Endoptigma  umbilioata  Tuom ! 
Family  Scalaeiid^  : 

Genus  Scalaria  Hercules  W 

?  pauperata  W 

Sillimani  Mort 

( Opalia)  Thomasi  Gabb  1 

Cavoscala  annulata  Mort 

Family  TuKRiTELLiDiE  : 

Genus  Turritella  conipacta  W 

encrinoides  Mort  - . . 

fgranulicosta  G 

Hardimauensis  G  .. 

Lippincotti  W 

pumila  G  ? 

vertebroides  Mort  . 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  G 

Family  Vermetid^  : 

Genus  Siliquaria  pauperata  W 

?  Diploconcha  cretacea  Con 

Family  Eulimid^  : 

Genus  Leiostraca  cretacea  Con 

Family  PYRAMiDELLiDiE : 

Genus  Obeliscus  conellus  W , 

Family  LiTTORiNiDiE : 

Genus  Modulus  lapidosa  W , 


Lower 
marls. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


Middle 
marls. 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


OLASSIFIED  LISTS.  293 

Classified  list  of  the  Gasteropoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  Maris— Continued. 


Class  GASTEROPODA— Continued. 

Order  SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 
Suborder  PodopJithahia. 


Family  Trochid^  : 

Genus  Margarita  abyssiua  G 

Margaritella  Abbotti  G 

Family  PLEUROTOMAniiDVE : 

Genus  Pleurotomaria  Brittoni  W 

Tritonensia  W 
Pleurotrema  solariformis  W.. 


Suborder  Edriophthalma. 
Family  Patellid*  : 

Genus  Helcionf  teutorum  Mort 


Subclass  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 
Order  TECTIBRANCHIATA. 
Family  Tornatellid^e  : 

Genus  Aclwon  cretacea  G 

Forbesiana  W 

Gabbana  W 

subovoides  W , 

Glohiconcha  cnrta  G 

Cimilia  {Oligoplycha)  naticoidea,  Gray  ? 

ovoidea  G 

Avellana  bullata  Mort 

Family  CvLiCHNiDyE : 

Genua  Gylichna  reel  a  G 

Family  BuLLiDiE : 

Genua  Bulla  conica  W 

Mortoni  L.  and  F 


Class  SCAPHOPODA. 
Family  Dentaliid«  : 

Genus  Dentalium  Kipleyanuni  G 

subarcuatura  Con 

Falcula  falcatum  Con 


f  Diploconcha  {Serpula  ?)  cretacea  Con 
Total  Gasteropoda  and  Scaphopoda 


Lower 
marls. 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 
X 
X 


127 


Middle 

marls. 


X 
X 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


294  PALEONTOLOGY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Classified  list  of  the  Cephalopoda  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  Marls. 


Class  CEPHALOPODA. 

Order  TKTRABRANCHIATA. 
Family  Nautilid^  : 
Genus  Nautilus  : 

Bryani  G 

Dekayi  Mort 

Hercoglossa  paucifex  Cope 

Family  Ammonitida:  : 

Genns  Ammonites  complexus  Meeli 

Delawarensis  Morton 

dentato-carinatiis  Roemer 

Vanuxenii  Morton 

Am.  (Placenticeras)  placenta  Ue  Kay 

tilifer  Morton 

Am.  {Sphenodisctis)  lenticularis  Owen 

Seaphites  hippocrepis  De  Kay 

iris  Con 

nodosus  Owen 

reniformis  Morton 

similis  Whitf 

Turrilites  pauper  Whitf 

Heteroceras  Couradi  Morton 

Ptychoceras  (Solenoceras)  annulifer  Morton. .. 

Baeulites  asper  Morton 

compressus  Morton 

ovatus  Morton 


Order  UIBRANCHrATA. 
Family  Belemnitid^: 

Genus  Belemnilella  Americana  Morton 


Lower 
marls. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


Total  Cephalopoda 


19 


Middle 
marls. 


X 
X 

X 


Base  of 
upper 
marls. 


295 


Classified  list  of  the  Gasternporla  of  the  Wew  Jersey  Eocene  Marls. 


Cln8s  GASTEROPODA. 

Snliclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA. 
Older  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 
Family  MuRiciDiE. 

Murex    (Pteronotus?)     loeva- 
v.aricosus  W. 
Rhino cantJia?  Conradi  W. 

TlilTONID/E. 

Triton  Eocenense  W. 

PCRPORIDtE. 

PseM(?o/ii)a  vetusta  ?  Con. 
FusiDiE. 

Fiisus  a  n  g  u  1  ari  s  W . 

paucicostatus  W. 
plnricoatatns  W. 
perobesiis  W. 
(Neptunen  ?)eocenici]sW. 
hector  W. 

var  muTtilinea- 

tnsW. 
staminea  Con. 
( Urosalpinx? )mn\t\costa,tns  W 
Clavella  raphanoides  Con. 
Fasciolahiid^. 

Fasciolaria  Hercules  W. 
propinqnaW. 
Sarasoni  W. 

TURBlNELLin^. 

Caricclla  ponderosa  W. 
pyruloides  Con. 

VOLUTID*. 

-    Valuta  lelia  W. 

parvula  W. 
perelevata  W. 
scaphoides  W. 
{Scaphellaj'Newcomhi- 
ana  W. 

(Jmoi'ia)  vesta  W. 
Volutilithes  can  cell  ata  W. 
Sayaria  Con. 
C  ANCELLA  RII  DM. 

Cancellaria  rudis  W. 
Pleurotomid^. 

Pleurotoma    (Surcnla?)     alti- 
spira  W. 
regularlcost  ata 

W. 
surculitiformis 
W. 


ClaHs  GASTEROPODA-Continned. 

Subclass  PROSOBRANCHIATA— Cont'd. 
Order  PECTINIRRANCHIATA— Continued. 
Family  Pi,EUii()T()MiDyE— Continued. 
Surcvla  perobesa  W. 
SureuUtes  anuosus  Con. 
cadaverosusW. 
curtus  W. 

CONIDiE. 

Conus  subsauridens  Con. 
Strombid^e. 

Calyptraplioriif:  velatus  C 

CYPR/EIDiE. 

Cyprwa  sabuloviridis  W. 
CASSIDIDyE. 

Cafisidaria  carinata  Lam. 
DoLiin/E. 

Ficws  penitus  Con. 
Naticid/B. 

Naiica  globulella  W. 
OnUSTID/E. 

Xanophora  lapiferens  W. 

SOLARIIDiE. 

Archiiectonica  ajinoaa  Con. 

SCALAUIID^. 

Scalaria  tenuilirata  W. 

TURRITELLID.E. 

Mes.,Ua  elongala  W. 

Order  SCtJTIBRANCHIATA. 
Suborder  PODOPHTHALMA. 

Family  Pi,eurotomariid.e. 

^eptomaria  gigantea  W. 

pergranulosa  W. 

pe.rlata  Con. 
Trematofiisiis  venustus  W. 

Subclass  OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 
Order  Tectibran'CHIata. 
Family  Tornatellid^. 

Actwon  prisca  Con. 
TornateJlaia  lata  Con. 
Tornatina  Wetherilli  Lea. 
Class  CEPHALOPODA. 
Order  TETRABRANCHIATA. 
Family  Nautilid.e. 

NaatHiis  Cookaiia  W. 
Aturia  Vauuxemi  Con. 


y' 


PLATES. 


PLATE  I, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  I.' 

TUDICLA   PLANIMARGINATA  Whitf.    ^p.  33). 

Figs.      1-3.  Back  lateral  and  8ummit  views  of  the  type  specimen. 

PrKOPSlS  TROCHIFORMI8  Tuomey  (p.  41). 

4,5.  Opposite  views  of  two  casts  showing  rounded  volutions. 

6.  View  of  a  specimen  in  loose  marl  showing  exterior  markings. 

7.  A  small  cast  showing  strong  lirations.     The  two  first  specimens  are  from  the  collections 

Acad.  Nat.  Sol.,  Phila. 

Pyropsis  perlata  Conrad,  (p.  37). 

8-10.  Three  views  of  a  large  cast  referred  to  this  species. 

Pyropsis  elevata  Gabb  (p.  35). 

11-13.  Three  views  of  the  type  specimen,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pyropsis  Eichabdsoni  Tuomey  (p.  39). 

14-16.  Three  views  of  a  cast  which  appears  to  be  characteristic  of  the  species. 

1  Where  not  otherwise  mentioned,  the  originals  of  figures  may  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the  collection  atKntgers 
College,  Kew  Brunswick,  or  in  the  State  collection  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

300 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


;#**^^.*„,od«*"^ 


^    \ 


MONC 

GRAPH  XVIII 

PLATE  1 

^m 

^^ 

'         (^ 

X      ' 

■H 

► 

--  ^Mm 

■  ',"  :'.\ 

^^^^^ 

w 

MURICID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  II. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  II. 

Pyropsis  retifer  Gabb  (p.  38). 

I'Kis.      1,2.  Opposite  views  of  a  si)ecimen  of  typical /"oriu. 

3, 4.  Two  views  of  a  larger  specimen  less  like  the  type,  and  witb  fainter  markings. 

P^ROPSlS  NATICOIDES  Whitf  (\>.  43). 

5-7.  Three  views  of  the  type,  showing  ihe  Naticoid  form.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

PviiOPSis  ocToi.ii  ATA  Courad  (p.  36). 

8, 9.  Two  views  of  a  large  cast  of  typical  form. 
10.  View  of  another  individual  showing  the  extension  of  the  anterior  beak. 

Pykopsis  Keileyi  Whitf  (p.  42). 

11, 12.  Two  views  of  a  small  cast  from  Holmdel,  New  Jersey,  from  white  clays. 

13, 14.  Two  views  of  a  cast  showing  faint  spiral  lines,  and  also  the  coluuiellar  pits, 

15, 16.  Two  views  of  another  cast  which  is  entirely  smooth. 

17.  View  of  the  aperture  of  a  specimen  which  retains  a  part  of  the  shell  and  shows  the 
markings. 
18, 19.  Two  views  of  a  cast  from  an  ironstone  nodule  where  the  anterior  beak  is  preserved. 

20.  Impression  taken  iu  the  matrix  of  the  same  specimen  showing  surface  features.     Near 

Key  Port,  New  Jersey. 
302 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PLATE  II 


/? 
-<**-«. 


-<s»rv:^ 


JS 


V 


a 


'■\  ...^^^ 


zo 


.r^/ 


MURICID/E  OF  THE  LOWER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  III. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  IIL 

Pyropsis  (Rapa  ?)  CoBRiNA  Whitf.  (p.  45). 

Figs.     1-3.  Three  views  of  a  specimen  showing  the  strong  columellar  fold  in  Fig.  1. 

Pybopsis  (Kapa?)  septemlirata  Gabb  (p.  44). 

4.  A  copy  of  Mr.  Gabb's  figure. 
5,6.  Two  figures  of  a  specimen  showing  lirations  and  the  columellar  fold.     From  MuUica 

Hill,  New  Jersey. 
7, 8.  Views  of  a  large  distorted  cast  showing  strong  lirations  and  evidence  of  transverse  costse. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pekissoi.ax  dubia  Gabb  (p.  47). 

9.  View  of  a  large  specimen  from  Professor  Reiley's  collection.     Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 
10, 11.  Two  views  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pyropsis?  obesa  Whitf.  (p.  40). 

12, 13.  Two  figures  of  the  type  specimen,  Fig.  12  showing  the  columellar  folds.     Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  New  York  City. 

Tcrbinella?  verticalis  Whitf.  (p.  82). 

14, 15.  Opposite  views  of  the  type  specimen. 

Eripachys  ?  palodinapormis  Whitf.  (p.  77). 

16, 17.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  described. 
304 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  I 


MURICID^E  OF  THE   LOWER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  IV. 


MON  XVIII 20 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IV. 

Ptkifusus  subdensatus  Conrad  (p.  48). 

1-3.  Front,  back,  and  summit  views  of  Conrad's  type  of  the  genus.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

Pyrikusus  erraticus  Whitf.  (p.  50). 

4.  View  of  the  shell  as  obtained  by  gutta-percha  from  the  matrix. 

5.  An  enlargement  of  the  surface  striae.     Columbia  College. 

Pyrifusus  Mebki  Whitf.  (p.  55). 

6.  View  of  an  imperfect  cast  from  Crosswioks  Creek.     Columbia  College. 
7, 8.  Views  of  a  more  perfect  cast  from  the  same  locality.     State  coUectiou. 

Pykifusus  cuneds  Whitf.  (p.  51). 

9.  View  of  a  small  cast  from  the  collectioa  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
10, 11.  Two  views  of  a  larger  cast  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 

Pykifusus  pyruloides  Gabb  (p.  53). 

12, 13.  Two  views  of  the  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Pyrifusus  McFarlandi  Whitf.  (p.  52). 
14, 15.  Two  views  of  the  type.     Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey. 

Pyrifusus  Mullicaensis  Gabb  (p.  52). 

16,17.  Two  views  of  the  smaller  cast,  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 
18, 19.  Similar  views  of  a  larger  cast,  from  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey. 

Nkptunella  Mullicaensis  Whitf.  (p.  56). 

20, 21.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  from  Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey.    Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Fhila. 
306 


U.   S,    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVlll       PLATE  IV 


MURICiD^E  OF  THE   LOWER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  V. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

Pyrifusus  tureitus  Whitf.  (p.  54). 

Pigs.      1, 2.  Two  views  of  an  imperfect  cast  from  Middletown,  New  Jersey. 

3.  View  of  a  cast  from  Burlington,  New  Jersey.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
4,5.  Two  views  of  a  more  perfect  cast  from  Crosawicks  Creek,  New  Jersey.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila. 

Triton  (Epidromus)  pr^ckdens  Whitf.  (p.  58). 

6, 7.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  described. 

Trachytriton  Atlanticum  Whitf.  (p.  59). 

8, 9.  Front  and  back  views  of  a  very  perfect  cast,  showing  the  varices. 
10, 11.  Views  of  two  other  casts,  dififering  in  size. 

Trachytriton  multivaricosum  Whitf.  (p.  61). 

13, 13.  Views  of  two  imperfect  casts  showing  spiral  lines. 

14, 15.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  showing  varices,  but  not  the  spiral  lines. 

Trachytriton?  Holmdblensk  Whitf.  (p.  60). 

16, 17.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  described,  doubtfully  a  Trachytriton. 

Odontofusus  medians  Whitf.  (p.  67). 

18-21.  Opposite  views  of  each  of  two  individuals  of  this  species  showing  variation  in  form. 

Serrifusds  (LiEOFUsus)  nodocarinatus  Whitf.  (p.  64). 

23,23.  Two  views  of  the  cast  showing  the  features  described. 

Seriufusus  Crosswickbnsis  Whitf.  (p.  63). 

24, 25.  Opposite  views  of  the  cast  showing  the  features  described. 
308 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  V 


MURICID/E  AND   FASCIOLARIID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  VI. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VI. 

Odontopusus  typicus  Whitf.  (p.  66). 

Figs.       1-4.  Views  of  casts,  more  or  less  imperfect,  from  Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey. 

5.  View  of  a  cast  from  Cream  Ridge,  New  Jersey,  showing  the  extent  of  the  beak. 

OdONTOFUSUS   ROSTELLAROIDES   Whitf.  (p.  68). 

6,7.  Two  views  of  the  most  perfect  cast  seen. 

Odontofusus  Slacki  Gabb's  sp.  (p.  66). 
8,9.  Opposite  views  of  the  type.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

FUSUS  HOLMDELBNSIS  Whltf.  (p.  62). 
10, 11.  Views  of  opposite  sides  of  the  only  specimen  seen. 

VOLOTOMORPHA   (PlESTOCHILTJS)  MUCRONATA  Gabb  (p.  75). 

12-14.  Opposite  sides  of  a  large  specimen  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  and  front  view  of  a  smaller 
one  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey,  the  latter  from  the  collection  at  Columbia  College. 

VOLUTOMORPHA  (PlESTOCHILUS)  BELLA  Gabb.  (p.  74). 

15, 16.  Two  views  of  a  medium  sized  cast. 

17, 18.  Similar  views  of  a  large  cast,  probably  the  type.  All  from  collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

VOLUTOMORPHA  (PlESTOCHILTJS)  KaNEI  Gabb.  (p.  76). 

19, 20.  Two  views  of  the  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila 

VOLUTOMORPHA   CONRADI   Gabb.  (p.  71). 

21.  Front  view  of  the  type  specimen.     For  other  figures  of  this  and  other  specimens  see 

PI.  Vll. 
310 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  VI 


FUSID/E   AND   FASCIOLARIID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND    MARLS- 


PLATE  VII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VII. 

VOLUTOMORPHA   CONRADI   Gabb.    (p.  71). 

Figs.         1.  View  of  the  type  of  the  species.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.     See  also  PI.  vi. 

2,3.  Profile  and  back  view  of  a  larger  cast  from  Mr.  M.  E.  Schenck's  pits,  New  Jersey. 
4,5.  Two  views  of  a  cast  showing  imprints  of  surface   markiugs,  referred  doubtfully  to  this 
species.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

VoLUTOMORPHA  Gabbi  Whitf.  (p.  73). 

6.  View  of  a  cast  showing  surface  features,  but  showing  the  different  form  of  volution  from 
that  of  V.  Conradi.    Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 
312 


U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIll       PLATE  VII 


FASCIOLARIID^  OF  THE    LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  Vlli. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  VIII. 

VOLUTOMORPHA  GABBI  Whitf.  (p.  73). 

FIG8.         1.  View  of  a  small  specimen  from  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

2, 3.  View  of  a  cast  from  MuUica  Hill,  New  Jersey.     Acarl.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
4.  View  of  a  cast  of  the  species  ?  from  Marlboro,  New  Jersey. 

VOLUTOMORPHA  PONDEROSA   Whitf  (p.  72). 

5, 6.  Two  views  of  an  imperfect  cast  from  Neversink,  New  Jnrsey. 
314 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPI-!  XVIII       PLATE  VIII 


/' 


/T'.  s 


FASCIOLARIID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  IX. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 

Tritonidea  obesa  Whitf.  (p.  79). 
Figs.      1-3.  Views  from  two  different  individuals  of  tlie  species. 

TURBINELLA   ?   PARVA   Gabb.    (p.  80). 

4.  Snmmit  view,  natural  size,  of  the  type  specimen. 
5, 6.  Back  and  front  views  of  the  same  enlarged.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TURBINELLA   ?   SUBCONICA  Gabb.    (p.  81). 

7,8.  Two  views  of  the  type  specimen.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
Vasdm  conoidks  Whitf.  (p.  83). 
9, 10.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  ;  one  natural  size,  the  other  enlarged. 

EUTHRIA  (?)  FRAGILIS  Whitf.  (p.  78). 
11, 12.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  used,  one  natural  size  and  one  enlarged. 

VOLUTOMORPHA  PONDEROSA   Whitf.    (p. 72). 

13, 14.  Two  views  of  a  large  specimen  from  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 
316 


U.   S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIil       PLATE  (X 


FASCIOLARIID/Ej  TRITONID/E^   AND  TURBINELLID/E  OF   THE    LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  X. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  X. 

VOLUTODERMA   BIPLICATA  Gabb  (p.  90). 

Figs.      1-2.  Opposite  views  of  the  type  specimen  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

VOLUTODERMA   OVATA   Whitf.  (p.  91). 

3,4.  Opposite  views  of  the  specimen  showing  <he  plications  aud  abrupt  shoulder  of  the  volu- 
tions.    Collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

VoLUTA  1  Delawarensis  Gabb  (p.  84). 

5.  Back  view  of  the  smaller  cast  used  by  Mr.  Gabb. 
6, 7.  Two  views  of  the  larger  cast,  both  types  and  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,,  Phila. 
318 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH  XVlll       PLATE  > 


VOLUTID^E  OF   THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XI. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XI. 

EosTELLiTBS  NASUTUS  Gabb  (p.  86). 
Figs.     1, 2.  Two  views  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  from  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

EOSTELLITES  ANGULATUS   Whitf.    (p.  88). 

3, 4.  Two  views  of  a  cast  showing  the  flattening  of  the  body  volution.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci., Phila. 

EOSTELLITES  TEXTDRATDS   Whitf.    (p.  88). 

5, 6.  Views  of  two  individuals,  oue  from  Holmdel,  the  other  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  showing 
difference  in  surface  markings. 

TUREICULA  LEDA  Whitf.    (p.  93). 

7.  View  of  the  cast  used  in  description. 

TCRRICULA  Eeileyi  Whitf.  (p.  92). 

8.  View  of  cast  described,  showing  the  impression  of  the  extension  of  the  upire  above, 

TURKICULA   SCALARIP0RMI8   Whitf.    (p.  95). 

9.  The  cast  representing  the  two  sets  of  surface  markings. 
320 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVlll       PLATE  Xi 


u 


/% 


VOLUTID/E  AND  MITRID^  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XII, 


MON  xvm 21 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   XII. 

TURBINOPSIS  PLICATA    Whitf.    (p.  104). 

Figs.      1,2.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  showing  the  features  of  the  species.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TUKBINOPSIS  CURTA  Whitf.  (p.  102). 

3, 4.  Two  views  of  a  small  cast  showing  the  short  spire. 
5,6.  Views  of  a  larger  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TuRBiNOPSis  HiLGARDi  Conrad.  1  (p.  100). 
7-9.  Views  of  throe  imperfect  casts  referred  to  this  species. 

TURBINOPSIS  ELK V ATA  Whitf.    (p.  102). 

10, 11.  Two  views  of  au  imperfect  cast. 

12.  Au  imperfect  cast  showing  the  isolated  spots  on  the  columella. 
13,14.  Views  of  a  more  slender  cast.     All  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TCJKBINOPSIS  MAJOR  Whitf.  (p.  103). 

15, 16.  Two  views  of  a  small  specimen. 
21, 23.  Three  views  of  a  large  cast. 

TURBINOPSIS   ANGULATA    Whitf.    (p.  101). 
17, 18.  Two  views  of  a  cast  showing  the  specific  features. 

MOREA  NATIOELLA  Gabb  (p.  97). 
19,20.  Two  views  of  the  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Cancellaria  (Merica)  subalta  Conrad  (p.  95). 

24.  View  of  the  shell  somewhat  restored. 

25.  Enlargement  from  the  colutnellar  lip.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

322 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVlrr       PLATE  XII 


,J?v 


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CANCELLARIID/E  OF  THE   LOWER  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XIII. 


EXPLANATION    OF   PLATE   XIIL 

Sl'RCULA   STRIGOSA   Gal)b    (p.  105). 

Figs.  1.  View  of  the  fragment  supposed  to  be  the  typo. 

CiTHARA  MULLICAENSIS  Whitf.    (p.  106). 

2,  3.  Front  views,  oae  natural  size  and  one  enlarged,  of  a  specimen  retaining  the  shell. 
4, 5.  Two  views  of  a  cast. 
6.  View  of  a  larger  cast  from  the  same  locality. 

CiTHARA  Crosswickensis  Whitf.  (p.  107). 
7, 8.  Two  views  of  the  best  cast  yet  found. 

ROSTBLLARIA  CURTA  Whitf.    (p.  109). 

9, 10.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  cast  showing  the  features  described. 

11.  View  of  a  second  cast. 
12, 13.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  retaining  fragments  of  shell. 

ROSTELLARIA  FUSIFORMIS  Whitf.    (p.  110). 

14, 15.  Two  views  of  the  most  perfect  cast  observed. 

ROSTELLARIA  SPIRATA   Whitf.    (p.  109). 

16,  ]  7.  Two  views  of  a  characteristic  cast  of  the  species. 

ROSTELLARIA   COMPACTA  Whitf.    (p.  108). 

18, 19.  Views  of  a  very  compact  cast  showing  a  ridge  on  the  front  of  Fig.  18. 
20,21.  Views  of  a  second  cast  which  is  less  compact.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Anchura  (Dkapanochilus)  co.mpressa  Whitf    (p.  117). 

22, 23.  Two  views  of  a  large  cast  from  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 

24, 25.  Views  of  a  cast  showing  a  shorter  spire.    From  the  collection  of  Columbia  College. 
324 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVllI      PLATE  XIII 


PLEURO'^OMID^E   AND   STROMEID/E   OF  THE    LOWER   GREENSAND    MARLS. 


PLATE  XIV. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XIV. 

Anchura  abrupta  Conrad  (p.  113). 

Figs.  1.  "View  of  a  largo  imperfect  cast  of  the  form  referred  to  this  species. 

2,3.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  second  cast,  showing  the  carina  ou  the  back  of  the  volu- 
tion.    Am.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Anchura  abrupta  var.  acutispira  Whitf.  (p.  114). 

4.  View  of  the  specimen  described.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Alaria  rostrata  Gabb  (p.  119). 

5,6.  Views  of  two  different  specimens,  both  showing  the  outer  lip.     Fig.  ^y  is  from  a  Holmdel 
specimen  ;  Fig.  6  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey,  in  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Anchura  pknnata  Morton  (p.  115). 

7, 8.  Views  of  two  oasts  which  show  the  outer  lip.     Both  from  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

Anchura  solitaria  Whitf.  (p.  117). 

9.  View  of  the  single  imperfect  cast  observed. 

Anchura  arenaria  Morton  (p.  112). 

10.  View  of  Dr.  Morton's  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

ROSTELLARIA  HeBB  WMtf.  (p.  111). 

11-13.  Three  views  of  the  best  cast  of  the  species  observed. 
14.  View  of  another  imperfect  cast  showing  spiral  lines. 

Anchura  paqodaformis  Whitf.  (p.  116). 

15, 16.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  best  cast  of  the  species  yet  found. 
326 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XIV 


5- 


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II 


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r^- 


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9 


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STROMBID/E  OF  THE   LOWER  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XV. 


Explanation  of  plate  xv. 

Cypr^a  (Aricia)  Mortoni  Gabb  (p.  120). 
Figs.      1-3.  Three  views  of  Mr.  Gabb's  New  Jersey  type.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

DOLIDM(DOLIOPSIS)  MULTILIRATUM  Wbitf.  (p.  121). 

4, 5.  Two  views  of  the  specimen  used,  natural  size. 
6.  Enlarged  view  of  the  same. 

FiCUS  PR^CBDENS  Whitf.  (p.  122). 

?,  8.  Two  views,  enlarged  two  diameters,  of  the  most  perfect  cast  observed. 

Natica  abyssina  Morton  (p.  123). 

9, 10.  Two  views,  lateral  and  basal,  of  a  cast  from  the  white  limestone  nodules  at  Monmouth 
New  Jersey.  ' 

11, 12.  Two  similar  views  of  another  cast  from  the  Green  Marls. 

Gyrodes  infracarinata  Gabb  (p.  125). 

13-15.  Three  views  of  a  very  characteristic  cast  from  Highlands,  New  Jersey. 

16.  Basal  view  of  a  large  cast  from  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

Gyrodes  Abbotti  Gabb,  (p.  124). 

17.  Summit  view  of  the  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
328 


U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIll       PLATE  XV 


3 


""^^-ia^ij*^ 


CYPR/EID/E,  DOLIIDyE,  AND  NATICID^  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XVI. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVI, 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Morton  (p.  Vi7). 

Figs.      1-3.  Back,  front,  and  summit  views  of  a  specimen  from  Mulliea  Hill.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
New  York  City, 
4.  Summit  view  of  .1  casl  from  Crosswicka  Creek.     Columbia  College, 

Gykouks  crenata  Conrad  (p.  126). 

5,6.  Two  views  of  tbe  type  specimen  from  tiie  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

Gykodes  altispira  Gabb  (p.  128), 

7,8.  Front   and  back  views  of  a  cast  from  MnUica  Hill  in  tbe  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New 
York  City. 

Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Gabb  (p.  129). 

9, 11.  Views  of  different  specimens  from  Upper  Freehold. 

12.  View  of  another  cast  in  the  collection  of  tbe  Am.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist,,  New  York  City,  from 
New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 

Lunatia  Halli  Gabb.  (p.  130). 

13,14.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  from  MuUica  HiU  in  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 

15, 16.  Similar  views  of  a  cast  from  tbe  same  place  in  tbe  Am.  Mus,  Nat.  Hist. ,  New  York  City, 

Amauropsis  punctata  Gabb  (p.  132). 

17,  View  of  the  type  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila. 

18,  Enlargement  of  the  surface. 

19-21.  Views  of  different  individuals  showing  but  slight  diversity  in  form. 

Amauropsis  Mebkana  Whitf.  (p.  131). 

22, 23, 25.  Views  of  different  specimens  showing  a  slight  difference  in  form.     Pig.  22  enlarged  to  two 
diameters. 
24.  Enlargement  of  the  surface. 

Amauropsis  paludin^formis  H.  M.  (pp.  131,132). 

26.  Enlarged  view  of  tlie  type  of  this  species  for  comparison,  two  diameters.     Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  New  York  City, 
330  ■  ■ 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XVI 


NATICID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XVII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVII. 

Margarita  abtssina  Gabb  (p.  133). 

Pigs.      1, 2.  Lateral  and  basal  views  of  a  specimen  from  Burlington,  New  Jersey.   Am.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist. 
New  York  City. 
3.  Enlargement  to  two  diameters  of  the  same. 
4, 5.  Lateral  and  summit  views  of  a  cast  from  CJrosswicks. 

Modulus  lapidosus  Whitf.  (p.  152). 

6-8.  Lateral,  basal,  and  summit  views  of  a  very  perfect  cast. 

Delphinula  lapidosa  Morton's  sp.  (p.  152). 

9-11.  Enlarged  lateral,  summit,  and  basal  views  of  Dr.  Morton's  type,  from  Alabama.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Margaritella  Abbotti  Gabb  (p.  134). 

12, 13.  Summit  and  basal  views  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type.     Acad.  Nat;  Sci.,  Phila. 
14, 15.  Lateral  and  summit  views  of  another  cast.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Xbnophora  LEPR08A  Morton  (p.  135). 

16, 17.  Summit  and  basal  views  of  a  small  cast. 

18, 19.  Basal  and  lateral  views  of  a  large  cast  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey. 

Endopttgma  umbilicata  Tuomey  (p.  136). 

20.  Basal  view  of  a  small  cast  showing  the  groove  left  by  the  spiral  tooth.     Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  New  York  City.    The  specimen  is  from  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

332 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SL'RVEY 


TROCHID/E,  ONUSTIO/E,  AND   LITTORINID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XVIII, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVIIL 

ScALARiA  (Opalia)  Thomasi  Gabb  ?  (p.  137). 

Fig.  1.  View  of  the  only  specimen  of  the  species  observed.     Acad.  Nat.  Soi.,  Phila. 

Scalaria  Sillimani  Morton  (p.  138). 

2.  View  of  tlie  specimen  identified. 

Scalaria?  paupbrata  Whitf.  (p.  141). 

3, 4.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  retaining  some  of  the  shell. 
5, 6.  Similar  views  of  a  complete  cast. 
7.  Enlargement  of  sniface  from  Fig.  3. 

TURRITELLA  COMPACTA   Whitf.  (p.  142.) 

8, 9.  Two  views  of  a  cast  of  this  species. 

TURRITELLA  GRANULICOSTA  Gabb  (p.  144). 

10.  View  of  the  type  specimen.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

11.  Enlargement  of  the  surface. 

Scalaria?  Hercules  Whitf,  (p.  140). 

12.  View  of  the  specimen  as  obtained  from  a  gutta-percha  impression  in  the  natural  mold. 

Columbia  College. 

TURRITELLA  VERTEBROIDES,  MortOn  (p.   146). 

13  14.  View  of  Morton's  type  and  an  enlargement  of  the  surface.     Acad.  Nat.  Scl.,  Phila. 

15.  View  of  au  impression  in  a  natural  mold  from  Monmoutlj,  New  Jersey. 

16.  View  of  a  large  cast  in  the  collection  at  Columbia  College. 

17.  View  of  a  cast  from  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

18.  Au  imperfect  cast,  Mr.  Gabb's  second  type  of  Laxispira  Imibricalia,  natural  size.     Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

TURRITELLA  ENCRINOIDES   MoltOn  (p.  143). 

19  20.  View  of  Morton's  type  and  enlargement  of  surface.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.     In  the  en- 
largement, the  volution  is  represented  as  too  round. 
21  22.  View  of  two  internal  casts  referred  to  this  species  from  Upper  Freehold,  New  Jersey. 

TURRITELLA  LiPPINCOTTI  Whitf.    (p.  145). 

23  24.  View  of  a  partial  cast  from  Crosswicks,  New  Jersey,  and  an  imprint  from  the  natural  mold 
from  Holmdel,  New  Jersey. 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb  (p.  148). 

25.  Copy  of  Mr.  Gabb's  figure  of  the  type  of  the  genus  and  species.     The  second  specimen  is 

Fig.  18.   See  also  explanation  of  Fig.  26. 

SiLIQUARIA  PAUPBRATA  Whitf.  (p.  149). 

26.  Enlarged  view  (two  diameters)  of  a  cast  showing  the  slit.     This  specimen  was  included 

in  Gabb's  types  of  Laxispira  lumiricalis. 
27  28.  Two  views  of  another  specimen  found  with  the  above.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

334 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XVIII 


*>." 


ml 


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"5??— ... 


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SCALARMD/E,  TURRITELLID/E,  AND  VERMETID/E  OF  THE   LOWER  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XIX. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIX. 

Obeliscus  conellos  Whitf.  (p.  151). 

Figs.         1.  View  of  the  front  aide  of  the  speciiuea  described,  greatly  ealarge.d.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila. 

Leiostraca  cketacea  Conrad  (p.  150). 

2-4.  Views  of  three  specimens  showing  the  features  described,  eularg^'d  four,  five,  and  three 
diameters  respectively. 
5.  A  still  further  enlargement  of  the  aperture  from  another  shell.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila, 

Helcion  ?  TENTORIUM  Morton  (p.  153). 

6,7.  Lateral  and  vertical  views  of  the  type,  enlarged.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 
8.  Further  enlargement  of  the  marginal  strife. 

Action  cretacea  Gabb  (p.  158.). 

9, 10.  Two  views  of  a  cast  which  shows  no  spiral  striae. 
11, 12.  Two  views  of  another  cast  showing  spiral  striae.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

AcTiBON  Gabbana  Whitf.  (p.  156). 

13.  Front  view  of  one  of  Mr.  Gabb's  types  of  A.  bipUcata.     See  Figs.  23-25. 

ACTiBON  SUBOVOIDES  Whitf.   (p.  155). 

14.  Front  view  of  the  specimen  marked  "  type  of  A.  ovoides  Gabb." 
15, 16.  Two  views  of  a  second  specimen.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

Action  Forbesiana  Whitf.  (p.  1.^7). 

17, 18.  Two  views  of  a  cast  of  the  species. 

19, 20.  Enlargements  to  two  diameters  of  Fig.  17  and  another  specimen,  showing  the  spiral  lines. 

21,22.  Two  views  of  an  individual  from  Mullica  Hill. 

Action  Gabbana  Whitf.  (p.  156). 

23-25.  Further  illustrations  of  this  species  to  show  the  aperture,  etc. 

Globiconcha  corta  Gabb  (p.  160). 

26,27.  Front  and  lateral  views  of  a  cast  of  this  species  from  Bell  County,  Texas. 

CiNULlA  (OlIGOPLYCHIA)  NATICOIDES  Gabb  (p.  161). 

28.  View  of  a  specimen,  natural  size,  from  the  collection  at  Columbia  College.   Monmouth 

County,  New  Jersey. 

29.  Enlargement  of  the  front  of  the  same. 

30.  View  of  another  cast  showing  the  cavity  of  the  ridge.    Cross  wicks  Creek,  Now  Jersey. 

336 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XIX 


EULIMlD/€,   PYRAMIDELLID/E,  PATELLID^E,   AND  TORNATELLID/E  OF   THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XX 


MON  XVIII 22 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XX. 

AVBLLANA   BULLATA  MortOn  (p.  163). 

Figs.      I,  4.  Views  of  two  different  specimens,  apparently  both  used  by  Dr.  Morton.    Acad.  Nat.  Soi., 
Phila. 

CiNULIA  OVOIDEA  Gabb  (p.  162). 

5, 6.  Two  views  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type  specimen. 

Bulla  Moktoni  Lyell  &  Forbes  (p.  165). 

7,8.  Front  and  back  views  of  a  very  large  specimen  from  Crosawicks,  in  the  Columbia  College 
collection. 
9.  View  of  a  smaller  specimen.     Collection  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila, 

Cylichna  recta  Gabb  (p.  164). 

10,11.  Two  views  of  the  type  specimen  enlarged  two  diameters. 

Dbntalium  (Falcdla)  falcatum  Conrad  (p.  169). 

12, 14.  View  of  small  much  curved  specimen,  all  casts. 
15-17.  Views  of  the  larger  portion  of  three  individual  casts. 

18.  Portion  of  a  partial  cast,  looking  on  the  back  and  showing  striae  of  growth.     Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Puila. 

Dentalium  subarccatum  Conrad  (p.  166). 

19.  View  of  a  crushed  shell  from  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

20.  View  of  a  shell  showing  the  curvature. 

21.23.  Opposite  sides  of  casts  showing  the  internal  features  described. 

23.24.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  of  Fig.  19,  and  transverse  section  of  the  same.     Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  Phila. 

Serpula  (Diploconcha)  cretacea  Conrad  ?  (p.  170). 

25.  View  of  the  specimen  described  showing  the  general  features, 
338 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XVIII      PLATE  XX 


TORNATELLID^,CYLICHNID/E,  BULLID/E,  AND  DENTALIID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXI. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XXI. 

Pbeissolax  trivolva  Gabl)  (p.  172). 

Fig.  1.  View  of  Mr.  Gabb's  typo  specicieu  from  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.,  Phila. 

1,2.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  which  has  lost  the  beak.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

VOLUTODERMA  Abbotti  Gabb  (p.  173). 

4,  i).  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  type  specimen  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
6,  7.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  from  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
8,  9.  Similar  views  of  a  specimen  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

LUNATiA  Halli  Gabb  (p.  175). 

10, 11.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  specimen  from  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Am.  Miis.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

Natica  abyssina  Morton  (p.  175). 

12,13.  Front  and   vertical  views  of  a  specimen  from  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  in  the  collec- 
tion of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
340 


U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PLATE  XXI 


MURICID^,  VOLUTID/E,  AND   NATICID/E  OF  THE   MIDDLE   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXII. 


EXPLAHATIOH  OF  PLATE  XXII. 

Cavoscala  annolata  Mort.  sp.  (p.  177). 

Figs.      1,2.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  large  specimen  showing  the  general  features. 

ii.  Basal  view  of  the  same  specimen  showing  the  character  of  the  umbilical  cavity  and  the 
flattened  callosity  around  it.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

4.  Enlargement  of  four  of  the  ribs  from  the  body  volution. 

5.  A  further  enlargement  of  one  rib  to  show  the  liner  vertical  striae. 

Pleurotomaria  Tintonensis  Whitf.  (p.  178). 

7-9.  Vertical,  basal,  frout  and  lateral  views  of  the  specimen  described, which  I  am  inclined  to 
think  is  a  European  specimen.    Collection  at  Columbia  College. 

Pleurotrema  solariformis  Whitf.  (p.  180). 

10, 11.  Vertical  and  basal  views  of  a  large  individual  from  the  collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  New  York  City. 
12, 13.  Later.al  and   basal  views  of  one  from  the  collection  of  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  Phila.     Fig.  12 
showing  the  casts  of  openings  along  the  line  of  the  slit. 
14.  View  of  a  third  specimen  of  the  species. 

342 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVHI      PLATE  XXII 


SCALARIID.C  AND   PLEUROTOMARIID/t  OF  THE   MIDDLE    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXIII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIIL 

Caricella  plicata  Wbitf.  (p.  182). 
Figs.     1, 2.    Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  specimen  described. 

Pleurotoma  Farmingdalensis  Whitf.  (p.  185). 
3, 4.    Two  views  of  the  type  specimen  showing  all  there  is  preserved  of  the  cast. 

TORRITELLA  PUMILLA  Gabb  (p.  187). 

5, 6.    Two  views  of  a  specimen  presumed  to  be  of  this  species.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Plkurotomaria  Brittoni  Whitf.  (p.  188). 
7-9.    Lateral,  vertical,  and  basal  views  of  the  only  oast  observed. 

ROSTBLLITES   BICONICUS  Whitf.  (p.  183). 

10,11.    Two  views  of  a  large  characteristic  specimen,  showing  the  features  of  the  aperture  very 
distinctly. 

Bulla  conica  Whitf.  (p.  189). 
12, 13.    Two  views  of  a  very  perfect  cast  from  Sharls  River.     Collection  of  Columbia  College. 

Volutoderma  intermedia  Whitf.  (p.  184). 

14.  Front  view  of  the  best  cast  observed,  showing  the  three  plications. 

15.  Outline  of  a  fragment  showing  the  imprint  of  the  exterior  surface  on  the  inside  of  the 

outer  volution. 

EOSTELLAEIA  NOBILIS  Whitf.  (p.  186). 

16, 17.    Two  views  of  the  cast  described. 
344 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


TURBINELLID/E,  VOLUTID/E,   PLEUROTOMJD/E,  STROMBID^,  TURRITELLID^,  PLEUROTOMARIID/E,  AND   BULLID/E   FROM  THE   BASE  OF 

THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXIV. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XXIV. 

Note. — On  the  plates  of  the  Eocene  the  figured  Bpeciiueus,  when  not  otherwise  stated,  may  be 
found  in  the  State  collection  at  Rutgers  College,  or  at  Treutou,  'New  Jersey. 

MUREX  (PtERONOTUS')  I.iEVAVARICOSUS  Whitf.  (p.  190). 

Figs.    1,2.    Views  of  opposite  sides  of  the  cast. 

MoREX?  sp.  undetermined  (p.  191). 
3.    View  of  a  gutta-percha  imprint  taken  from  the  natural  mold. 
Triton  Eocense  Whitf.  (p.  192). 
4,5.    Views  of  opposite  sides  of  the  cast  described. 

FUSUS    (UROSALPIJiX?)   MULTICOSTATUS  Whitf.  (p.  200). 

6, 7.    Two  views  of  the  cast,  the  latter  with  the  beak  in  outline. 
RhINOCANTHA  (?)  CONRADI  Whitf.  (p.  191). 

8.    View  of  a  specimen  from  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  collection  showing  the  lip  extended  above. 
9-11.    Three  views  of  another  specimen  showing  the  base  of  the  beak. 

FuSUS  PLEURICOSTATA  Whitf  (p.  195). 

12.    View  of  a  cast  showing  the  beak. 
13, 14.    Two  views  of  a  larger  cast  without  beak. 

PUSUS   ANGULARIS  Whitf.  (p.  194). 

15, 16.    Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

New  York  Citj'. 
17, 18.    View  of  a  broader  specimen  of  the  Rutgers  College  collection. 

19.  The  exterior  as  obtained  from  an  imprint. 

PsEUDOLiVA  vetusta  Courad  (p.  193). 

20.  View  of  the  front  of  the  only  specimen  seen. 
346 


U,   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XXIV 


,e^-? 


't£r> 


8 


,5 


10 


11 


/ 


IZ 


j: 


/s 


f    . 


/'S 


,-f^k' 


r        J    1 


J9 


^-^=3^ 


^0 


MURICIDyE,  TRITONID/E,  PURPURID/E,  AND   FUSID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE  LAYERS  OF  THE   UPPER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXV. 

Fusus  (Nbptunba)  staminea  Courad  (p.  197). 

Figs.      1, 2.  Lateral  view,  and  view  of  the  summit  of  the  best  specimens  yet  observed. 

Fusus  (Neptunba)  Hector  Whitf.  (p.  199). 

3, 4.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  small  cast. 

5, 6.  Similar  views  of  a  large  individual  destitute  of  the  anterior  beak. 

Fusus  (Neptunea)  Hector  var.  multilineata  Whitf.  (p.  199). 

7.  View  of  the  flattened  cast  showing  all  that  is  preserved. 

Fusus  PEROBESUS  Whitf.  (p.  196). 

8, 9.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  specimen  described. 

Fusus  EocENicus  Whitf.  (p.  198). 

10, 11.  Two  views  of  a  large  cast  retaining  the  anterior  beak,  and  showing  the  imprint  of  an 

oyster  which  had  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  body  volution. 
12, 13.  Two  views  of  a  smaller  cast  which  has  lost  the  beak,  but  preserves  the  surface  markings. 
348 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIM       PLATE  XXV 


V 


r3. 


^ 


■■(w 


73 


'X. 


> 


.  f ? 


FUSID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS,   UPPER  BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXVI. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVL 

FUSUS  PAUCICOSTATUS  Whitf.   (p.  196). 

Figs.        1.  View  of  a  small  specimen  showing  nearly  the  entire  form. 

2,3.  Views  of  the  opposite  aide  of  a  specimen  showing  some  modification  in  form  of  the  costaj. 
4,5.  Viewsof  a  large  individual  retaining  the  anterior  beak  entire,  but  imbedded  in  the  matrix 
80  the  opposite  side  could  not  be  obtained  in  Fig.  5. 
6.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  from  Fig.  4. 

Clavella  raphanoides  Conrad  (p.  201). 

7,8.  Views  of  opposite  sides  of  the  specimen,  the  anterior  beak  preserved  only  on  the  matrix. 

Fasciolaria  Hbrcules  Whitf.  (p.  202). 

9.  View  of  a  young  specimen  preserving  the  imprint  of  the  beak  in  the  matrix. 

10.  Another  fragment  preserving  the  upper  volutions. 

11.  View  of  a  large  cast  showing  only  slight  nodes  and  the  base  of  the  beak,  and  a  groove 

probably  formed  by  the  fold  of  the  columella, 
350 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XXVI 


lU 


FUSID/E  AND   FASCIOLARIID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXVII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVIL 

Fasciolaria  Hercdlks  Whitf.  (p.  202). 

Figs.      1,  2.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  large  strongly  nodose  cast.     Am.  Mna.  Nat.  Hist.,  New 
York  City. 

Fasciolaria  propinqua  Whitf.  (p.  203). 

3.  View  of  a  cast  preserving  nearly  the  entire  form.     Collection  of  the  Am.  Mna.  Nat.  Hist , 
New  York  City. 

Fasciolaria  Samsoni  Whitf.  (p.  204), 

4.  View  of  a  fragment  of  a  small  cast,  showing  the  imprint  of  an  oyster.     Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  New  York  City. 
352 


U.   S.    GEOLOGCAL    SURVE 


MONOGRAPH    XVIII       PLATE   XXVII 


FASCIOLARIID/E  OF   THE    EOCENE    LAYERS   OF  THE   UPPER    BED   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXVIII. 


MON  xvm 23 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVIIL 

Fasciolaria  Samsoni  Whitf.  (p.  204). 

Figs.  1,  2.  Views  of  opposite  sides  of  a  large  cast  imperfect  at  both  extremities.  The  band  around 
the  base  of  the  upper  volutions  probablj'  indicates  the  thickness  of  the  shell  at  th^ 
sutures, 

354 


PLATE  XXIX. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIX. 

Caricella  PYRULOiDES  Conrad  (p.  205). 

Figs.      1,  2.  Two  views  of  specimen  of  medium  size.     Collection  of  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York 
City. 
3,  4.  Similar  views  of  another  specimen,  Fig.  3  showing  imprints  of  the  columcllar  folds. 

5.  View  of  a  small  cast  from  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  collection,  New  York  City,  showing 

imprints  of  columellar  folds. 

6.  View  of  a  shell  from  Claiborne,  Alabama,  for  comparison.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York 

City. 

Caricella  ponderosa  Whiif.  (p.  206). 

7,  8.  Lateral  view  showing  columellar  folds,  and  summit  view  of  the  specimen  described, 
356 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PUTE  XXIX 


/ 


W 


-..,     / 


^cm.3 


1/ 


/^x  d 


8 


S 


TURBINtLLID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXX. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXX. 

VoLUTA  Lelia  Whitf.  (p.  207). 

l'''iG8.      1,2.  Two  views  of  a  very  perfect  cast,  but  slightly  distorted  from  compression. 

3.  The  outer  volutiou  of  the  same  specimen  lifted  to  show  imprints  of  columellar  folds. 

VOLUTA   PKRELEVATA  Whitf.  (p.  208). 

4, 5.  Two  views  of  a  fragment,  the  latter  having  the  lower  part  of  the  last  volution  removed 
so  as  to  expose  the  imprints  of  columellar  folds.     Collection  Am.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist.,  New 
York  City. 
6.  View  of  another  fragment. 

VOLUTILITHBS   CANCELLATOS  Whitf.  (p.  213). 

7-10.  Views  of  four  different  individuals  sliowing  the  diversity  of  surface  features.  Fig.  9 
showing  columellar  folds;  this  and  Fig.  7  are  from  specimens  in  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
New  York  City. 

VOLUTILITHBS  Sayana  Conrad  (p.  212). 

11-14.  Views  of  four  specimens  showing  diversity  of  form  and  surface.     Figs.  11, 12  are  from  the 
colhiction  Am.  Mus.  Nit.  Hist.,  New  York  City,  the  latter  showing  columellar  folds. 
15.  View  of  a  specimen  from  Claiborne,  Alabama,  showing  a  medium  of  features.     Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

358 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XXX 


VOLUTID/E  OF  THE    EOCENE    LAYERS  OF  THE    UPPER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXI. 


EXPLANATION  OP  1'LATE  XXXJ. 

VOLUTA   PARVULA   Whitf.  (p.  208). 

Figs.      1,2.  Two  views  of  a  very  broad  specimen. 

3.  View  of  a  narrower  specimen. 

4.  The  outer  balf  of  the  last  volution  removed  to  show  the  columellar  folds. 

5.  View  of  a  specimen  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species,  and  showing  a  mammillated  apex. 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

VOLUTA  SCAPHOIDES  Whitf.  (p.  209), 

6-8.  Three  views  of  a  cast  of  this  species,  Fig.  6  having  a  part  removed  to  show  the  colu- 
mellar folds.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist, 
360 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XXXI 


'  t 


,*»«»" 


r 


^^3^  8 


Ms; 


VOLUTID^  OF   THE    EOCENE    LAYERS  OF  THE    UPPER    BED   GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE    XXXII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXII. 

VOLUTA  Newcombiana  Whitf.  (p.  211). 

Figs.      1,2.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  of  tbe  ordinary  form. 

3.  View  of  a  shorter  spired  form  allowing  cavities  of  the  columellar  folds.     These  are  from 
the  collectiou  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

VoLUTA  Vesta  Whitf.  (p.  210). 

4, 5.  Two  views  of  an  imperfect  cast. 

6.  Represents  the  lower  part  of  specimen  shown  by  the  faint  line  on  Fig.  4,  removed  to  show 
the  folds  on  its  lower  surface.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
362 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIM       PLATE  XXXII 


VOLUTID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE    UPPER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXIII, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIIL 

Cancellaria  budis  Whitf.  (p.214). 
Figs.      1,2.  Opposite  sides  of  the  cast  sUowiag  the  features  described. 

PLEUROTOMA  SURCULTIFORMIS  Whitf.  (p.  215). 

3.  View  of  a  specimea  of  the  ordinary  form. 

4.  View  of  a  larger  and  more  robust  specimen. 

SURCULA  PEROBESA   Whitf.  (p.  217). 

5,6.  Opposite  sides  of  the  best  specimens  observed. 

Pleurotoma  eegularicostata  Whitf.  (p.  215). 

7-3.  Views  of  three  casts  referred  to  the  species.     The  last,  showing  no  plicae  on  the  last  volu- 
tion, is  from  the  collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  Yorls:  City. 

Pleurotoma  (Surcdla)  altispira  Whitf.  (p.  216). 

10, 11.  Opposite  sides  of  the  same  cast.    Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  Citj'. 

12.  View  of  a  fragment  showing  the  striffi  more  strongly. 

13.  View  of  another  specimen  doubtfully  of  this  species. 

SuRCULi'iES  ANNOsus  Conrad  (p. 218). 

14.  View  of  the  back  of  the  specimen  upon  which  Mr.  Conrad  founded  his  species  and  genus. 

SURCOLITES   CADAVEROSUS    Whitf.  (p.  219). 

15, 16.  View  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  characteristic  form  of  this  species. 

SURCULITES  CURTUS  Whitf.  (p.  220). 

17, 18.  Two  views  of  an  imperfect  cast. 

19.  View  of  the  larger  whorl  of  a  specimen  showing  the  difference  in  size  of  the  next  one 
above  as  compared  with  that  of  S.  annosa. 

CYPRyBA   8ABULOVIRIDIS  Whitf.  (p.  223). 

20-22.  Three  views  of  the  same  cast,  the  latter  view  showing  the  aperture  and  its  crenulations. 
Calyptraphorus  vblatus  Conrad  (p.  222). 

23.  View  of  a  cast  showing  the  direction  and  cicatrix  of  the  posterior  canal. 
24, 25.  Two  views  of  another  cast  showing  some  of  the  same  features  and  the  vertical  folds  on  the 

apical  volutions. 
26,27.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  from  Claiborne,  Alabama,  for  comparison.     Collection  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
364 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PL.    XXXIII 


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CANCELLARIID/E,  PLEUROTOMID/E,  STROMBID/E,  AND  CYPR/EID/€  OF  THE  EOCENE   LAYERS 


OF  THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXiV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIV. 

Natica  globdlella  Whitf.  (p.  226). 

Figs.       1,2.  Upper  and  lower  views  of  a  distorted  specimen. 

3,4.  Similar  views  of  another  and  differently   compressed  example.     Am.    Mus.   Nat.  Hist., 
New  Yorls  City, 

Ficus  PENITXJS  Conrad.  ?  (p.  225). 

5.  View  of  the  best  specimen  observed. 

XeNOPHORA  LAPIFERENS  Whitf.  (p.  227). 

6.  Upper  view  of  a  cast,  showing  the  soars  left  by  the  attached  stones. 

7.  Imprint  in  gutta-percha  from  a  matrix,  showing  surface  strias  and  adhering  stones  and 

remaining  scars. 
8,9.  Lateral  and  lower  view  of  another  cast;  this  is  from  the  collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
New  Yorli  City. 

SCALAKIA  TENUILIRATA   Whitf.    (p.  229). 

10.  View  of  the  exterior  as  obtained  by  gutta  percha  from  the  matrix  of  a  specimen  in  the 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 

11.  Internal  cast  of  the  same  individual. 

12.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  from  tiie  body  volution. 

Mesalia  ei.ongata  Whitf.  (p.  230). 

13-15.  Views  of  three  individuals,  Fig.  13  from  gutta-percha. 

CONDS  SUBSAURIDENS  Conrad  (p.  221). 

16,17.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  best  specimen  seen. 

Cassidaria  carinata  Lam.  ?  (p.  224). 

18-21.  Views  of  different  specimens  showing  variation  of  surface.     Specimens  19  and  20,  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
22.  Views  of  a  fragment  showing  extreme  variation  of  surface  characters.     Possibly  a  distinct 
species. 

Arciiitectonica  annosa  Conrad  (p.  228). 

23-27.  Views  of  three  separate  casts,  the  smaller  one.  Figs.  23,  26,  27,  showing  surface  striie,  and 
plications  around  the  edges  of  the  umbilicus.     Am.  Mus,  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
Fig.  24  is  from  Mr.  Conrad's  type. 
366 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PL.   XXXIV 


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CONID/E,  CASSIDID/E,  DOLIID/E,  NATICID/E,  ONUSTID/E,   SOLARIID/E,   SCALARIID/E,  AND  TURRITELLID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF 

THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXV. 

LePTOMARIA  ?   PEKLATA  Cou.  (p.  232). 

Figs.      1,2.  Summit  and  basal  views  of  a  small  specimen  showing  the  apertural  slit  along  the  an.^u 
latiou.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York  City. 
3,4.  Lateral  and  basal  views  of  Conrad's  type  specimen. 

Trematofusus  venustus  Whitf.  (p.  235). 

5, 6.  Views  of  two  individuals  differing  in  the  height  of  spire  and  angulation  of  body  volution, 

7.  View  of  another  specimen  as  obtained  by  gutta-percha  from  the  matrix. 
368 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PL.   XXXV 


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PLEUROTOMARIID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE  UPPER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXVI. 


MON  XVIII 34 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XXXVL 

Leptomaria  gigantea  Whitf.  (p.  233). 
1,2.  Lateral  and  basal  views  of  the  type  specimen. 

Leptomaria  pekgranulosa  Whitf.  (p.  234). 

3,4.  Vertical  and  lateral  views  obtained  by  gutta-percha  in  the  matrix. 

5.  Enlargement  of  the  surface  of  a  part  of  Fig.  3. 

6.  Basal  view  of  a  part  of  the  cast  of  the  same  individual.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  New  York 

City. 

Action  pkisca  Conrad  (p.  237). 

7,8.  Two  views  of  Conrad's  type  specimen. 

Tornatell^a  lata  Conrad  (p.  238). 

9, 10.  Views  of  two  individual  casts  of  this  species. 

Tornatina  Wetherelli  Lea  (p.  239). 

II.  This  is  a  copy  of  Mr.  Lea's  figure  cited  under  the  description. 
370 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PL.   XXXVI 


PLEUROTOMARIID/E  AND  TORNATELLlD/E  OF  THE   EOCENE  LAYERS  OF  THE  UPPER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXVII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVII. 

Nautilus  Dbkayi  Morton  (p.  243). 

Figs.         1.  View  of  a  small  specimen  from  Marlboro,  New  Jersey. 

2,3.  Later.al  and   back  view  of  the  specimen  figured  by  Dr.  Morton.     Acad.  Nat.  Sciences, 
Philadelphia. 
4.  View  of  another  specimen  from  the  Academy's  collection. 
5, 6.  Two  views  of  a  specimen  loaned  by  G.  F.  Kunz,  obtained  near  Hillsboro,  New  Jersey. 
378 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PL.   XXXVII 


NAUTILID/E  OF  THE  LOWER   BED  QREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XXXVIII. 


ilXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVIlI. 

Nautilus  Dekayi  Morton  (p.  243). 

iTlGS.  i.  View  of  the  aperture  side  of  the  caat  fignrefl  by  Dr.  Morton  (see  PI.  xxxvii,  Figs.  2  abd  3). 

"2.  View  of  a  small  imperfect  cast,  showing  the  siphon  and  the  convexity  of  the  septa.    Near 

Marlboro,  New  Jersey. 

3,4.  Two  views  of  a  small  specimen  from  the  Middle  Marls  at  J.  S.  Cook's  pits,  near  Tinton, 

New  Jersey.     This  differs  slightly  in  shape  and  in  the  distance  between  the  septa  and 

may  possibly  prove  .1  distinct  species. 

Nautilus  Bkyani  Gabb  (p.  244). 

5, 6.  Lateral  view  and  view  of  the  inside  of  Mr.  Gabb's  type,  showing  the  narrow  form  and 
flattened  sides.  From  the  yellow  sands  of  the  Middle  Marls  at  Vincentown,  New  Jer- 
sey. 

374 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PL.   XXXVIII 


NAUTILID/E  OF  THE   LOWER  AND   MIDDLE   BEDS  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE    XXXIX. 


Explanation  of  plate  xxxix. 

Hercoglossa  paucifex  Cope  (p.  24G). 

iTlG.  1.  Lateral  view,  natural  size,  of  the  only  specimeu  which  I  have  seen.     It  is  so  worn  and 

mutilated  that  no  other  view  eoiild  be  given.     Middle  Marls. 
376 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PL.   XXXIX 


NAUTILID/E  OF  THE   MIDDLE  BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XL 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XL. 

Ammonites  (Placentackka.s)  placknta,  De  Kay  (p.  255). 

Fig.  1.  Lateral  yiew  of  a  large  specimen,  which  shows  the  septa  throughout.     Acad,  Nat.  Sci., 

Phila. 
378 


U.   S    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


S98 


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MONOGRAPH  XV 

1        PL.    XL 

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AMMONITID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XLI. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLL. 

Ammonites  (Placentaceras)  placenta,  De  Kay  (p.  255). 

Figs.  1.  Outline  of  a  septum,  natural  size,  from  dear  the  outer  part  of  the  specimen  figured  on 

PI.  XL,  but  from  the  opposite  side. 
2.  View  of  a  small  specimen  from  near  Freehold,  showing  the  umbilicus  and  the  lines  of 
nodes  at  its  outer  margin. 

Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Eoem.  (p.  250). 

3,4.  Two  views  of  the  only  fragment  of  the  species  known  from  New  Jersey.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila. 

Ammonites  complexus  Hall  &  Meek  (p.  249). 

5,6.  Lateral  and  dorsal  views  of  the  only  fragment  seen  from  within  the  State.    Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila. 

7.  Diagram  of  a  septum  as  far  as  it  can  be  traced. 

Ammonites  (Sphenodiscus)  lenticularis  Owen  (p.  258). 

8.  View  of  a  fragment  from  near  the  umbilicus,  representing  parts  of  several  chambers  of  a 

rather  large  specimen. 

9.  View  of  another  fragment  from  near  the  dorsal  margin  of  a  large  specimen.     These  two 

are  all  I  have  seen  of  the  species  from  New  Jersey. 

Ammonites  (Placentaceras)  tilifbr  Morton  (p.  257). 

10.  View  of  the  fragment  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  his  Synopsis. 

11.  View  of  a  larger  fragment,  also  from  Dr.  Morton's  collection,  showing  the  dorsal  line. 
380 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVFV 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII      PLATE  XLI 


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AMMONITID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   AND   MIDDLE   BEDS  GREE^;SAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XLII. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XLII. 

Ammonites  Vanuxemi  Morton  (p.  253)^ 

Figs.      1,  2.  Lateral  and  dorsal  views  of  Dr.  Morton's  type. 

3, 4.  Profile  and  lateral  views  of  a  larger  specimen  from  the  collection  of  the  Am.  Mns.  Nat. 
His  lory. 
5.  An  enlarged  outline  (2x)  of  a  septum  from  the  outer  portion  of  the  last  specimen. 

Ammonites  Delawakensis  Morton  (p.  252). 

6,7.  Lateral  and  dorsal  views  of  a  small  specimen,  showing  the  narrow  volution  in  strong 
contrast  with  Fig.  4. 

8.  Lateral  view  of  a  larger  specimen.     Both  are  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  collection. 

9.  Diagram,  natural  size,  of  the  species  from  the  specimen  figured  on  Pl.  XLlil,  and  showing 

strong  contrast  with  Fig.  5. 

382 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XLII 


AMMONITID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XLIII. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLIII. 

Ammonites  Djelawarensis  Morton  (p.  252). 

Figs.      1,3.  Lateral  and  profile  views  of  a  large  specimen  from  the  collection  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.     The  diagram  of  a  septum,  Fig  9  on  PI.  XLiii,  is  from  the  outer  part  of  this 
specimen. 
384 


^ 


/ 


PLATE  XLiy. 


MON  XVIII 25 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLIV. 

SCAPHITES  SIMILIS  Whif.  (p.  267). 

Figs.         1.  Lateral  view  of  the  specimea  described. 

2.  Diagram  of  a  septum,  twice  enlarged.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

SCAPHITES  KENIFORMIS  Morton  (p.  264). 

3.  A  reproduction  of  Dr.  Morton's  figure,  no  authentic  specimen  having  been  seen. 

SCAPHITES  iius  Conrad  (p.  265). 

4,5.  Dorsal  and  lateral  views  of  one  of  Mr.  Conrad's  types. 

6.  Lateral  view  of  the  specimen  originally  figured  by  Mr.  Conrad. 

7.  View  of  an  outer  chamber,  also  one  of  his  types.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

SCAPHITES  HippocREPis  De  Kay  (p.  261). 

8.  Lateral  view  of  the  specimen  originally  figured  by  Dr.  Morton. 

9-11.  Lateral,  dorsal,  and  vertical  views  of  a  larger  specimen,  both  being  in  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
collection. 
12.  Diagram  of  a  septum,  twice  enlarged,  from  the  last. 

SCAPHITES  NODOSus  Owen  (p.  261). 

13, 14.  Lateral  and  dorsal  views  of  a  fragment  of  an  outer  chamber  referred  to  this  species. 
Kutgers  College. 
386 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVPII       PLATE  XLIV 


AMMONITID/€  OF  THE   LOWER    BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XLV. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLV. 

TURRILITKS  PAUPER  Whitf.    (p.  268). 

Figs.      1, 2.  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  specimen  described. 
3,4.  Upper  and  lower  views  of  this  same  specimen. 
5.  Diagram  of  a  septum,  twice  enlarged.     This  was  accidentally  shaded  below  instead  of 
above  the  line  as  is  done  in  case  of  other  diagrams. 

Ptychoceras  (Solenoceras)  annulifer  Morton  (p.  273). 

6,7,8.  Dorsal,  ventral,  and  lateral  views,  twice  enlarged,  of  the  specimen  used  by  Dr.  Morton  in 
the  original  description.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

Heterococeras  Conradi  Morton  (p.  269). 

9, 10, 11.  Profile,  upper  and  lower  views  of  Dr.  Morton's  type.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

12, 13.  Lower  andprofilo  views  of  another  specimen,  being  the  deflected  onter  chamber  only,  the 
elevated  end  showing  evidences  of  the  last  septum.     This  is  from  the  Atlaniic  High- 
lands of  New  Jersey,  and  is  from  Columbia  College  collection. 
14.  A  fragment  of  another  outer  chamber  from  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
388 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH   XVII)       PLATE  > 


'^\        '^"^ 


J2 


AMMONITID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   BED  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XLVI. 


EXPLANATIOlsr  OP  PLATE  XLVI. 

Baculites  compressus  (Say)  Morton  (p.  ST"). 

Pigs.         1.  Lateral  view  of  the  specimen  used  and  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  liis  synopsis.    Tlie  dia- 
gram below  shows  the  form  of  the  section.     Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 
2.  Diagram  of  a  septum  of  the  above  specimen  (2  x). 

Baculites  ovatus  Hay  (p.  275) 

3,4.  Lateral  view  of  the  MuUica  Hill  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  History, 
New  York,  and  diagram  of  the  section  showing  an  oval  outline. 

5,6.  Lateral  view  of  a  specimen  showing  an  ovate  section  and  diagram  of  the  section. 
7.  Diagram  (2  x)  of  a  septum  of  the  specimen  Fig.  0.  for  oomparisou  with  Fig.  2. 

8,9.  View  of  a  small  specimen  from  the  Middle  Marls,  near  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,  and  a 
diagram  of  its  section. 

Baculites  asper  Morton  (p.  278). 

10.  Lateral  view  of  a  fragment  supposed  to  belong  to  this  cpecies. 

11.  View  of  the  upper  end  of  the  fragment  showing  the  septum  in  part. 
390 


U.  S.   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XLVI 


/ 


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AMMONITID/E  OF  THE  LOWER   AND  MIDDLE   BEDS  GREENSAND  MARLS. 


PLATE  XLVII. 


EXPLA]!^ATION  OF  PLATE  XLYtl. 

Belemnitella  Amekicana  Morton  (p.  280). 

~t"lGS.      1,2,  Views  of  the  opposite  sides  of  a  small  individual  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  in  his  Synopsis 
under  the  name  Beteiiinites  subfusiforniis.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila. 

3.  View  of  ii  heavy  thickened  specimen  much  rounded  at  the  base.     Rutgers  College. 

4.  A  smaller  specimen,  showing  the  muoronatiou  at  the  base.    Rutgers  College. 

5,6.  Two  views  of  a  very  large  individual  presenting  the  usual  form.     Rutgers  College. 

7.  View  of  part  of  the  same  alter  having  been  split  Lmgitudinally. 

8.  View  of  a  small  specimen  imperfect  at  the  lower  end,  but  preserving  the  walls  of  the 

cavity  out  to  a  thin  margin.     Am.  Mus.  Nat.  History. 

9.  View  of  the  fiUingof  the  alveolar  cavity  of  the  last  specimen,  showing  the  thickened  ridge 

on  the  cast  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  slit  in  the  stylet. 
10, 11.  Views  of  a  phragmooone  showing  the  septa'  markings.     Rutgers  College. 
392 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII 


BELEMNITID/E  OF  THE   LOWER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE  XLVIII. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE  XLVIII. 

Nautilus  Cookana  Whitf.  (p.  285). 

Fig.  1.  View  of  a  large  specimen  which  has  been  obliquely  compressed.     A  portion  of  the  coil  has 

been  removed  to  show  the  inner  volution,  cast  of  the  umbilicus,  etc.    The  wood-cnt  out- 
line on  page  286  is  of  the  opposite  side  of  this  specimen. 
394 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIII       PLATE  XLVIII 


NAUl  iLID/E  OF  THE   EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE   UPPER   BED  GREENSAND   MARLS. 


PLATE   XLTX, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLIX. 

Atoria  Vanuxemi  Conrad  (p.  287). 

Figs.  1.  Profile  view  slio wing' the  inside  of  a  septum,  the  two  sinuses  formed  by  the  spire,  and  the 
broad  funnel-formed  siphon. 

3.  View  of  the  side  of  a  small  individual  broken  so  as  to  show  the  inner  volution,  the  filling 
of  the  large  siphon  and  the  junction  of  some  of  the  septa  with  it. 

3.  View  of  the  filling  of  a  single  chamber  as  obtained  from  a  gutta-percha  impression  in  the 
outer  cnp  of  the  specimen  figured  on  PI.  L.  The  cast  straightened  somewhat,  giving 
less  arcuation,  but  greater  length  of  the  ventral  portion  than  should  be.  The  part 
marked  a  represents  the  funnel-forraed  siphonal  depression  of  the  septum. 

Nautilus  Cookana  Whitf.  (p.  285). 

4, 5.  Dorsal  and  lateral  views  of  a  young  specimen  of  the  species,  somewhat  compressed  dorso- 
ventrally,  showing  the  distant  septa  and  filling  of  the  umbilical  cavity.    Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
History  Collection. 
396 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVIM       PLATE  ) 


NAUT,L,0^  OP  THE   EOCENE   LAVERS  OF  THE   UPPER    BED  3REENSAND   MARLS, 


PLATE   L. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  L. 

Aturia  Vanuxbmi  Conrad  (p.  387). 

Fig.  1.  Lateral  view  of  a  large  cast  from  Shark  River,  showing  the  lines  of  septa  very  distinctly. 

The  specimen  is  probably  somewhat  compressed  laterally,  bnt  not  otherwise  distorted, 
The  profile  view  on  PI.  XLIX  is  of  the  same  specimen.     Rutgers  College. 
398 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XVUi       TLATE  L 


NAUTILID/E  OF  THE  EOCENE   LAYERS  OF  THE  UPPER    BED  GREENSAND    MARLS. 


IISTDEX. 


Page. 

Action  attenaata 157 

biplicata 156 

oretacea  Gabb 158,336 

Gabbana  Whitf 156,336 

subovoidesW 155,336 

omidea  Gsibb 158,162 

prieca  Conrad 237,370 

Forbesiana  Wbitf 167,336 

WetherelWLeii 239 

AcT^ffiONEMA  Conrad 236 

prisca 237 

Actteonina  biplicata 156 

naticoides 161 

Alabama,  Eocene  fossila  of 30,31 

Alaria  rostrataGabb 119,326 

Amaukopsis  MeekanaWh 131,330 

paludinEeforniis  H.  and  M 131, 132,  330 

punctata  Gabb 132,330 

Ammonceratites  Oonradi  Mort 269 

Ammonites,  Brng 249 

Gomplexas 249,  380 

Delawarensis 252,382,384 

dentato-carinatus 250,  380 

hippocrepis 262 

lenticularis - 258 

(Sphenodiscus)  lenticularis 258,380 

lobatus 258 

nodosus 261 

placentus 255 

(Placenticeeab)  placenta 255, 378,  380 

(Placekticebas)  telifer  Mort 257, 380 

telifer 257 

Vanuxemi 253,382 

Ammonitid^ 249 

Amokia  vesta  Wb 210 

Anchuka  abrupta  Con 113, 326 

abrupta  var.  acutispira  "Wh 114,  326 

arenaria  Mort 112,  326 

(Drapanochilus)  compressa  Wb 117,  324 

pagodaformis  Wb 116,  326 

pennataMort 115,326 

roHrata ' 119 

solitariaWb 117,326 

Anisomyon  borealisMoTt , 171 

Aechitectonica  Abbolti 134,180 

abyssina 138 

annosa  Conrad 228,366 

elaborta 228 

Aricla.  Mortoni  Gabb 120,328 

Aturia  paiidyex 246 

Vanuxemi 287,396,398 

ziczac 287 


Page. 

AVELLANA  bnllata  Mort 163,338 

Baculites  asper 278,390 

compressus 277,390 

ovatus 275,390 

Belemsitblla  Americana 280,392 

mucronata _ , 280 

paxillosus 280 

sitbfusi/orTnis 280 

Belemnites  ambiguus 280 

Americanus 280 

subconicus 280 

BuccmiDjE 77 

Bttccinorbiti  vetusta -- 193 

Suceinuin,  vetustum , 193 

Bulla  conica  Wb  189,344 

Mortoni,  L.  and  F 165,338 

recta 164 

BULLID^ 165,189 

C^laturaCou 236 

Calyptraphorus  Tclatus  Conrad 222,364 

C ancellaria  Eilgardi  (Conrad) ,  Gabb 100 

rudis  Whitf 214,364 

septemlirata 44 

(Mehica)  GubaltaCon : 95,322 

Cancellariiu^ 95,214 

Caricella  plicata  Wb 182,344 

ponderosa  Wb 206,356 

pyruloides  Conrad 205,356 

Cassidaeia  carinataLam 224,366 

Cassidid.!; 224 

Cavoscala  Whitf 176 

annulataMort 177,342 

Cephalopoda 284 

Gimomii>  Burtini 284 

Lamarcki 284 

CmuLiA  (Oligoptycha)  naticoides  Gabb 161, 336 

ovoidea 162,338 

Cirroceras  Gonradi 269 

CiTHARA  CrosswiclienBis  Whitf 107, 324 

Mullicaensis  Wh 106,324 

Clavella  raphanoides  Con 201,350 

C-ELATUBA  Con 236 

CONID^ 221 

CoNUS  snbsauridens  Con 221,366 

Cretaceous  marls,  Gasteropoda  from 19 

classified  list  of  Gasteropoda  from 289,  293 

Cephalopoda  from 243,294 

Cylichna  recta  Gabb 164,338 

CYLICHNIDiB 164 

CypRjEA  (Abicia)  Mortoni  Gabb 120,328 

aabuloTiridis  Wh 223,364 

Cype.sid^ 120,223 

399 


400 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Delpliinula,  lapidosa  Mott 152,332 

Dentalid/E 166 

Dentalium  (Falcui.a)  falcatum  Con 169, 338 

hmnatus  Forbes 169 

hamatus 169 

Eipleyanum  Gabb 167 

subarcuatum  Con 166,338 

DmBANCHIATA 280 

DlPLOCONCHA 169 

(Seepula)  cretacea '. 170,338 

DOLIID^ 121,225 

DOLIUM  (DoLiOPSis)  muldliratum  Wh '--■  121,328 

Drepanochilus  compressaWh —  117,324 

Edkiopthai.ma 153 

Endoptygma  umbiUcata  Tuomey 136,332 

Eocene  forraa  of  New  Jersey  l5no"WU  in  Alabama  and 

elsewhere 3D,  31 

Eocene  Marls,  Gasteropoda  from 190, 295 

Epidkomub  prsecedens  =  Triton 58,  308 

Eripachy A  ?  paludinaformis  "Wh 77, 304 

Euliiiia  cretacea  150 

EULIMIDjE 150 

JHu^pira  Halli 130 

EUTHRiAfragilis'Wh 78,316 

Eutropia  punctata 132 

Falcula  Conrad 168 

falcataCon.. 169,338 

hamatus 169 

Fabciolaria  Hercules  Wh 202,350,352 

propinquaAVh 203,352 

SamsoniWh 204,352,364 

S!aci-i  Gabb 66 

Fabciolariid^ 65,202 

Ficus  octolirata 36 

penitus  Conrad 225,366 

prajcedeus  Wh 122,328 

Fulgoraria  bella 74 

Oonradi 71 

nasuta 86 

FusiD^ 62,194 

FueUB  angnlaris  Wh 194,  346 

(Neptunea)  Eocenicus  Wh 198,  348 

hector  Wh 199,348 

hector  var.  multilineatus  Wh 199,  348 

'HolmdelensisWh 62,310 

MulUcaensis  Gabb 52 

(TJROBALPINX)  multicostatus  Wh 200,  340 

paucicostatus  Wh 196,350 

perobosusWh 196,348 

plaricostatus  Wh 195,346 

raphanoides  Con 201 

retifera    38 

Scarborough 69 

trivolvis 172 

(Neptusea)  staminea  Conrad 197,348 

Gladius  arenarmm 112 

pennatus 115 

rostratus 119 

Globiconcha  (Tylostoma)  carta  Gabb 160,336 

Gyrodes  Abbotti  Gabb 124,328 

abyssinus  Mort 123 

altispira  Gabb 128,330 

alveatus 127 

crenataCon 126,330 

infracarinata  Gabb 125,  328 

obtusivolva  Gabb 129,330 


Page. 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort 127,330 

Samites  annulifer 273 

Helcyon  tentorium  (Mort.)Meek 153,336 

Hclicoceras  Gonradi 269 

Hercoglossa  paucifex  Cope 246,376 

Heteroceras  Ciinradi 269,388 

Hijipocrenes  columbaria  Conrad .- 222 

Hivponyx  borealis  Mort 171 

Laxispira  Gabb 147 

lumbrioalis  Gabb 148,334 

Leiobtraca  cretacea  Con 160,336 

Leptomaria  gigantea  Wh 233,  370 

porgranulosa  Wh 234,370 

perlata  Con , 232, 368 

LiROFUBUS  nodocarinatus  Wh 64,  308 

L1TTORINID.1; 152 

Littorina  punctata 132 

Low  er  Green  Marls,  Gasteropoda  from 19, 33 

LuNATiA  ?  altispira 128 

Halli  Gabb 130,176,330,340 

obtusiBolva  Gabb 102, 129 

Margarita  abyssina  Gabb 133,  332 

Margaeitella  Abbotti  Gabb    134,322 

Merica  aubalata 95 

Mebalia  elongata  Wh 230,366 

Middle  Marls,  Gasteropoda  from 173 

M1TRID.E 92 

Modulus  lapidosus  Mort 152,332 

MoNOCERAs/itsi/ormie 193 

pyrnloides 193 

vetustaCon. 193 

More  A  cancellaH  Con 97 

naticella  Gabb 97,  322 

MuREX  (Pleuronotus)  lEBvsevaricosus  Wh 160,  346 

Smithi 191 

sp.?   191,346 

MURICID.E 83,172,190 

Natica  abyssina  Mort  123,175,328,340 

alveata 127 

{Gyrodes)  crenata 126 

globulellaWh 226,366 

infracarinata 125 

paludinceformis 131 

petrosa 127 

NATICID.B 123,175,226 

NAUTILID.ffi 243 

Nautilus  anguetatus 287 

Bryani 244,374 

Burtini 284 

Cookana 285,394,396 

Dcikayi 243,372,374 

Lamarcki .- 284 

orliculatue 246,248 

Neptune  A  Eocenicus  Wh 198,  348 

Hector  Wh 199,348 

var,  multilineatus  Wh 199,348 

impressa  Gahh 171 

staminea  Conrad 197,348 

Neptunella  Mnllicaensis  Wh  56, 306 

Obeliscub  concUus  Wh 151,336 

Odontofubub  Wh 65 

medians  Wb 67,308 

rostellaroidcs  Wh 68,310 

SlackiGabb 66,310 

typicus  Wh 66,310 

OLiGOPiYCHAnaticoidesGabb 161,336 


INDEX. 


401 


Page. 

Onustus  annosue 228 

extensiis 227 

leprosus ., 135 

0NU8TID.E.   I-...  135,227 

Opalina 137 

Opalia  annulata 177 

ThomasiGabb 137,334 

0PI8TH0BKANCHIATA 155,236 

Patella  tentorum 153 

PATELLID^a; 153 

PKCTINIBR  ANCHIATA 33, 190 

Pelagus  Vanuzemi 287 

Pkrissolax  Gabb 46 

dubia  Gabb 47,304 

octolirata 36 

red/er  Gabb 38 

Hichardsoni  Tuom - 39 

trivolvaGabb 172,340 

Phasianella  punctata 132 

Fhorus  leprosiia 135 

uinbilicatxis 136 

PlESTOOHILUB  Meek 69 

bella 74,310 

Kanei 76,310 

mncroData 75,310 

SlacU  Gahh 66 

Placenticeras  JeniicitZare 258 

placentum 255 

tilifer 257 

(SPHiENODiscUB)  Unticularls 258 

Pleurotoma  (Surcula)  altispira  Wh 216, 364 

Farmingdalenaia  Wh 185,  344 

MulUcaenBis 52 

regularioostata  Wh 215,  364 

Burculitiformis  Wb 215,364 

Pleurotomid^ 105,185,215 

Plbuhotomasia  Brittoni  Wh 188,344 

crotaloides  (Mort.)  Gabb 134 

perlata 232 

TintODensisWh 178,342 

Pleurotomauiid^ 178, 188,232 

Pleuuotkema  Whitf 179 

solariformis  Wh 180,  342 

PODOPHTHALMA 188,232 

Priscoficus  Smithi 191,225 

Prosobranchiata 33,190 

PsEUDOLiVA  Tetusta  Con 193, 346 

Pteronotus  tevavaricoans  Wh 190,  346 

Pttchocerab  (Solenoceras)  annulifer 273, 388 

PUBPURIDJE 193 

Purpurea  (Morea)  naticella 97 

Purpuroidea?  duhia 47 

PTR  AMIDKLLID.» 151 

Pyriflcus  Smithi  (Sow.)  Meeif 225 

PlKiFUSUS  Conrad 48 

cnnensWh  61,306 

erratioas  Wh 50,306 

Macfarlandi  Wh 53,300 

Meeki  Wh 65,306 

MuUicaenaia  Gabb 52,306 

pyruloides  Gabb 53,306 

Smithi  (Sow.)  Meek 225 

snbdensatus.  Con 48,  50, 306 

tnrritusWh 54,308 

Ptropsis  Conrad 34 

Alabamiensie  Gshh 82 

MON  XVIII 26 


Page. 

Ptropsis  (Eapa)  Corinna  Wh 45,304 

elevataGabb 35,300 

naticoidea  Wh 43,302 

octolirata  Con 36,302 

obesaWh 40,304 

perlata  Con 37,300 

perlata 35 

retiferGabb 38,302 

EeileyiWh 42,302 

Eiohardsoni  Tnom 39,  300 

Rlchardsoni 37 

(Eapa)  aeptemlirata  Gabb 44,304 

trochiformia  Tuom 41.  300 

Pyrula  cancellata 225 

elegantissima , 225 

penitus 225 

Eichardsoni 35,37,39 

Smithi 191 

tricarinata 225 

trockiformis : 37,41 

EAPACoriona  Wh 45,304 

elevata 35,37 

pyruloides  Gabb , 53 

aeptemliratua 44,  304 

Ehinooantha!  Conradi  Wh 191,346 

EOSTKLLARIA 108 

arenarum,  Moit 312 

compactaWh 108,324 

curfca  Wh 109,324 

fuaiformiaWh 110,324 

HebeWh 111,326 

Lamarcki 222 

nobilia  Wh 186,344 

pennata 115 

rostrata 119 

apirata  Wh ;...  109,324 

velata 222 

EosTELLiTES  Courad 86 

augulatna  Wh 85,88,320 

bella 74 

biconicua  Wh 183,344 

biplicatus 90 

Conradi 71 

naautua  Gabb 86,320 

Texanus  Con 86,88 

texturatuaWh 88,320 

Scala  annulata 177 

Sillimani 138 

Thomasi  GaVb 137 

SCALAEIA  annulata 177 

Herculea  Wh 140,334 

?pauperata  Wh 141,334 

Sillimani  Mort 138,334 

tennilirataWh 229,366 

(Opalia)  Thomaai  Gabb - 137,334 

SCALARIID^ 137, 170,229 

SCAPHELLA  Newcombiana  Wh 211,  362 

ScAPHiTEs  Conradi 265 

Cuvieri 262 

hippoorepis , 262,386 

kippocrepis 262,  264 

iria 265,386 

nodoans 261,386 

reniformis 264,386 

aimilia  Whitf 267,386 

subreniformit 264 


402 


INDEX. 


Page 

SOAPHOPODA 186 

Sycotiipus  penitus 225 

SCUTIBKANCHIATA 153, 188,  232 

?SEltPULA  (Diploconcba)  cretacoa  Con 170,338 

Sebrifusub  Crosswicltensia  Wli 63,308 

( LiROFUSUs)  nodocarinatus  AVh  .  64,  308 

SlLiQUARiApauperataWli 149,  334 

SOLARIID^ 228 

Solariella  Abbolti  i34 

Solariiiiti  abysKina •--•         133 

elaborata   228 

SOLEXOCERAS  Conrad 271,273 

aun  ulifer 273,  388 

Solidulaiiplieata 156 

buUata   162,163 

naticoides 161 

Sphexodiscus  lenticularie -'         258 

Straparollus  lapidoms 162 

Steombidje 108, 186,  222 

SURCULA  a'.tispira  "Whitf 216,364 

perobeaaWh 217,364 

strigosa  Gabb 106,324 

SUECULITES  Conrad 217 

annosna  Con 218,364 

cadeveroaua  Wh 219,  364 

curtnaWb 220,364 

Sycotypus  penitus - 225 

Tables  showing  genera  and  species  in  New  Jersey 

and  elsewhere .- 24,  31 

Tectibkakchiata 155,236 

TETR  ABHAXCHIATA 243 

Tornatella  bullata 162, 163 

sp.! 157 

TORNATELL^A  lata  Conrad 238,370 

TORNATELLIDJE 155,  236 

TOKNATIXA  "Wetborelli  Lea 239,  370 

Teachytriton  Atlanticnm  Wh 59,308 

Holmdelense  Wb 60,308 

raultivaricosnm  Wh 61,  308 

Trematofusus  Whitf 235 

venustuaWh 235,368 

Triton  Eocense  Wh 192,  346 

(Epideomus)  priBoedena  Wh 58, 308 

Tritosidea 58,192 

TRiTOXiniE  obeaaWh 79,316 

Trochid^ 133 

Trochus  extenstis .. ..  — 227 

leprosiis  Mort 135 

Tudicla 33 

elevata 35 

planiniarginata  Wh 33,300 

perlaia 37 

(Pyrida)  trochiformxg 37,41 

TurbinelliujE 80,182,205 

TuRBixELLA  parva  Gabb 80,  316 

pyndoides 205 

subconica  Gabb 81,  316 

verticalis  Wh 82,304 

TURBixopsis  Conrad 98 

angulataWb 101,322 

carta  Wh 102,322 

depressjbs  Gabb 100 


rage. 

TuEBiNOPSia  elevata Wli 102,322 

Hilgardi  Con 100,322 

major  Wh 103,323 

pUcataWh 104,322 

TURRICULA  Leda  Wh 93,320 

EeileyiWh  92,320 

scalariformis  Wh 95,  320 

TURRITILLID^ 142,187,230 

TUREITELLA  compacta  Wh 142,  334 

encrinoides  Mort 143,334 

granulioostata  Gabb 144,344 

Hardimanensis  Gabb ■ 145 

LippincoUi  Wh 145,334 

pamilaGabb 187,344 

vertebroides  Mort 146,  334 

TUERILlTKS  pauper  Whitf 268,388 

TVLOaTOMAcnrta 160,336 

Upper  maris.  Gasteropoda  from 183 

TTrosalpinx  multicostata  Wh 200,346 

Vasum  conoides  Wh 83,316 

\7'ERMETID^ 149,173 

yohVTX  De/rancii 212 

Delawarensis  Gabb 84,318 

gracilis 212 

Kanei , 76 

LeliaWh ., 207,358 

niucronata 76 

(Soaphella)  Newcombiaua  Wh 211,363 


parva  . 


212 


parvulaWh 208,360 

peielevata  Wh 208,358 

Sayana 212  . 

soaphoidesWh.... 209,360 

(Amoria)  vesta  Wh 210,362 

VOLUTID^ 84,173,183,207 

YOLLTODEEMA  Gabb 89 

AbbottiGabb 173,340 

biplicata  Gabb 90,318 

intermedia  Wh 184,344 

ovataWh  91,318 

VOLUTILITHES 212 

Abbotti 173 

bella ., 74 

bipUeata 90 

canoellatus  Wh 213,358 

Oonradi    69,71 

mucronata 75 

■mutata  86,212 

nasuta 75,86 

Sayana  Con 212,368 

Texanns  (Con.)  Gabb 88 

VOLUTOMOEPH  A  Gabb 69,  85,  89 

Abbotti  G&hb 173 

(PiEBTOCHiLUB)  bella  Gabb 74,310 

ConradiGabb 71,310,312 

Delawarensis  Geibh 84 

Gabb.  Whitf 73,312,314 

(PIESTOCHILUB)  Kanoi  Gabb 16,310 

(PiESTOCHiLUB)  mucronata  Gabb  75,  310 

ponderosa  Whitf 72,314,316 

Xenophoea  lapiferena  Whitf 227,366 

leproaa  Mort 135,332 


